ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies show that the extensive use of chemical shampoos has a negative impact on health. Given the recent trends, the use of herbal shampoos is gaining importance. Cyclea peltata is a common plant in Kerala's coastal region that has traditionally been used to aid in wound healing, allergy relief, and hair and scalp improvement. Greenly produced silver nanoparticles made from plant sources have a wide range of medical applications. OBJECTIVE: The main objective is to optimize the base of the shampoo with better solid content by OFAT studies and characterize the silver nanoparticles synthesized using post optimized shampoo base. METHOD: Cyclea peltata leaves were fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum for the shampoo formulation, substituting the chemical basis gelatin with an herbal fermented foundation. Silver nanoparticles combined with an herbal formulation should be as safe as herbal shampoo while also being as effective as chemical shampoo. Variation of concentration of Cyclea peltata leaf powder, variation of sucrose concentration, variation of concentration of yeast extract, variation of L. plantarum inoculum, variation of temperature, variation of agitation speed, and variation of time were all studied using the OFAT (One Factor At a Time) method. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using post optimized shampoo bases were also characterized by particle size, zeta potential, and FTIR analysis in order to better understand their properties. RESULTS: The results clearly indicated that all the six factors had a significant effect on the growth and production of EPS. The pH considered for the shampoo base is above 5 so as to maintain the acidic mantle of the scalp. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from post optimized shampoo base were obtained within 17th hour of incubation, with single surface plasmon resonance at 420 nm. Nanoparticles showed a peak at -11.6 mv of zeta potential which means that the particles are less agglomerative and stable. Similar groups were seen in ftir spectrum of fermented silver nanoparticles and the plant extract which confirmed the capping of nanoparticles with plant phytochemicals. CONCLUSION: The study successfully prepared and characterized green synthesized silver nanoparticles from post optimized shampoo base and also optimized the shampoo base based on the EPS production. Characterization of the silver nanoparticles found that the nanoparticles synthesized were stable, less agglomerative, and had several useful components present in it.
Subject(s)
Cyclea , Lactobacillus plantarum , Metal Nanoparticles , Humans , Silver , Powders , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Synthetic shampoos have toxic chemical agents like chemicals such as parabens and sodium lauryl sulfate which damage the hair. To combat this issue, the use of natural herbal shampoos, as opposed to synthetic shampoos, is becoming increasingly popular. One of the many medicinal plants present in Karnataka and Kerala is Cyclea peltata. This plant has long been known to assist in wound healing, allergy relief, and hair and scalp improvement, as well as serving as a coolant for hair applications. OBJECTIVE: The key subject of this research was the preparation of plant extracts and fermentation of Cyclea peltata leaf extract with Lactobacillus plantarum, resulting in the formulation of an herbal shampoo. METHOD: The leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acid, saponins, and proteins, according to previous research by this group. The fermented product showed the presence of lactic acid, which was a boon for shampoo base as it protects the hair from the sunlight and improves the texture and strength of hair fibers. Cyclea peltata was used as the main ingredient in herbal shampoo formulations, along with other herbal ingredients, and the formulated shampoo was characterized for its different organoleptic (Color, odor) and physicochemical properties (pH, solid content, wettability, emulsification, and foam stability) to find the best formulation. RESULT: Formulation H2 showed better organoleptic and physicochemical properties and thus was chosen as the best formulation among the 11 formulations. CONCLUSION: Formulation H2 is regarded as the best formulation based on the results of the physicochemical tests (Pleasant odor, pH 3.01, solid content of 5.75%, wettability of 1.68 s, and percentage emulsification of 68.75%).
