Triacylglycerol rich in docosahexaenoic acid regulated appetite via the mediation of leptin and intestinal epithelial functions in high-fat, high-sugar diet-fed mice.

High-fat, high-sugar diet (HFHS) induced leptin resistance and intestinal epithelial dysfunction is implicated in hyperphagia and metabolic disorders. Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of dietary interventions for reducing appetite. This study aims to investigate whether triacylglycerol rich in DHA (DHA-TG) could regulate appetite in mice fed with a HFHS diet and the mechanism by which it achieves that. DHA-TG could reduce food intake and regulate neuropeptides (POMC, AgRP, and NPY) expression in HFHS diet-fed mice. Hypothalamic transcriptome analysis reveals that these effects might be attributed to the role of DHA-TG in modulating hormone secretion and digestive system process. According to ELISA and RT-qPCR analysis, DHA-TG ameliorated leptin secretion and attenuated central leptin resistance induced by HFHS diet feeding. Besides, DHA-TG prevented the damage of intestinal epithelial barrier in nutritive obese mice by improving leptin sensitivity. Based on jejunal transcriptome analysis, DHA-TG also protected intestinal endocrine function, especially the secretion of another anorectic hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK), in HFHS diet-fed mice. Furthermore, DHA-TG was ineffective in repressing appetite, and improving gut leakage in leptin-deficient mice (ob/ob mice). In conclusion, DHA-TG has a potential to regulate appetite with the action of leptin, and intestinal epithelial functions in HFHS diet-fed mice.

Nutrition Interventions in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: An Evidence Analysis Center Scoping Review.

The objective of this scoping review was to identify and characterize studies examining the effect of nutrition management interventions and effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy to improve nutrition-related outcomes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. An in-depth electronic search was conducted by a medical librarian in six databases: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science Core Collection. The literature search resulted in 5,122 records, and five records were identified through hand search. Of these 5,127 records, 22 articles and eight systematic reviews met our inclusion criteria. An equal number of the studies were experimental (ie, randomized or nonrandomized controlled trials, or noncontrolled trials) (n = 11) and observational (cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional) (n = 11) with the remaining studies being systematic reviews/meta-analyses (n = 8). Most of these studies were conducted in United States or Europe. Based on this scoping review, the majority of studies focus on either carbohydrate counting or evaluation of dietary intake patterns with little emphasis on tailored patient education/counseling services specifically designed to meet a young child's or his/her family's individual needs. Indeed, only four studies in this scoping review used dietary counseling and/or medical nutrition therapy. As such, there remains a significant gap in the literature as it relates to the efficacy and long-term management implications of tailored nutrition interventions in young children with type 1 diabetes.

Energy, Sugars, Iron, and Vitamin B12 Content of Commercial Infant Food Pouches and Other Commercial Infant Foods on the New Zealand Market.

There has been an important shift in the New Zealand infant food market over the past decade, with the majority of complementary foods now sold in "pouches". Along with the increasing market share of commercial infant food pouches internationally, there have been growing concerns about their nutritional quality. However, research examining the nutritional quality of these pouches compared to other forms of commercial infant foods in New Zealand has not been undertaken. Nor have any studies reported the free sugars or added sugars content of these foods. To address this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional survey of infant foods sold in New Zealand supermarkets was conducted in 2019-2020. Recipes and nutrient lines were developed for the 266 foods identified (133 food pouches). The energy, iron, vitamin B12, total sugars, free sugars, and added sugars content of infant food pouches and other forms of commercial infant foods per 100 g were compared, both within food groups and by age group. Infant food pouches contained similar median amounts of energy, iron, and vitamin B12 to other forms of commercial infant foods but contained considerably more total sugars (8.4 g/100 g vs. 2.3 g/100 g). However, median free sugars and added sugars content was very low across all food groups except for "dairy" and "sweet snacks". All "dry cereals" were fortified with iron whereas none of the infant food pouches were. Therefore, consuming food pouches to the exclusion of other commercial infant foods may place infants at risk of iron deficiency if they do not receive sufficient iron from other sources.

