[Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for removal of pesticide residues in ginseng extracts].

Ginseng extracts are rich in a variety of ginseng monomer saponins, which have pharmacological functions of retarding aging, enhancing immunity, stimulating blood circulation, and lowering blood pressure. Ginseng is widely used in health products and dietary supplements in the domestic and foreign market. However, the amount of pesticide residues is an important index for measuring the quality of ginseng and ginseng extracts. Therefore, studies focused on methods for the removal of pesticide residues in ginseng extract are of great significance. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is used to improve the retention and separation selectivity of strongly polar substances, and it is widely employed in drug analysis, metabolomics, proteomics, etc. In this study, a method for the removal of pesticide residues was developed based on the difference in the retention behavior of pesticide residues and ginsenosides on the HILIC column. Using commercially available ginsenoside extracts, the retention behaviors of pesticide residues and ginsenosides on reverse chromatography and hydrophilic chromatographic columns were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. The results proved that on the reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) stationary phase, in addition to the strong retentions of quintozene and pentachloroaniline, which could be clearly separated from the saponins, the retentions of the other five pesticide residues including carbendazim, azoxystrobin, procymidone, iprodione and propiconazole were similar to total ginsenosides. The seven ginsenosides showed strong retention due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups on the sugar chain and the carboxyl groups on the HILIC stationary phase. However, the pesticide residues were not well retained because of their poor hydrophilicity and small molecular weights. For this reason, the pesticide residues and ginsenosides could be completely separated on the HILIC column. Thus, enrichment of the seven ginsenosides and removal of the 14 pesticide residues was realized in one step on the HILIC column. In addition, the effects of loading amount, loading volume, and washing volume on the removal of pesticide residues in ginsenosides were investigated using the Click XIon SPE column. Then, taking the ginsenoside recoveries and pesticide residue removal rates into account, we confirmed the following: the ratio of the maximum sample loading mass to the filler mass was 1∶10; the optimal elution volume was twice the column volume; and the optimal loading volume was twice the column volume. The ginseng extracts were solvated with a 95% ethanol solution and loaded onto an HILIC column. The sample was subjected to pesticide residue removal, and ginsenoside purification and enrichment under the optimum removal conditions. Gradient elution was carried out using ethanol and water as the mobile phases. The total ginsenoside content in the final extracts was increased to 69.61%. The recovery of the total ginsenosides was 94.4%. The pesticide residues in the samples were quantitatively detected by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The 14 pesticide residues in the original ginsenoside extracts were effectively removed. The amounts of five residues were reduced to below 0.05 mg/kg, while the other nine residues were completely eliminated. This study demonstrates the application of HILIC to pesticide residue removal in traditional Chinese medicine extracts and reveals a new technique for the purification of natural products. The proposed method shows a high removal rate of pesticide residues and a high recovery of total ginsenosides. It is safe, efficient, and environment-friendly, and can aid the development of high-quality ginsenoside extracts.

Rat Chondrocyte Inflammation and Osteoarthritis Are Ameliorated by Madecassoside.

As a joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA) is caused by the breakdown of subchondral bone and cartilage damage. Inflammatory factors, such as interleukin- (IL-) 1ß, mediate the progression of OA. Madecassoside (MA), a triterpenoid component derived from the gotu kola herb (Centella asiatica), exhibits various pharmacological effects, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the protective effects and possible mechanism of MA on the treatment of OA were investigated. MA was demonstrated to significantly suppress the IL-1ß-induced overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 3, MMP-13, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and to decrease the IL-1ß-induced degradation of type II collagen and sox9. Additionally, MA was able to reduce the IL-1ß-induced phosphorylation of p65 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Furthermore, in a rat OA model, MA prevented cartilage degeneration and reduced the OARSI score in the MA-treated group compared with the OA group. The present study showed that MA suppresses the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, reducing IL-1ß-induced chondrocyte inflammation, which indicates the therapeutic potential of MA in patients with OA.

Passivation of black phosphorus as organic-phase enzyme platform for bisphenol A determination.

