Residue levels, processing factors and risk assessment of pesticides in ginger from market to table.

Ginger is consumed as a spice and medicine globally. However, pesticide residues in ginger and their residue changes during processing remain poorly understood. Our results demonstrate that clothianidin, carbendazim and imidacloprid were the top detected pesticides in 152 ginger samples with detection rates of 17.11-27.63%, and these pesticides had higher average residues of 44.07-97.63 µg/kg. Although most samples contained low levels of pesticides, 66.45% of the samples were detected with pesticides, and 38.82% were contaminated with 2-5 pesticides. Peeling, washing, boiling and pickling removed different amounts of pesticides from ginger (processing factor range: 0.06-1.56, most <1). By contrast, pesticide residues were concentrated by stir-frying and drying (0.50-6.45, most >1). Pesticide residues were influenced by pesticide physico-chemical parameters involving molecular weight, melting point, degradation point and octanol-water partition coefficient by different ginger processing methods. Chronic and acute dietary risk assessments suggest that dietary exposure to pesticides from ginger consumption was within acceptable levels for the general population. This study sheds light on pesticide residues in ginger from market to processing and is of theoretical and practical value for ensuring ginger quality and safety.

Identifying the temporal contributors and their interactions during dynamic formation of black tea cream.

Tea cream formed in hot and strong tea infusion while cooling deteriorates quality and health benefits of tea. However, the interactions among temporal contributors during dynamic formation of tea cream are still elusive. Here, by deletional recombination experiments and molecular dynamics simulation, it was found that proteins, caffeine (CAF), and phenolics played a dominant role throughout the cream formation, and the contribution of amino acids was highlighted in the early stage. Furthermore, CAF was prominent due to its extensive binding capacity and the filling complex voids property, and caffeine-theaflavins (TFs) complexation may be the core skeleton of the growing particles in black tea infusion. In addition to TFs, the unidentified phenolic oxidation-derived products (PODP) were confirmed to contribute greatly to the cream formation.

Differential microbiota shift on whole romaine lettuce subjected to source or forward processing and on fresh-cut products during cold storage.

Romaine lettuce in the U.S. is primarily grown in California or Arizona and either processed near the growing regions (source processing) or transported long distance for processing in facilities serving distant markets (forward processing). Recurring outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 implicating romaine lettuce in recent years, which sometimes exhibited patterns of case clustering in Northeast and Midwest, have raised industry concerns over the potential impact of forward processing on romaine lettuce food safety and quality. In this study, freshly harvested romaine lettuce from a commercial field destined for both forward and source processing channels was tracked from farm to processing facility in two separate trials. Whole-head romaine lettuce and packaged fresh-cut products were collected from both forward and source facilities for microbiological and product quality analyses. High-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting16S rRNA gene was performed to describe shifts in lettuce microbiota. Total aerobic bacteria and coliform counts on whole-head lettuce and on fresh-cut lettuce at different storage times were significantly (p < 0.05) higher for those from the forward processing facility than those from the source processing facility. Microbiota on whole-head lettuce and on fresh-cut lettuce showed differential shifting after lettuce being subjected to source or forward processing, and after product storage. Consistent with the length of pre-processing delays between harvest and processing, the lettuce quality scores of source-processed romaine lettuce, especially at late stages of 2-week storage, was significantly higher than of forward-processed product (p < 0.05).

Metabolomic analysis reveals the effect of ultrasonic-microwave pretreatment on flavonoids in tribute Citrus powder.

In this study, the ultrasonic-microwave pretreatment was defined as a processing technology in the production of tribute citrus powder, and it could increase the flavonoid compounds in the processing fruit powder. A total of 183 upregulated metabolites and 280 downregulated metabolites were obtained by non-targeted metabolomics, and the differential metabolites was mainly involved in the pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. A total of 8 flavonoid differential metabolites were obtained including 5 upregulated metabolites (6"-O-acetylglycitin, scutellarin, isosakuranin, rutin, and robinin), and 3 downregulated metabolites (astragalin, luteolin, and (-)-catechin gallate) by flavonoids-targeted metabolomics. The 8 flavonoid differential metabolites participated in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The results provide a reference for further understanding the relationship between food processing and food components, and also lay a basis for the development of food targeted-processing technologies.