Subject(s)
Cyclea , Hair Preparations , Cyclea/chemistry , Hair Preparations/chemistry , Humans , India , Plant Extracts , SensationABSTRACT
Cyclea gracillima Diels is a Taiwanese native medicinal herb. However, there are currently few relevant reports on its biochemical activity. In this study, the antioxidant attributes of the ethanol and hot water extracts of this herb were assayed using in vitro models, including the following: 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-hydrazyl radical scavenging, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and chelating ferrous ions. The following biochemical models were also assayed: inhibition of human low density lipoprotein oxidation, inhibition of human erythrocyte hemolysis, and scavenging oxygen radicals in human blood. The composition and content of flavonoids and phenolic acids in these extracts were also analyzed. The results showed that these extracts with high polyphenol levels presented remarkable antioxidant effects in all assays, especially when extracted with ethanol. Six phenolic acids (mainly ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and syringic acid) and 12 flavonoids (mainly narigenin, myricetin, naringin, and apigenin) were found in these extracts.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cyclea/chemistry , Phenols/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Humans , Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects , Phytochemicals , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
The water extract of Green Jelly leaves (GJL) obtained by crushing the leaves in water (1:40) was capable of forming a gel at room temperature. The composition of GJL consisted mainly of carbohydrate (â¼70w/w), protein (â¼13% w/w) and minerals (â¼6% w/w). The mineral portion consisted of mainly calcium (â¼1.2% w/w), zinc (â¼0.12% w/w) and magnesium (â¼0.11% w/w). The isolated polysaccharide fraction (â¼42.6% w/w) consisted of mainly galacturonic acid (â¼35.8% w/w) and neutral sugars (â¼6.8% w/w), with a weight-average molecular weight of â¼4.4×105g/mol. The results obtained by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) showed that GJL polysaccharide fraction had a fairly similar FTIR fingerprint as the commercial low-methoxyl pectin (LMP). The degree of esterification of the polysaccharide changed drastically (from 97% to 10%) depending on the temperature used during the extraction process. The zeta potential of the extracted polysaccharide showed high negative charged as compared to the commercial LMP but close to sodium alginate. The study showed that the gelation was divalent cation-mediated and probably facilitated by the low degree of esterification which reduced steric hindrance from the methyl ester groups.
Subject(s)
Chemical Phenomena , Cyclea/chemistry , Pectins/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Esterification , Molecular Weight , Temperature , Viscosity , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Snakebites are a significant and severe global health problem. Till date, anti-snake venom serum is the only beneficial remedy existing on treating the snakebite victims. As antivenom was reported to induce early or late adverse reactions to human beings, snake venom neutralizing potential for Cyclea peltata root extract was tested for the present research by ex vivo and in vivo approaches on Naja naja toxin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ex vivo evaluation of venom toxicity and neutralization assays was carried out. The root extracts from C. peltata were used to evaluate the Ex vivo neutralization tests such as acetylcholinesterase, protease, direct hemolysis assay, phospholipase activity, and procoagulant activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis from root extracts of C. peltata was done to investigate the bioactive compounds. RESULTS: The in vivo calculation of venom toxicity (LD50) of N. naja venom remained to be 0.301 µg. C. peltata root extracts were efficiently deactivated the venom lethality, and effective dose (ED50) remained to be 7.24 mg/3LD50 of N. naja venom. C. peltata root extract was found effective in counteracting all the lethal effects of venom. GC-MS analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of antivenom compounds such as tetradecanoic and octadecadienoic acid which have neutralizing properties on N. naja venom. CONCLUSION: The result from the ex vivo and in vivo analysis indicates that C. peltata plant root extract possesses significant compounds such as tetradecanoic acid hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, and octadecadienoic acid which can counteract the toxins present in N. naja.
Subject(s)
Antivenins/therapeutic use , Cyclea , Elapid Venoms/antagonists & inhibitors , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant Roots , Snake Bites/drug therapy , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Antivenins/isolation & purification , Antivenins/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Hemolysis/drug effects , Hemolysis/physiology , Mice , Naja , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Snake Bites/enzymologyABSTRACT
Cissampentine A (1), an enantiomer of cissampentin, three new cycleatjehenine-type bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, cissampentine B-D (2-4), and five known alkaloids were isolated from the roots of Cyclea tonkinensis. Their structures were established by interpretation of NMR, high-resolution ESI-MS data, and CD spectra. In vitro studies indicated that compounds 1 and 4 exhibited cytotoxicity against the HCT-8 tumor cell line (IC50 values of 8.97 and 9.73 µM, respectively), and compound 4 was also active against the Bel-7402 tumor cell line (IC50 value of 5.36 µM).