Black phosphorus (BP) has a high charge-carrier mobility (∼1000 cm2 V-1 s-1), but the bare BP degrades rapidly in the presence of oxygen and water which limits the application of the BP. In this study, a simple, non-covalent passivation strategy is developed by modifying of the BP with hexamethylendiamine (HA). The functionalized BP exhibits good stability over 4 weeks. The organic phase interdigital electrode which is constructed by stable HA/BP and tyrosinase displays lowest noise signal (0.025 nA) and relatively low detection limit (10 nmol L-1) for bisphenol A. This work provides a new strategy for construction of novel biofuel cell, bioelectronics and biosensors.

Laser Acupuncture for Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVES: To provide updated evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of laser acupuncture for patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). METHODS: A literature search in 9 databases was conducted from their inception through February 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) written in English that compared active laser acupuncture with placebo in KOA patients were included. Two authors independently extracted data from these trials. Meta-analysis software was used to analyze the data. Included studies were assessed in terms of the follow-up period, the methodological quality, and appropriateness of their technical features. RESULTS: Of 357 studies, seven RCTs (totaling 395 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The short-term outcomes showed that laser acupuncture offered significant pain relief over placebo when assessed by the 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) pain score (p = 0.02), while there was no significant difference between laser acupuncture and placebo based on Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) pain score (p = 0.25). For subgroup analysis, laser acupuncture had superiority over placebo in terms of both VAS and WOMAC pain scores in the appropriate technical features subgroup and the excellent methodological quality subgroup. But the effect of laser acupuncture on pain relief was not maintained in terms of either VAS (p = 0.19) or WOMAC pain score (p = 0.60). The pooled effect showed no significant difference between laser acupuncture and placebo at either time point according to WOMAC function scale, WOMAC stiffness scale, and quality of life outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that laser acupuncture can effectively reduce knee pain for patients with KOA at short term when appropriate technical features are applied, but the effect likely fades away during the subsequent follow-up period.

Organic molecular passivation of phosphorene: An aptamer-based biosensing platform.

Black phosphorus (BP), also known as phosphorene (PP), is a fascinating two-dimensional (2D) material with extraordinary anisotropic mechanical, electronic and optoelectronic properties. However, PP is sensitive to oxygen and moisture and is completely degenerated by oxygen and humid air within 12 h, which limits its applications. Here, we coat PP with hexamethylenediamine (HMA), which allows the coated PP to maintain its original form in aqueous solution for over one month. The stable PP is dotted with gold nanoparticles to facilitate binding to a 3,3'4,4'-polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB77) aptamer (ap) as a biosensor. The aptamer biosensor based on gold nanoparticle-dotted PP nanocomposites (PP-AuNPs) exhibits superior analytical performance, and its sensitivity (391.1 µA cm-2) is approximately three times higher than that of an AuNP-based sensor (AuNP-Ap/Au electrode, 147.2 µA cm-2). This biosensor has a low detection limit (DL) of 33 pg L-1 toward PCB77 with a dynamic response range toward PCB77 from 100 pg L-1 to 10 µg L-1. This research opens up avenues for the use of PP to make multiplexed diagnosis platforms in aqueous systems.

Dehydroepiandrosterone and Experimental Osteoarthritis.

Despite an increased understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and the availability of a number of drugs designed to ameliorate its symptoms, a successful disease-modifying therapy remains elusive. Recent lines of evidence suggest that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a 19-carbon steroid hormone classified as an adrenal androgen, exerts a chondroprotective effect in OA patients, and it has been proven to be an effective DMOAD candidate that slows OA progression. However, the exact mechanisms underlying its anti-OA effect is largely unknown. This review summarizes emerging observations from studies of cell biology, preclinical animal studies, and preliminary clinical trials and describes the findings of investigations on this topic to develop an initial blueprint of the mechanisms by which DHEA slows OA progression. Presently, studies on DMOADs are increasing in importance but have met limited success. Encouragingly, the current data on DHEA are promising and may prove that DHEA-based treatment is efficacious for preventing and slowing human OA progression.