Biochemical and nutritional characterization of dragon fruit (Hylocereus species).

Nutritional and biochemical composition of dragon fruit (Hylocereus) species H. undatus (fruits with white pulp and pink skin), and H. polyrhizus (fruits with red pulp and pink skin) were investigated to develop the nutritional composition data for dragon fruit and compare the difference between H. undatus and H. polyrhizus. The pH, TSS, total sugar, moisture, ash, protein, and dietary fibre content varied between 4.8 and 5.4, 8-12%, 5.13-7.06%, 82-85%, 0.7-0.85%, 0.90-1.1% and 0.8-1.0%, respectively. Total phenolics and flavonoids content varied between 25 and 55 mg GAE and 15-35 mg CE per 100 g, respectively. H. polyrhizus have a significantly high quantum of phenolics and antioxidant potential than H. undatus. 100 g fruit contained about 120-200 mg K, 30-45 mg Mg, 20-45 mg Ca, 20-35 mg P, 0.70-1.5 mg Fe, and 0.20-0.40 mg Zn. Vitamin C was found maximum (6 mg/100 g), followed by vitamin E (150 µg), pantothenic acid (50 µg), and vitamin K1 (25 µg). It is an ideal fruit for maintaining good health as it has low calories.

Structural characterization and antioxidant activities of one neutral polysaccharide and three acid polysaccharides from Ziziphus jujuba cv. Hamidazao: A comparison.

A neutral polysaccharide (HJP-1a) and three acid polysaccharides (HJP-2, HJP-3 and HJP-4) were obtained from Z. jujuba cv. Hamidazao. HJP-1a was mainly composed of arabinose and galactose in a ratio of 56.9:20.0, with an average molecular weight of 3.115 × 104 g/mol. HJP-2, HJP-3 and HJP-4 were homogeneous heteropolysaccharides mainly containing galacturonic acid, arabinose and galactose, with average molecular weights of 4.590 × 104, 6.986 × 104 and 1.951 × 105 g/mol, respectively. Structural characterization indicated that the backbone of HJP-3 appeared to be mainly composed of →4)-α-d-GalpA (1→ and →2,4)-α-l-Rhap (1→ residues with some branches consisting of →5)-α-l-Araf (1→ residues and terminals of T-α-l-Araf (1→ and T-ß-d-Galp residues. The four purified fractions displayed dose-dependent radical scavenging activity on ABTS+ radicals and reducing capacity, as well as excellent protective effect on H2O2-induced HepG2 cells and metronidazole-damaged zebrafish embryos, especially HJP-2 in vitro and HJP-1a in vivo. Therefore, the polysaccharides from Z. jujuba cv. Hamidazao could be used as a potential antioxidant in functional foods.

Herbal drink formulation optimization of Trollius chinensis Bunge by sensory fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Trollius chinensis Bunge is a common herbal plant used for pharmaceutical and food resources in China. The dry flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge are also treated as a traditional Chinese tea for daily drinking, yet the Trollius chinensis Bunge tea will exhibit a bitter taste in a certain concentration range and is not always accepted among consumers. The aim of the study was to design a herbal drink with a good flavor and optimize the formulation. METHODS: Trollius chinensis Bunge was purchased and ground. The sensory fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the orthogonal test were applied to optimize the formulation of the Trollius chinensis Bunge herbal drink. RESULTS: The results showed that the optimum formulation was as follows: an addition amount of Trollius chinensis Bunge extract solution of 30%; an addition amount of mint extract solution of 4%; an addition amount of liquorice extract solution of 7%; an addition amount of sugar of 3%; an addition amount of citric acid of 0.15%. The polysaccharide content decreased with an increase in storage time; the stability of the polysaccharides was not significantly affected by storage temperature (P > 0.05). The pH value of the samples was significantly affected by storage temperature (P < 0.01), which was basically unchanged at 4°C and 25°C, and relatively large at 37°C; the stability of color was significantly affected by temperature (0.01 < P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sensory fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is an useful evaluation method in optimizing the formulation of a herbal drink. These results provide some theoretical basis for the food product development of Trollius chinensis Bunge.

