ABSTRACT
Anaerobically fermented pickled tea (PT) can be produced by spontaneous fermentation (SF) or yeast-enhanced fermentation (YF). Aroma and taste characteristics of PT during YF and SF were investigated using sensory evaluation, odour activity, aroma character impact values, HS-SPME-GC-MS, UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS, and spectrophotometry, annotating 198 volatile and 115 non-volatile components. The main contributing volatile components were ß-ionone, and 1-octanol, promoted by YF and SF, and yielding floral and fruity aromas respectively. Additionally, compared with SF, YF promoted the formation of citronellol yielding a floral aroma, inhibited the stale aroma of methoxybenzenes, and reduced bitter, astringent, and sour tastes. Furthermore, partial least-squares regression analysis identified the main components related to the 'acides aroma' of PT as linalool oxide, n-decanoic acid, hexanoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid, 3-methyl-1-dodecyn-3-ol, and nerolidol. This application could be used as methodology for the comprehensive analysis of tea aroma and taste and these results can act as guidelines for PT production and quality control.
Subject(s)
Odorants , Volatile Organic Compounds , Odorants/analysis , Taste , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Fermentation , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis , Tea/chemistryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Chinese herbal medicine is a commonly used traditional treatment for ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Among them, Yanghe decoction (YHD) has an obvious effect in relieving the symptoms of AS, but its efficacy is still controversial. The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of YHD in the treatment of AS patients. METHODS: From the establishment to September 2020, we will search a total of 7 electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, VIP, WanFang, and the Chinese SinoMed Database. Two independent reviewers will search the database for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs), extract data, and evaluate the quality of the included RCTs. Data analysis will be processed by RevMan V.5.4 software. RESULTS: The results of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. CONCLUSION: This study will provide evidence for the effectiveness of YHD in treating patients with AS.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Spondylitis, Ankylosing/therapy , Humans , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Research Design , Systematic Reviews as TopicABSTRACT
The protective effect of wheat alkylresorcinols (ARs) on human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19) against oxidative stress and the possible underlying mechanism were investigated in this study. The results showed that ARs significantly inhibited 300 µM H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cell damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by 19% and 32%, respectively. Moreover, ARs treatment increased NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling activation, which was evidenced by increased transcription of anti-oxidant responsive genes GCL, NQO1 and HO-1. Knockdown of Nrf2 through targeted siRNA alleviated ARs-mediated HO-1 transcription, and almost abolished ARs-mediated cytoprotection against H2O2 induced cell damage. Further studies showed that the protective effect of ARs was dependent on Akt activation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that ARs could protect ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress induced cell damage possibly through Akt dependent Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.
Subject(s)
Heme Oxygenase-1/metabolism , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Protective Agents/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Resorcinols/pharmacology , Triticum/chemistry , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line , Epithelial Cells/cytology , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Heme Oxygenase-1/genetics , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide/toxicity , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/cytology , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/drug effects , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/metabolismABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of different psychological interventions on relieving orthodontic pain in patients with different personalities. METHODS: Three hundred patients were involved and randomized into five groups:control group, cognitive therapy group, music therapy group, muscle relaxation group and suggestion therapy group. Eysenck personality questionnaire was used to evaluate personality traits of patients, and visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess patients' intensity of orthodontic pain at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after initial archwire placement.The VAS scores were analyzed via repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: The cognitive group,music group, muscle relaxation group and suggestion group were reported lower pain than control group (P<0.001). The music group showed a greater decrease in VAS than other four groups in patients with a tendency of extroversion and stable mood (P<0.01).The suggestion group showed less pain than cognitive group in patients with a tendency of extroversion and unstable mood (P<0.05).For patients with other personality traits, there was no significant difference among the four intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive therapy, music therapy, muscle relaxation and suggestion therapy could relieve orthodontic pain effectively. For patients with a tendency of extroversion and stable mood, music therapy was the first choice to control orthodontic pain. Cognitive therapy could be used for patients with other personality traits.
Subject(s)
Analgesia/methods , Pain Measurement/methods , Pain/psychology , Analgesics , Humans , Music Therapy , Pain Management , PersonalityABSTRACT
In this paper, the effects of transgenes insertion on the outcross potentiality of rice varieties were assessed by pollen vigor and hybrid seed set. The in vitro pollen germination rates of five transgenic rice lines transformed respectively with bar, crylAb, BADH and Xa21 gene were investigated, and compared with their relative receptor rice varieties. The results showed that there existed a significant difference in in vitro pollen germination rates between receptor rice varieties, but no significant difference was found between transgenic rice varieties and their relative receptors. The in vitro pollen germination rate for transgenic rice varieties varied from 0.416 to 0.584, similar to that of their relative receptors (0.400-0.574). Investigation on the hybrid seed set of 26 hand-crosses showed that the inserted bar or crylAb gene had a significant effect on the hybrid seed set of receptors, while the effect of Xa21 gene was smaller. The hybrid seed set rate of non-transgenic rice in crosses with transgenic rice (pollen donor) was from 0.056 to 0.413, not different from that in crosses with their relative receptors (0.052-0.417). It's suggested that transgenes insertion had little effect on the outcross potentiality of rice varieties.