Dehydroepiandrosterone: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in osteoarthritis.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a 19-carbon steroid hormone primarily synthesized in the adrenal gland, exerts a chondroprotective effect against osteoarthritis (OA) and has been considered an effective candidate of disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) that slow disease progression. We and others previously demonstrated that DHEA exerted a beneficial effect on osteoarthritic cartilage by positively modulating the balance between anabolic and catabolic factors (e.g., MMPs/TIMP-1, ADAMTS/TIMP-3 and cysteine proteinases/cystatin C), inhibiting catabolic signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt/ß-catenin), and suppressing proinflammatory cytokines-mediated low-grade synovial inflammation (e.g., IL-1ß). However, the full picture of the pharmacological molecular mechanism(s) underlying the activity of DHEA against OA is still incomplete, and a comprehensive and up-to-date review article in this field is unavailable. In this review, recent findings (apart from the well documented pathogenesis of OA) regarding disease-related mechanisms involving low grade synovial inflammation, cartilage matrix stiffness, chondrocyte autophagy and the roles of a variety of catabolic cellular signaling pathways are discussed. Moreover, the possible relationship between these disease-related mechanisms and DHEA action is discussed. Emerging evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies were scrutinized and are concisely presented to demonstrate the investigational and putative mechanisms underlying the anti-OA potential of DHEA.

Effect of parenteral glutamine supplementation combined with enteral nutrition on Hsp90 expression and Peyer's patch apoptosis in severely burned rats.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of parenteral glutamine (GLN) supplementation combined with enteral nutrition (EN) on heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 expression and Peyer's patch (PP) apoptosis in severely burned rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Sham burn + EN + GLN-free amino acid (AA; n = 10), sham burn + EN + GLN (n = 10), burn + EN + AA (n = 10), and burn + EN + GLN (n = 10). Two hours after a 30% total body surface area (TBSA), full-thickness scald burn injury on the back, burned rats in two of the experimental groups (burn + EN + AA and burn + EN + GLN groups) were fed with a conventional EN solution by oral gavage for 7 d. Simultaneously, rats in the burn + EN + GLN group were given 0.35 g GLN/kg body weight/d once via a tail vein injection for 7 d and rats in the burn + EN + AA group were administered isocaloric/isonitrogenous GLN-free amino acid solution (Tyrosine) for comparison. Rats in two sham burn control groups (sham burn + EN + AA and sham burn + EN + GLN groups) were treated in the same manner except for the burn injury. All rats in the four groups were given 175 kcal/kg body wt/d. There was isonitrogenous, isovolumic, and isocaloric intake among the four groups. At the end of the seventh day after completion of the nutritional program, all rats were anesthetized and samples were collected for further analysis. PP apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxyuridine nick-end labeling (TUNEL). The expression of Hsp90 in PPs was analyzed by western blotting. Caspase-3 activity of PPs was also assessed. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines of gut tissues were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) content was also determined by ELISA. RESULTS: The results revealed that intestinal IgA content in rats of the burn + EN + GLN group were significantly increased compared with those in the burn + EN + AA group (P < 0.05). The expression of Hsp90 of PPs in rats in the burn + EN + GLN group was significantly upregulated compared with those in the burn + EN + AA group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, levels of proinflammatory cytokines of gut tissues, caspase-3 activity, and the number of TUNEL-stained cells of PPs in rats of the burn + EN + GLN group were markedly decreased compared with those of the burn + EN + AA group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that parenteral glutamine supplementation combined with EN may upregulate the expression of Hsp90, reduce caspase-3 activity, lessen the release of proinflammatory cytokines, attenuate PP apoptosis, and improve intestinal IgA response in burned rats. Clinically, therapeutic efforts to improve intestinal immunity may contribute to a favorable outcome in severely burned patients.