Prebiotic properties of different polysaccharide fractions from Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch seeds evaluated by simulated digestion and in vitro fermentation by human fecal microbiota.

Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide (ASKP) and its two fractions-60P (branched xylan) and 60S (branched glucomannan), were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion and in vitro fermentation by human fecal microbiota. The results showed that all polysaccharide fractions could transit through gastrointestinal tract without dramatic degradation and be utilized by gut microbiota. ASKP exhibited the highest depletion rate and highest capability to decrease the pH than its fractions. Meanwhile, 60S showed the stronger capability to increase the production of propionic acid and reduce the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid. At the phylum level, all polysaccharides efficiently reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and relative abundance of Proteobacteria, with ASKP being the most capable to suppress the proliferation of Proteobacteria. At the genus level, ASKP and 60P markedly promoted the growth of Bacteroidetes, and 60S promoted the growth of Parabacteroides and Collinsella. Prediction on metabolic function revealed that polysaccharide administration could dramatically change the metabolic profile of bacteria compared with fructooligosaccharides. Besides, all the polysaccharides dramatically promoted the bile acid metabolism. Compared with 60S, ASKP and 60P showed stronger ability to suppress the metabolisms on carbohydrate and amino acid. In summary, both ASKP and its two fractions showed the prebiotic potentials.

Determination of Soluble Mono, Di, and Oligosaccharide Content in 23 Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Beans provide a rich source of plant-based proteins and carbohydrates. It is well documented in the literature that the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs: raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose) is linked with flatulence issues. In this study, the soluble sugar content of 23 dry beans was investigated using a newly developed and validated analytical method with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled to an amperometric pulse detection. All seven sugars (galactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose) showed good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.99) between 0.156 and 20 µg/mL. The limit of detection and quantification were determined as 0.01-0.11 µg/mL and 0.04-0.32 µg/mL, respectively. Significant variations in the profiles and concentrations of individual and total sugars were observed in 23 dry beans. Sucrose and stachyose were the two prominent soluble sugars combinedly representing an average of 86% of the total soluble sugars. Yellow split beans, large lima, and black eyed peas contained higher amounts of total soluble sugars (79.8-83.6 mg/g), whereas lower amounts were observed in speckled butter peas and lentils (53.6-56.6 mg/g). Garbanzo beans contained maximum levels of mono and disaccharides (MD), and yellow split beans showed the highest levels of RFOs. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis of the total soluble sugars (TS), MD, RFOs, and MD/RFOs ratio, 23 beans can be classified into five groups. The average TS content and the MD/RFOs ratios of the five groups were determined as group 1 (TS = 55.1 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 0.30), group 2 (TS = 77.6 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 0.31), group 3 (TS = 78.3 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 0.51), group 4 (TS = 59.1 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 1.06), and group 5 (TS = 68.5 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 0.62). This information is useful for researchers, food industries, and consumers that are looking for plant-based protein source as an alternative to animal proteins with reduced flatulence problems.

The Macronutrient Content of Sodium-Modified Foods Is Unchanged Compared with Regular Counterparts: An Evaluation of Select Categories of Packaged Foods in the United States, 2018.