Combining thermosonication microstress and pineapple peel extract addition to achieve quality and post-acidification control in yogurt fermentation.

This work investigated the effects of the combined use of thermosonication-preconditioned lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with the addition of ultrasound-assisted pineapple peel extracts (UU group) on the post-acidification potential, physicochemical and functional qualities of yogurt products, aimed at achieving prolonged preservation and enhancing functional attributes. Accordingly, the physical-chemical features, adhesion properties, and sensory profiles, acidification kinetics, the contents of major organic acids, and antioxidant activities of the differentially processed yogurts during refrigeration were characterized. Following a 14-day chilled storage process, UU group exhibited acidity levels of 0.5-2 oT lower than the control group and a higher lactose content of 0.07 mg/ml as well as unmodified adhesion potential, indicating that the proposed combination method efficiently inhibited post-acidification and delayed lactose metabolism without leading to significant impairment of the probiotic properties. The results of physicochemical analysis showed no significant changes in viscosity, hardness, and color of yogurt. Furthermore, the total phenolic content of UU-treated samples was 98 µg/mL, 1.78 times higher than that of the control, corresponding with the significantly lower IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the UU group than those of the control group. Observations by fluorescence inverted microscopy demonstrated the obvious adhesion phenomenon with no significant difference found among differentially prepared yogurts. The results of targeted metabolomics indicated the proposed combination strategy significantly modified the microbial metabolism, leading to the delayed utilization of lactose and the inhibited conversion into glucose during post-fermentation, as well as the decreased lactic acid production and a notable shift towards the formation of relatively weak acids such as succinic acid and citric acid. This study confirmed the feasibility of thermosonication-preconditioned LAB inocula, in combination with the use of natural active components from fruit processing byproducts, to alleviate post-acidification in yogurt and to enhance its antioxidant activities as well as simultaneously maintaining sensory features.

Effects of instant controlled pressure drop treatment combined with refractance window drying on infusion quality of made green tea.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to determine the effects of instant controlled decompression of steam pressure, termed as ICPD (instant controlled pressure drop) on fresh tea leaves, when combined with refractance window drying (RWD) of rolled green teas during green tea manufacturing. The ICPD steam treatment pressure (TP; 0.1-0.3 MPa), treatment time (TT; 10-20 s) and refractance window drying temperature (RWDT; 70-90 °C) were used as the processing parameters for manufacturing of green tea. RESULT: Response surface methodology was employed to enumerate the effects of ICPD process conditions and temperature of RWD on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of the green tea infusion. An optimum condition for green tea processing was found at TP 0.2 MPa, TT 20 s with RWDT at 70 °C. In comparison to made green tea manufactured without ICPD treatment, the ICPD treated green tea showed enhanced TPC, TFC and DPPH radical scavenging activity along with better colour and sensory attributes. The microstructural study of ICPD treated green tea samples showed more deformed cell surface integrity, larger stomatal pore size and cracks at the leaf surface in comparison with non-treated green tea sample. CONCLUSION: Present study reveals that an ICPD treatment at 0.2 MPa for 20 s can be used as an alternative to the traditional enzyme inactivation step of hot water treatment, for green tea leaves to improve the infusion quality in terms of increased levels of TPC and TFC and DPPH radical scavenging activity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Thermomechanical transitions of meat-analog based fried foods batter coating.

This study aimed to characterize the thermomechanical transitions of meat-analog (MA) based coated fried foods. Wheat and rice flour-based batters were used to coat the MA and fried at 180 °C in canola oil for 2, 4 and 6 min. Glass-transition-temperature (Tg) of the coatings were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, directly after frying or after post-fry holding. Mechanical texture analyzer and X-ray microtomography were employed to assess textural attributes and internal microstructure, respectively. Batter-formulation substantially impacted the Tg of fried foods coating i.e., crust. Tg of fried foods crust were ranged between -20 °C to -24 °C. Tg was positively correlated with frying time and internal microporosity (%), whereas negatively correlated with moisture content. Internal microstructure greatly influenced the textural attributes (hardness, brittleness, crispiness). Post-fry textural stability considerably impacted by Tg. Negative Tg value explains post-fry textural changes (hard-to-soft, brittle-to-ductile, crispy-to-soggy) of MA-based coated products at room-temperature (25 °C) and under IR-heating (65 °C).