Subject(s)
Benzylisoquinolines/isolation & purification , Cyclea/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Alkaloids/chemistry , Alkaloids/isolation & purification , Alkaloids/pharmacology , Alkaloids/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use , Benzylisoquinolines/chemistry , Benzylisoquinolines/pharmacology , Benzylisoquinolines/therapeutic use , Cell Line, Tumor , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Molecular Structure , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant Roots/chemistryABSTRACT
In view of multi-dimensional activity of plant drugs beneficial to complex disorders like diabetes, the present study has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of C. peltata roots on serum glucose, lipid profile, insulin, inflammatory marker namely tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and muscle glycogen in type 2 diabetic rats. Aqueous extract of C. peltata at 40 and 60 mg/kg dose significantly decreased both the fasting and postprandial blood glucose of type 2 diabetic rats; 60 mg/kg dose having more pronounced effect on hyperglycemia. An enhanced insulin levels by the aqueous extract is primary for its glucose and lipid lowering activity. The extract significantly decreased the elevated TNF-alpha in type 2 diabetic rats. The extract at 40 and 60 mg/kg dose increased the glycogen levels in skeletal muscle by 58 and 60% respectively. Improved glycogen in peripheral tissue such as skeletal muscle indicates the ability of plant drug to combat insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.
Subject(s)
Cyclea/chemistry , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Animals , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Female , Glyburide/therapeutic use , Glycogen/analysis , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Insulin/blood , Insulin Resistance , Lipids/blood , Male , Medicine, Ayurvedic , Metformin/therapeutic use , Mice , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Roots/chemistry , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Solvents , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis , WaterABSTRACT
Six new bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, racemosidines A-C (1-3) and racemosinines A-C (4-6), and four known compounds were isolated from the roots of Cyclea racemosa. Compound 1 is the first bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid reported that has diphenyl ether bridges at C-11/C-7' and C-8/C-12' and a benzyl-phenyl ether bridge at C-7/C-11'. Structures and absolute configurations of 1-6 were established by interpretation of spectroscopic data and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of representative compounds. Compounds 1-3 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against HCT-8 and BEL-7402 tumor cells, and compound 1 was also cytotoxic against A2780 tumor cells.
Subject(s)
Alkaloids/isolation & purification , Alkaloids/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Benzylisoquinolines/isolation & purification , Benzylisoquinolines/pharmacology , Cyclea/chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Alkaloids/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Benzylisoquinolines/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Humans , Isoquinolines , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Plant Roots/chemistryABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. (Menispermaceae), locally called 'Padathaali/Padakizhangu' is used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat peptic ulcer. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activity of Cyclea peltata. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ethanolic extract of Cyclea peltata root was used to evaluate its gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effect in the pylorus-ligated rat model and gastric lesions induced by ethanol or ethanol and indomethacin respectively in rats. The levels of gastric wall mucus, non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH), malondialdehyde, protein and catalase activity in the stomach samples of Cyclea peltata treated and control groups of rats were also quantified. RESULTS: The ethanolic extract of Cyclea peltata roots showed significant antisecretory activity as evidenced by decreased pepsin secretion, gastric juice volume and acid output in pylorus-ligated rats. Pretreatment with Cyclea peltata extract provided significant protection against the peptic ulceration caused by ethanol administered individually, or in combination with indomethacin. Our studies also revealed that pretreatment with Cyclea peltata significantly increased the gastric protein and catalase concentration of ethanol treated rats. Further, it showed significant gastroprotective effects on the stomach wall of ethanol or ethanol and indomethacin treated rats by decreasing malondialdehyde level, increasing the gastric wall mucus and non-protein sulfhydryl groups. CONCLUSION: The present findings demonstrate that Cyclea peltata ethanolic extract has potent antisecretory and antiulcer effects and justify the traditional/ethnic usage of this herb to treat peptic ulcers and consequent stomach ache.