BACKGROUND: Lowering excess sodium in packaged foods is part of a public health strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Sales of foods with labeled sodium claims increased during the past decade. Yet, it is unclear whether sugars or fats were added during the reformulation of foods that might counter the benefits of sodium reduction. OBJECTIVE: It was hypothesized that the nutrient content of packaged foods with lower sodium label claims (ie, sodium-modified) would differ from their regular (ie, unmodified) counterparts. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study compared label data of 153 sodium-modified foods and 141 regular, matched counterparts within four food categories: soups, processed meats, vegetables, and savory snacks. Foods were identified by searching manufacturer websites of the top-10 brands in each category. Sodium, calories, total carbohydrate, sugar, protein, total fat, saturated fat, and potassium (when reported) were compared by labeled serving and per 100 g food. RESULTS: The average amount in milligrams of sodium per serving in regular foods ranged from 162 mg for savory snacks to 782 mg for soups. Compared with regular foods, the matched lower sodium foods had significantly less sodium per serving (-95 to -387 mg) and per 100 g (-184 to -462 mg) (P<0.01 for all comparisons), except for soups per 100 g (P = 0.166), and were similar to their regular counterparts in calories, total carbohydrate, sugar, protein, total fat, and saturated fat (P>0.05 for all comparisons). Of the soups that reported potassium on the label, potassium was 244 mg/serving (P=0.004) and 139 mg/100 g (P=0.002) higher among matched lower sodium soups. CONCLUSIONS: The similarity in macronutrient contents on the labels for sodium-modified foods and their regular counterparts suggests that reformulation did not include the addition of significant amounts of sugars, fats, or other macronutrients among major food brands in the selected categories. Potassium content and additional food categories deserve further investigation.

Assessment of the glycemic index of groats available on the Polish food market

Background: Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are often used to assess diet quality in relation to the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer development. Taking into account differences in nutritional value of food products in different countries it is often suggested to used national databases to assess dietary intake in different populations. Objective: To assess the glycemic index and glycemic load of the selected groats available on the Polish food market. Material and methods: GI of the following groats available on the Polish food market was assessed: couscous, buckwheat (roasted) groats, millet groats, spelt groats, barley (hulled) groats and bulgur groats. The GI was assessed as the incremental area under the blood glucose response curve of a 50g carbohydrate portion of a test food expressed as a percent of the response to the same amount of carbohydrate from a standard food taken by the same subject. GL was calculated for the 100 g of the cooked product. Results: The lowest GI was found for buckwheat (34.7±8.2%) and barley (31.3±13.4%) groats. The GL for these groats was 8.1±1.9 and 8.0±3.4, respectively. The GI for millet, spelt and bulgur groats amounted to 56.2±20.6%, 69.8±35.0%, 64.5±36.8%, respectively, while for couscous amounted to 99.0± 36.0%. The highest GL was observed for couscous (24.7±9.0). Conclusions: The groats tested in this study can be classified as follows: barley and buckwheat as a low GI food, millet and bulgur as a medium GI food, spelt and couscous as a high GI food. Buckwheat and barley groats should be chosen the most often among these products, while the intake of couscous should be limited especially by people with diabetes.

Exceptional colloidal stability of acidified whey protein beverages stabilized by soybean soluble polysaccharide.

Protein-rich beverages have gained significant attention in recent years. It is a challenge to produce whey protein beverages with high stability, good transparency, and a smooth mouthfeel. The polysaccharide (PS)-protein complex might help the food industry overcome these obstacles. In this study, soybean soluble polysaccharide (SSPS) and high methoxylated pectin (HMP, a traditional PS) are used, at different ratios to the protein, to improve the colloidal stability of the acidified whey protein solution. Both heated and unheated complexes were studied. SSPS-whey protein complexes have shown exceptional stabilities in all ratios while HMP-whey protein complexes revealed coacervation after 72 hr of storage. The prepared complexes exhibited comparable sizes and ζ-potentials. The SSPS-whey protein complexes were less turbid than HMP-whey protein complexes at similar PS to protein ratios. Results also show that greater repulsive interactions occurred in SSPS-whey protein complexes when compared to HMP-whey protein complexes, as examined by free thiol content and intrinsic fluorescence intensity measurements. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: It is a challenge to produce whey protein isolate (WPI) beverages with high stability, good transparency, and smooth mouthfeel. The polysaccharide (PS)-protein complex might help the food industry overcome these obstacles. We have demonstrated that soybean soluble polysaccharide (SSPS), at [SSPS]:[acWPI] ratios of 1:2 to 1:30, can significantly improve the colloidal stability of the acidified whey protein beverages. This SSPS-whey protein system could be used as a stable beverage base for a variety of beverages.