Can a Fraction of Flour and Sugar Be Replaced with Fruit By-Product Extracts in a Gluten-Free and Vegan Cookie Recipe?

Certain food by-products, including not-good-for-sale apples and pomegranate peels, are rich in bioactive molecules that can be collected and reused in food formulations. Their extracts, rich in pectin and antioxidant compounds, were obtained using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), a green, efficient, and scalable extraction technique. The extracts were chemically and physically characterized and used in gluten-free and vegan cookie formulations to replace part of the flour and sugar to study whether they can mimic the role of these ingredients. The amount of flour + sugar removed and replaced with extracts was 5% and 10% of the total. Physical (dimensions, color, hardness, moisture content, water activity), chemical (total phenolic content, DPPH radical-scavenging activity), and sensory characteristics of cookie samples were studied. Cookies supplemented with the apple extract were endowed with similar or better characteristics compared to control cookies: high spread ratio, similar color, and similar sensory characteristics. In contrast, the pomegranate peel extract enriched the cookies in antioxidant molecules but significantly changed their physical and sensory characteristics: high hardness value, different color, and a bitter and astringent taste. HC emerged as a feasible technique to enable the biofortification of consumer products at a real scale with extracts from agri-food by-products.

Modulation of fried spring roll wrapper quality upon treatment of batter with maltogenic amylase, transglutaminase and bromelain.

BACKGROUND: Fried foods are favored for their unique crispiness, golden color and flavor, but they also face great challenge because of their high oil content, high calories and the existence of compounds such as acrylamide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Long-term consumption of fried foods may adversely affect health. Therefore, it is necessary to explore fried foods with lower oil contents and a high quality to meet the demand. RESULTS: A method of enzyme treatment was explored to investigate the effects of maltogenic amylase (MA), transglutaminase (TG) and bromelain (BRO) on the physicochemical properties of the batter and the quality of fried spring roll wrapper (FSRW). The results showed that the MA-, TG- or BRO-treated batters had a significant shear-thinning behavior, especially with an increase in viscosity upon increasing TG contents. FSRW enhanced its fracturability from 419.19 g (Control) to 616.50 g (MA-6 U g-1), 623.49 g (TG-0.75 U g-1) and 644.96 g (BRO-10 U g-1). Meanwhile, in comparison with BRO and MA, TG-0.5 U g-1 endowed batter with the highest density and thermal stability. MA-15 U g-1 and TG-0.5 U g-1 displayed FSRW with uniform and dense pores, and significantly reduced its oil content by 18.05% and 25.02%, respectively. Moreover, compared to MA and TG, BRO-50 U g-1 improved the flavor of FSRW. CONCLUSION: MA, TG or BRO played a key role in affecting the physicochemical properties of the batter and the quality of FSRW. TG-0.5 U g-1 remarkly reduced the oil content of FSRW with a great potential in practical application. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Exploring the microbiome of coffee plants: Implications for coffee quality and production.

Coffee stands as one of the world's most popular beverages, and its quality undergoes the influence of numerous pre- and post-harvest procedures. These encompass genetic variety, cultivation environment, management practices, harvesting methods, and post-harvest processing. Notably, microbial communities active during fermentation hold substantial sway over the ultimate quality and sensory characteristics of the final product. The interaction between plants and microorganisms assumes critical significance, with specific microbes assuming pivotal roles in coffee plant growth, fruit development, and, subsequently, the fruit's quality. Microbial activities can synthesize or degrade compounds that influence the sensory profile of the beverage. However, studies on the metabolic products generated by various coffee-related microorganisms and their chemical functionality, especially in building sensory profiles, remain scarce. The primary aim of this study was to conduct a literature review, based on a narrative methodology, on the current understanding of the plant-microorganism interaction in coffee production. Additionally, it aimed to explore the impacts of microorganisms on plant growth, fruit production, and the fermentation processes, directly influencing the ultimate quality of the coffee beverage. Articles were sourced from ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using specific search terms such as "coffee microorganisms", "microorganisms-coffee interactions", "coffee fermentation", "coffee quality", and 'coffee post-harvest processing". The articles used were published in English between 2000 and 2023. Selection criteria involved thoroughly examining articles to ensure their inclusion was based on results about the contribution of microorganisms to both the production and quality of the coffee beverage. The exploration of microorganisms associated with the coffee plant and its fruit presents opportunities for bioprospecting, potentially leading to targeted fermentations via starter cultures, consequently generating new profiles. This study synthesizes existing data on the current understanding of the coffee-associated microbiome, its functionalities within ecosystems, the metabolic products generated by microorganisms, and their impacts on fermentation processes and grain and beverage quality. It highlights the importance of plant-microorganism interactions in the coffee production chain.