Subject(s)
Anti-Ulcer Agents/therapeutic use , Cyclea , Gastric Mucosa/drug effects , Peptic Ulcer/prevention & control , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Animals , Anti-Ulcer Agents/pharmacology , Catalase/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Ethanol , Gastric Juice/metabolism , Gastric Mucosa/metabolism , Indomethacin , Male , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Mucus/metabolism , Pepsin A/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Roots , Proteins/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Stomach/drug effects , Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the supportive evidence for the use of Ayurvedic medicine in the management of existing and recurrent nephrolithiasis. METHOD: Nine Ayurvedic medicines commonly utilized in the management of nephrolithiasis were identified by discussions with Ayurvedic practitioners in India. Mechanistic and clinical studies evaluating the use of these agents were identified using the Medline database and bibliographies suggested by Ayurvedic practitioners. The articles were then critically reviewed and summarized. RESULTS: Four in vitro mechanistic studies, eight animal studies, and seven human trials were identified. Phyllanthus niruri has undergone mechanistic in vitro, animal, and clinical trials that support its impact on calcium oxalate crystallization. Preliminary clinical trials have evaluated the role of Dolichos biflorus and Orthosiphon grandiflorus in the prevention of urolithiasis and fish stone as a method of stone expulsion, yet the treatment effect and mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. CONCLUSION: Ayurvedic medicine holds promise as a complementary approach to the management and prevention of nephrolithiasis. The best studied compound is P. niruri. Further controlled randomized clinical trials are justified to support or refute the potential benefits demonstrated in these initial studies.
Subject(s)
Kidney Calculi/drug therapy , Medicine, Ayurvedic , Animals , Arctostaphylos , Capparaceae , Clinical Trials as Topic , Cyclea , Dolichos , Humans , Phyllanthus , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , TribulusABSTRACT
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the protective effect of a 70% methanolic leaf extract of Cyclea peltata Lam on cisplatin-induced renal toxicity. The concentration of creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium in serum and levels of malonyldyaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), as well as gluathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were determined in kidney tissue. The marked cisplatin-induced renal damage, characterized by a significant increase in creatinine and urea levels, decreased in extract-treated group, whereas sodium and potassium levels did not change significantly. C. peltata Lam extract significantly changed the increased MDA level and decreased GSH levels found in rats treated with cisplatin alone. The reduced activities of GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT in groups treated with cisplatin alone were significantly increased by the extract. The protective effect was greater in the post-treated than in the pre-treated group of animals. The results indicate that the post-treatment of C. peltata Lam extract might effectively ameliorate the oxidative stress parameters observed in cisplatin induced renal toxicity and could be used as a natural antioxidant against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cisplatin/toxicity , Cyclea/chemistry , Kidney Diseases/drug therapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Catalase/drug effects , Catalase/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Glutathione/drug effects , Glutathione/metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase/drug effects , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Kidney Diseases/chemically induced , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Leaves , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Superoxide Dismutase/drug effects , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolismABSTRACT
The inhibitory effect of the root of Cyclea peltata Lam. on nephrolithiasis induced in rats by feeding with ethylene glycolated water (1%) for 35 days was summarized. Ethylene glycol administration led to oxalate stone formation, as indicated by its high level in urine. Complementary to this anion, the cation calcium level in urine was elevated. These two ions may have contributed to the formation of calcium oxalate stones. In addition to high serum potassium, a low serum magnesium level contributed to stone formation. Simultaneous administration of the powdered root of Cyclea peltata resulted in decreased urinary oxalate and calcium. Likewise, serum potassium was lowered and magnesium was elevated. These observations provided the basis for the conclusion that this plant inhibits the stone formation induced by ethylene glycol treatment.