Gluten-free breadmaking affected by the particle size and chemical composition of quinoa and buckwheat flour fractions.

This study aimed at assessing the effect of physicochemical properties and the particle size of different fractions of buckwheat and quinoa on the behaviour of gluten-free dough and bread quality. Quinoa and buckwheat grains were milled with a hammer mill and then separated in three fractions. These fractions where then re-milled with a cyclonic mill to obtain samples of similar sizes. Results showed that the chemical composition of these fractions was very different and played a major role on bread quality. Proteins, lipids and fibre negatively affected bread quality, whereas starch-rich fractions were more adequate for breadmaking. Re-milling quinoa and buckwheat fractions increased bread volume, although chemical composition still influenced bread properties. For hammer-milled fractions, both the finest fractions resulted in breads with higher technological quality, as well as a final product with more fibre, minerals and proteins.

[Pineapple juice nutritional profile].

Knowledge about food composition is necessary both for specialists to assess the state of nutrition of the population and develop recommendations on nutrition, as well as for consumers to organize healthy individual nutrition. Russian Union of Juice Producers together with research organizations is working to systematize and expand knowledge about the composition of juices, as one of the important elements in the structure of human nutrition. Aim is to establish the nutrient profile of pineapple juice. Material and methods. Data analysis of reference books and scientific publications, conducting physic-chemical studies of industrially produced pineapple juice. Results and discussion. The nutrient profile shows the content of more than 30 nutritive and bioactive compounds in pineapple juice. Sugars in pineapple juice are represented by glucose, fructose and sucrose in an average ratio of 1:1:1.6, organic acids are mainly citric and L-malic acids, while the content of citric acid is 2-4 times higher than that of L-malic. A portion of industrially produced pineapple juice on average contains 10% of the daily human requirement for potassium and magnesium, about 15% for copper, 60-70% for vitamin C. The content of vitamin B1 and folate is about 7% of daily recommended level, vitamin B6 - about 12%. Pineapple juice is a source of manganese - a portion contains more than 100% of the adequate level of daily consumption of this trace element. Polyphenolic compounds are mainly represented by hydroxycinnamic acids, among which synaptic acid and its derivatives and p-coumaroyl chinic acid predominate (45-80% of all hydroxycinnamic acids in total). The content of hydroxycinnamic acids per serving averages 30% of the adequate level of their daily intake. Pineapple juice shows proteolytic activity (about 1 pe per 1 g of dry matter), which is associated with the content of the complex of proteolytic enzymes in pineapples. Conclusion. The most significant from the point of view of providing a human body with micronutrients and minor bioactive compounds for pineapple juice are manganese, vitamin C, hydroxycinnamic acids, copper, potassium, magnesium, and B vitamins (B1, B6, folates).

Efficacy and safety of hydrolyzed rice-protein formulas for the treatment of cow's milk protein allergy.

Foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs) with a protein fraction made of hydrolyzed rice protein (HRPs) have been on the market in Europe since the 2000s for the treatment of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). HRP formulas (HRPFs) are proposed as a plant-based alternative to cow's milk protein-based extensively hydrolyzed formulas (CMP-eHF) beside the soy protein formulas whose use in CMPA is controversial. HRPFs do not contain phytoestrogens and are derived from non-genetically modified rice. HRPFs are strictly plant-based apart from the addition of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). As the amino acid content of rice proteins differs from that of human milk proteins, the protein quality of these formulas is improved by supplementation with free lysine, threonine, and tryptophan. The consumption of HRPFs has risen: for example, in France HRPFs account for 4.9% in volume of all formulas for children aged 0-3 years. Several studies have shown the adequacy of HRPFs in treating CMPA. They ensure satisfactory growth from the 1st weeks of life for infants and toddlers, both in healthy children and in those with CMPA. HRPFs can be used to treat children with CMPA either straightaway or in second intention in cases of poor tolerance to CMP-eHF for organoleptic reasons or for lack of efficacy. In France, the cost of HRPFs is close to that of regular infant or follow-on formulas.