Effect of parenteral glutamine supplementation combined with enteral nutrition on Hsp90 expression and lymphoid organ apoptosis in severely burned rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of parenteral glutamine(GLN) supplementation combined with enteral nutrition (EN) on heat shock protein 90(Hsp90) expression, apoptosis of lymphoid organs and circulating lymphocytes, immunological function and survival in severely burned rats. METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: a sham burn+EN+GLN-free amino acid (AA) group (n=10), a sham burn+EN+GLN group (n=10), a burn+EN+AA group (n=10), and a burn +EN +GLN group (n=10). Two hours after a 30% total body surface area (TBSA), full-thickness scald burn injury on the back was made, the burned rats in two experimental groups (the burn+EN+AA group and the burn+EN +GLN group) were fed with a conventional enteral nutrition solution by oral gavage for 7 days. Simultaneously, the rats in the burn+EN+GLN group were given 0.35g GLN/kg body weight/day once via a tail vein injection for 7 days, whereas those in the burn+EN+AA group were administered isocaloric/isonitrogenous GLN-free amino acid solution (Tyrosine) for comparison. The rats in two sham burn control groups (the sham burn+EN+AA group and the sham burn+EN +GLN group) were treated in the same procedure as above, except for burn injury. All rats in each of the four groups were given 175kcal/kg body wt/day. There was isonitrogenous, isovolumic and isocaloric intake among four groups. At the end of the 7th day after nutritional programme were finished, all rats were anesthetized and samples were collected for further analysis. Serum immunoglobulin quantification was conducted by ELISA. Circulating lymphocyte numbers were counted by Coulter LH-750 Analyzer. The percentages and apoptotic ratio of CD4 and CD8T lymphocytes in circulation were determined by flow cytometry (FCM). The neutrophil phagocytosis index (NPI) was examined. The GLN concentrations in plasma, thymus, spleen and skeletal muscle were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The organ index evaluation and TUNEL analysis of thymus and spleen were carried out. The expression of Hsp90 in thymus and spleen was analyzed by western blotting. Moreover, the survival in burned rats was observed. RESULTS: The results revealed that parenteral GLN supplementation combined with EN significantly increased the GLN concentrations of plasma and tissues, the serum immunoglobulin content, the circulating lymphocyte number, the CD4/CD8 ratio, the indexes of thymus and spleen, NPI and survival as compared with the burn+EN+AA group (p<0.05). The expression of Hsp90 in thymus and spleen in the burn+EN+GLN group was significantly up-regulated as compared with the burn+EN+AA group (p<0.05). The apoptosis in circulating CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, thymus and spleen in the burn+EN+GLN group was significantly decreased as compared with the burn+EN+AA group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that parenteral GLN supplementation combined with EN may increase the GLN concentrations of plasma and tissues, up-regulate the expression of Hsp90, attenuate apoptosis in lymphoid organ and circulating lymphocyte, enhance the immunological function and improve survival in severely burned rats. Clinically, therapeutic efforts at the modulation of the immune dysfunction may contribute to a favorable outcome in severely burned patients.

Chondroprotective effects of palmatine on osteoarthritis in vivo and in vitro: A possible mechanism of inhibiting the Wnt/ß-catenin and Hedgehog signaling pathways.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of palmatine (Pal) in a rabbit osteoarthritis (OA) model in vivo and rabbit interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)-stimulated chondrocytes in vitro. Appropriate concentrations of Pal were identified by the MTT assay and used to preincubate IL-1ß-induced chondrocytes, as well as an activator or inhibitor of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, 3, and 13; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1; collagenase II; aggrecan; and the related molecules of the Wnt/ß-catenin and Hedgehog signaling pathways were investigated. Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was examined by PCR analysis. Pal (0.3 mL, 100 mg/L) was injected into rabbit knee joints and histological examination, immunohistochemistry, and Mankin scoring of the articular cartilage were performed. Pal (10-100 mg/L) had no effect on chondrocyte viability, decreased the expression of the MMPs, and increased the synthesis of TIMP-1whereas collagenase II and aggrecan were inhibited by IL-1ß. When the activator (Licl) and inhibitor (DKK-1) of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway as well as the inhibitor (cyclopamine) of the Hedgehog signaling pathway were added, the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway was less inhibited by Pal, and a similar inhibitory effect of cyclopamine on the Hedgehog signaling pathway was evident. Additionally, Pal enhanced the effect of cyclopamine. The histological examination, immunohistochemistry and Mankin scoring also demonstrated the protective effect of Pal, and the inhibition of the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways by Pal. Pal may be useful in the treatment of OA, in which its effect is likely mediated via the Wnt/ß-catenin and Hedgehog signaling pathways.

Effects of enteral nutrition with parenteral glutamine supplementation on the immunological function in septic rats.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of enteral nutrition (EN) with parenteral glutamine (GLN) supplementation on inflammatory response, lymphatic organ apoptosis, immunological function and survival in septic rats by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Male rats were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and two sham CLP control groups (n 10 per group). After CLP or sham CLP model and nutrition programme were completed, the GLN concentrations of plasma and tissues and several indices of immunological function including serum Ig content, circulating lymphocyte number, the CD4:CD8 ratio, the neutrophil phagocytosis index (NPI), the organ index and apoptosis of thymus and spleen, and plasma cytokine levels were determined. Moreover, the survival in septic rats was observed. The results revealed that EN with parenteral GLN supplementation remarkably increased the GLN concentrations of plasma and tissues, serum Ig content, the circulating lymphocyte number, the CD4:CD8 ratio, the indexes of thymus and spleen, NPI and survival compared with the control group (P< 0·05). In contrast, the apoptosis of thymus and spleen and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 in plasma were obviously decreased compared with the control group (P< 0·05). These results show that EN with parenteral GLN supplementation diminished the release of inflammatory cytokines, attenuated lymphatic organ apoptosis, enhanced the immunological function and improved survival in septic rats.

Parenteral glutamine supplementation in combination with enteral nutrition improves intestinal immunity in septic rats.

OBJECTIVES: The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is continuously exposed to antigens in the gut lumen and becomes the first line of defense against enteric bacteria and associated toxin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of parenteral glutamine (GLN) supplementation in combination with enteral nutrition (EN) on intestinal mucosal immunity in septic rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: A sham CLP + EN + saline group (n = 10), a sham CLP + EN + GLN group (n = 10), a CLP + EN + saline group (n = 10), and a CLP + EN + GLN group (n = 10). At 2 h after CLP or sham CLP, all rats in each of the four groups received an identical enteral nutrition solution as their base formula. Then, the rats in the sham CLP + EN + GLN group and CLP + EN + GLN group were given 0.35 g GLN/kg body weight daily for 7 d, all at the same time, via a tail vein injection; whereas those in the sham CLP + EN + saline group and CLP + EN + saline group were daily administered isovolumic sterile 0.9% saline for comparison. All rats in each of the four groups were given 290 kcal/kg body wt/d for 7 d. At the end of the seventh day after the nutritional program was finished, all rats were euthanized and the entire intestine was collected. Total Peyer's patches (PP) cell yield was counted by a hemocytometer. The percentage of PP lymphocyte subsets was analyzed by flow cytometry. The number of intestinal lamina propria IgA plasma cells was determined by the immunohistochemistry technique. The intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were assessed by ELISA. PP apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxyuridine nick-end labeling. RESULTS: The results revealed total PP cell yield, the numbers of PP lymphocyte subsets, intestinal lamina propria IgA plasma cells, and intestinal IgA levels in the CLP + EN + GLN group were significantly increased when compared with the CLP + EN + saline group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the number of TUNEL-stained cells within PPs in the CLP + EN + GLN group was markedly decreased as compared with the CLP + EN + saline group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that parenteral glutamine supplementation in combination with enteral nutrition may attenuate PP apoptosis, increase PP cell yield and intestinal lamina propria IgA plasma cells, and subsequently improve intestinal mucosal immunity. Clinically, these results suggest therapeutic efforts at improving intestinal immunity may contribute to the prevention and treatment of sepsis.