Nutrient, fibre, sorbitol and chlorogenic acid content of prunes (Prunus domestica): an updated analysis and comparison of different countries of origin and database values.

Current prune composition data are outdated and require a comprehensive and comparative re-analysis. This novel study aimed to: (i) analyse and compare prune composition from major countries of origin; and (ii) provide a comprehensive compositional analysis of prunes of USA origin and compare this with UK and USA database data. Prune samples were analysed for major nutrients and bioactive compounds and compared between countries of origin. Total fibre was higher in prunes from the USA (12.0 g/100 g) and Chile (11.5 g/100 g) compared with France (8.4 g/100 g) and Argentina (8.9 g/100 g), while prunes from all countries contained high levels of sorbitol (11.2-15.5 g/100 g). Differences in energy and starch values compared with national databases reflected different approaches to sampling and analysis. In conclusion, prunes contain high levels of fibre and other bioactive compounds. Variations between country of origin and database values highlight the importance of transparency in documenting sampling and analysis methods.

Effects of the replacement of wheat flour with cricket powder on the characteristics of muffins.

BACKGROUND: Cricket powder (CP) is a cheap and valuable source of protein, unsaturated fatty acids and dietary fiber, as well as vitamins and minerals such as iron and calcium, which makes it useful for the enrich- ment of bakery products. METHODS: The ash, fat, moisture and protein contents of enriched muffins were analyzed ac- cording to PN-EN ISO and AACC methods. The proximate carbohydrate content was estimated by subtract- ing the total fat, protein, ash and moisture content from 100% of food composition. The color of the muffins was measured in the CIE L*a*b* scale using a Chroma Meter CR-410. A TA.XTplus texture analyzer was used to perform texture profile analysis. RESULTS: The protein content in muffins enriched with increased CP in samples with 5% and 10% CP addition, and the carbohydrate content reduced as the percentage of CP increased. Results of texture analysis indicated that the use of CP as an additive caused a significant decrease in the hardness, springiness, chewiness and re- silience of the obtained muffins. There were no changes in cohesiveness. With increasing amounts of CP, the value of lightness (L*) decreased, while the green/red (a*) and blue/yellow (b*) color balances were shifted towards green and blue respectively. The results of consumer acceptance tests showed that control muffins and muffins with 2% CP did not significantly differ from each other. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the slight changes in color and textural properties, cricket powder can be used for the enrichment of muffins with protein without reducing the sensory attractiveness of the product obtained.

Orally Administered Polysaccharide Derived from Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.) Improves Skin Hydration in Ultraviolet-Irradiated Hairless Mice.

Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.) have various benefits for human health. In particular, a polysaccharide derived from blackcurrant was found to be an immunostimulating food ingredient in a mouse model. We named a polysaccharide derived from blackcurrant cassis polysaccharide (CAPS). In a previous clinical study, we reported that CAPS affects skin dehydration, demonstrating its effectiveness against skin inflammation was related to atopic dermatitis; skin inflammation caused skin dehydration. However, there are no studies regarding CAPS effectiveness against skin dehydration. The current study aimed to investigate CAPS effectiveness against skin dehydration. We further demonstrate the effect of oral administration of CAPS on skin dehydration caused by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced inflammation in mice. We found that CAPS administration suppresses skin dehydration caused by UV irradiation. We also found that CAPS decreases interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinase transcription levels in the mouse skin. These results show that CAPS improves skin hydration in UV-irradiated mice.

Increasing levels of supplementation for crossbred steers on pasture during the dry period of the year.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrate supplementation levels on the intake, nutrient digestibility, and performance of crossbred steers during the dry period of the year. The experiment was developed on Princesa do Mateiro farm, in the municipality of Ribeirão do Largo, located in the southwest region of Bahia State, Brazil. Forty uncastrated male crossbred (½ Holstein-Zebu) steers with an average body weight (BW) of 232.55 ± 24.97 kg were distributed into four treatments in a completely randomized design with ten replicates. The animals were managed in an experimental area formed by Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, in an intermittent grazing system. Treatments consisted of the following supplementation levels: 0.2% BW, with 60% crude protein (CP); 0.3% BW, with 40% CP; 0.4% BW, with 30% CP; and 0.5% BW, with 24% CP. The intakes of forage dry matter in kg/day and %BW and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) in %BW decreased linearly, whereas the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates corrected for ash and protein in kg/day and average daily gain increased linearly. Therefore, the use of supplementation at 0.5% BW (24% crude protein) to provide gains of up to 0.500 kg/day is recommended for grazing steers during the post-weaning period in the dry season of the year.

Beer with reduced carbohydrates and alcohol content suitable for diabetics.

eer is for its glycemic index and for alcohol content inappropriate drink for patients with diabetes mellitus. Traditional social habits, however, lead diabetics to drinking the beer and it has negative health effects in these patients. On the other hand, beer contains substances with a beneficial health effect, such as flavionoids, saponins, prebiotics, vitamin B complex and others. Also, for its isotonicity with blood and a suitable pH value the beer is appropriate for supplementation of liquids during physical activities. Therefore, the beer with reduced content of sugar and alcohol could be a desirable functional food not only for diabetics. While there are both low-sugar beers and low-alcohol beers on the market, “non-alcoholic diabetic” is not yet commercially available. In this research we present the method of beer production by vacuum distillation with an alcohol content less than 1.2 vol % and with a maximum of sugar content not more than 0.75 g/100 ml.

[Specialized food products with modified carbohydrate profile for dietary correction of diet of patients with type 2 diabetes].

In recent years, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the world is growing steadily. According to the international diabetes Federation (IDF), the number of DM patients in the world in 2015 was 415 million, of them more than 90% - patients with type 2 diabetes. According to forecasts, in 2040 their number will increase to 642 million. Russia ranks fifth among the ten countries with the largest number of the adult population with diabetes. Dietary correction of the diet of patients with type 2 DM is carried out by the inclusion of specialized foods with a modified carbohydrate profile containing ingredients with hypoglycemic action. The purpose of the study - the development of composition and technology of specialized foods and assessment of the possibility of their use in the therapy of patients with type 2 diabetes. Taking into account the medical requirements for diet therapy for type 2 diabetes, composition and technology of two specialized foods in the form of beverage concentrates have been developed. The technology of step-bystep mixing contributed to the uniform distribution of biologically active substances in the mass of the product. The absence of sucrose and digestible polysaccharides in the composition of the developed products was established, the presence of about 1% lactose was due to its content in the protein component. Humidity didn't exceed the standard values for similar products, the values water activity were typical for products with low humidity, which justified the prediction of the microbiological stability of the developed products during storage. The osmolality of the beverages restored in accordance with the method of preparation was 310 and 258 mOsm/kg, which characterized them as isotonic. The products were balanced in amino acid composition, had a high score of essential amino acids due to the introduction of a combination of proteins. The consumption of one serving (30 g) of the product in the form of a drink (200 ml) provided an average daily requirement for essential amino acids by 15-22%, polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 - by 10%, ω-6 - by 15%, soluble dietary fibers - by 50-55%, vitamins groups B - by 14-81%, C - by 46%, A, D3, E, K1 - by 17-46%, minerals and trace elements - by 10- 33%. The content of polyphenols was about a half of its adequate level of consumption. The inclusion of specialized foods with a modified carbohydrate profile in the composition of the low-calorie diet lead to the stabilization of postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 DM.