Hinokitiol reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression by inhibiting Wnt/ß-Catenin signaling in vitro and in vivo.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the effects of hinokitiol on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3, -13, collagen type II (Col2a1) and ß-catenin expressions in rat chondrocytes induced by interleukin-1ß and in an experimental rat model induced by intra-articular injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA) into the knee. METHODS: Chondrocytes were cultured from the articular cartilage of 2-week-old rats. Passaged chondrocytes were pretreated with hinokitiol for 2h followed by co-incubation with IL-1ß for 24h. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to assess the expression of MMP-1, -3, -13, Col2a1 and ß-catenin. Chondrocytes were also treated with Licl, Dickkopf-1, and/or hinokitiol for 24h, the MMP-1, -3, -13 and ß-catenin protein levels determined by Western blotting. The in vivo effects of hinokitiol were assessed by morphological and histological analyses following MIA injection. RESULTS: Hinokitiol inhibited IL-1ß-stimulated MMP-1,-3 and -13 expressions and IL-1ß-induced activation of intracellular ß-catenin proteins in cultured chondrocytes. In vivo, morphological and histological examinations demonstrated that hinokitiol significantly ameliorated cartilage degeneration. CONCLUSIONS: Hinokitiol is an effective anti-inflammatory reagent that acts by inhibiting the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway and could be a promising therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis.

Tetrandrine Inhibits the Wnt/ ß -Catenin Signalling Pathway and Alleviates Osteoarthritis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.

There is currently no effective drug treatment for the early phase of osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common senile diseases. The goal of this study was to investigate the protective effect of the tetrandrine (Tet) on OA, in vitro and in vivo. In an in vitro experiment, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate changes in gene expression upon the addition of Tet in chondrocytes processed with IL-1 ß ; changes in protein profiles were assessed by Western blotting. In vivo, to determine whether Tet has the protective effects on articular cartilage, a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transaction model of OA was established. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase and ß -catenin genes increased significantly, while that of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 decreased significantly in the OA group both in vivo and in chondrocytes. However, the changes of expression were reversed by Tet, and there was less cartilage degradation in vivo compared with the OA group, as assessed by histological and macroscopic observations. Thus, Tet may play a useful role in the treatment of OA through the Wnt/ ß -catenin signalling pathway and has potential for the treatment of OA.

The chondroprotective effects of dehydroepiandrosterone probably exerted by its conversion to estradiol.

The sex hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which can be converted into estradiol by the enzyme aromatase, has a protective role against osteoarthritis (OA). To determine whether the protective effects of DHEA are dependent on its conversion to estradiol, the aromatase inhibitor letrozole and/or the estrogen receptor inhibitor fulvestrant were administered in the presence of DHEA in both interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß)-induced rabbit chondrocytes and a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transaction (ACLT) model of OA. Expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were used to monitor these effects. Expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 increased in both DHEA-treated chondrocytes and cartilage in the presence of letrozole and/or fulvestrant, while the expression of TIMP-1 and collagen type II (Col-II) decreased. Our findings suggest that the effects of DHEA may be mediated by its conversion to estradiol.

Yoga is found hazardous to the meniscus for Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE: Yoga is becoming more and more popular in the female society while the concomitant sports injury is seldom mentioned. Many clinicians have noted that yoga may result in knee problems, which though requires more researches to corroborate. This investigation was conducted to ascertain the relationship between yoga and meniscus injury as well as the extent of impairment according to variant yoga practice periods. METHODS: Totally 819 women aged 20-49 years who practiced yoga or other popular sports including badminton, jogging, climbing hills, etc for at least one hour per day were selected to participate in this research. These subjects were required to complete a questionnaire and receive relevant physical examination. Magnetic resonance (MR) scan of the knee was recommended for the suspicious subjects for ultimate diagnosis. The subject with abnormal meniscus MR signals was defined as a case and matched with two controls in terms of age and body mass index (BMI). Altogether there were 273 cases and 546 controls. The nested case-control model was adopted to assess the risk of meniscus injury between variant exposures in practicing yoga and several other popular sports. Moreover, the 181 yoga subjects were subdivided into three groups according to different exercise durations, followed by further analysis with the variables of age, BMI and Lysholm score. RESULTS: Yoga was found associated with a higher risk (P equal to 0.008, OR equal to 1.621) of meniscus injury compared with badminton, jogging and climbing hills. The three yoga subgroups showed statistical difference between each other in terms of Lysholm score (P equal to 0.027) and BMI (P equal to 0.003). The subjects with longer-term yoga practice had lighter weight but lower Lysholm scores. CONCLUSIONS: Yoga perhaps exerts destructive impact on the meniscus for Chinese women, yet it needs further verifications. Furthermore, the female yoga players with longer exercise duration are more susceptible to meniscus injury though they can become leaner.

[Intermediate outcomes of alumina-on-alumina bearing total hip arthroplasty].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the intermediate outcomes of third-generation alumina-on-alumina total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: A consecutive series of 165 primary alumina-on-alumina total hip arthroplasties were performed in 135 patients. Three patients died and 13 patients lost follow-up so that a total of 119 patients (146 hips) were available for study. The mean patient age was 53.4 ± 11.0 years old (range: 26 - 79). Hydroxyapatite. (HA)-coated press-fit acetabular cups were used in all cases. At femoral side, 123 cases were implanted with HA-coated uncemented stems and 23 cases implanted with high polished double taped cemented stems. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically after a minimal follow-up duration of 60 months. RESULTS: The preoperative mean Harris hip score of 49.6 ± 7.9 points improved to 91.7 ± 3.0 points at the last follow-up (P < 0.05). The 5-year survival for any reason lead to revision was 96.6%. Five hips were under revision, 1 for acetabular shell loosening and migration, 1 for Vancouver B2 periprosthetic fracture, 1 for fracture of pure alumina liner and 2 for infections. All other prostheses demonstrated no radiographic evidence of loosening. No periprosthetic osteolysis was found. There were 2 cases of dislocations and 2 patients presented postoperatively with "squeaking-like" hips. CONCLUSION: The clinical and radiographic outcomes after primary THA with third-generation ceramic-on-ceramic bearing surfaces are favorable after a minimal follow-up duration of 5 years. The modified alumina-on-alumina bearing implants offer a better option for younger and active patients.

Effects of diallyl sulphide in chondrocyte and cartilage in experimental osteoarthritis in rabbit.

Diallyl sulphide (DAS) is known for its antioxidant, anticancer and detoxifying properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DAS on rabbit articular chondrocytes and cartilage in experimental osteoarthritis (OA) induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). DAS inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-3 and MMP-13 expression in interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß)-induced chondrocytes. In an in vivo study, DAS ameliorated cartilage degradation as assessed by morphological and histological examination. Messenger RNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13 and IL-1ß was inhibited by DAS in cartilage. In addition, DAS increased the collagen II level in cartilage. The results suggest that DAS may protect cartilage in the development of OA.

Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on aggrecanase expression in articular cartilage in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis.

To investigate the in vivo effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the expression of aggrecanases and their endogenous inhibitor in a rabbit model of OA. Ten New Zealand white rabbits underwent bilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). One knee of each rabbit was randomly assigned to receive 100 µM DHEA dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and the other was treated with DMSO only. The treatment was given once a week for 5 weeks, starting 4 weeks after transection. All rabbits were euthanized 9 weeks after ACLT treatment, and the knee joints were evaluated by gene expression analysis. Intra-articular administration of DHEA significantly reduced the gene expression of aggrecanases, while markly increasing that of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), an endogenous inhibitor of aggrecanases. DHEA may have beneficial effects on OA by influencing the balance between aggrecanases and TIMP-3 through which DHEA may protect against OA.

Protective effects of berberine in an experimental rat osteoarthritis model.

Berberine shows anticancer, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects and may be useful in many clinical applications. The effects of berberine on articular cartilage metabolism remain unknown, so this study was performed to evaluate these effects in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro work, rat articular chondrocytes were cultured in a monolayer and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), -3, -13 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined using the Griess reaction, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release was measured using the dimethylmethylene blue method. For the in vivo work, berberine was administered by intraarticular injection, and the effects on MMPs and TIMP-1 were examined at the gene and protein levels. Berberine was found to inhibit the expression of MMP-1, -3 and -13, and increased the level of TIMP-1 at the mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner. In IL-1ß-induced rat articular chondrocytes, berberine decreased IL-1ß-induced GAG release and NO production. Meanwhile, high-dose berberine exhibited an anticatabolic effect in an IL-1ß-induced rat osteoarthritis (OA) model. These findings suggest that berberine may play a protective role in the development of OA and may be useful in the treatment of OA.