"Food faddists and pseudoscientists!": Reflections on the history of resistance to ultra-processed foods.

The term 'ultra-processed food' emerged in the 1980s, mostly used in reference to highly-processed convenience foods and snacks, often energy-dense, poor in nutrients, and inclusive of various synthetic additives such as emulsifiers, colors, artificial sweeteners, and/or flavor enhancers. Concern over such foods was part of the growing holistic and environmental health movements of the 1970-80s; yet, those who raised alarm about the encroachment of ultra-processed foods were often labeled, especially by industry and their powerful allies, as 'food faddists' and 'pseudoscientists'. Today, the topic of ultra-processed foods is generating massive personal, public, and planetary health interest. However, other than discussing the history of the NOVA food classification system, a useful tool that has allowed researchers to more accurately separate foods based on processing, most lay media and academic articles are ahistorical. That is, there is a tendency to present the term ultra-processed food(s) as a relatively new entrance into the lexicon, and by default, the idea that health-related pushback on ultra-processed foods is a relatively new phenomenon. This omission overlooks decades of determined advocacy and clinical work, much of it by pioneers within the holistic medicine (now integrative, functional, and lifestyle medicine) movement. Here in this reflection paper, the authors will use historical research and reporting to fill in the historical gap and articulate the saliency of why it matters.

Dual-Stage ultrasound in deep frying of potato chips; effects on the oil absorption and the quality of fried chips.

Potato chips are popular high-consuming ready-to-eat meals in all of the world which specially attract a lot of attention from youth and children. Reducing oil absorption and improving the quality of chips are major undertakings within the industry. This research aimed to find the best ultrasonic bath-based method by investigating the optimal ultrasonic pre-treatment and developing an ultrasound (US) assisted frying system (UAFS) to reduce the oil absorption of potato chips while maintaining an acceptable quality. Through this technique, the potato chips get sonicated during deep frying in hot oil. US-pretreatment at temperatures of 25 °C and 73 °C, along with US-assisted frying, resulted in the minimal amount of oil which may be due to the US creating potential pores during the pre-treatment phase, which then expand further during the subsequent sonication stage. UAFS in combination with US-pretreatment produced more crispy chips due to the fact that the texture of potato slices becomes more porous. UAFS resulted in a decrease in the moisture content of the fried chips attributed to an increase in the effective diffusion coefficient and mass. Pretreating the chips at 73 °C significantly reduce the color change producing brighter product by inactivation of enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase. Finally, the result of TOPSIS optimization based on potato chips properties confirms that US-pretreatment in 73 °C brine followed by frying using UAFS is the best approach. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of potato chips also support this issue.

Effects of food processing on in vitro glucose release of high methylester pectin-enriched doughs.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes is linked to consuming processed, high-glycemic foods low in dietary fiber. Soluble dietary fibers are known to improve blood glucose tolerance. This study examined the impact of processing on the in vitro glucose release of fiber-rich, high-glycemic foods. The impact of composition and microstructure on in vitro glucose release and starch digestibility was evaluated in doughs - untreated, baked at 180 °C, and extruded at 150 °C and 180 °C - with partial enrichment of high-methylester pectin. Pectin enrichment decreased starch digestibility, altered the food matrix, and doubled in vitro chyme-viscosity resulting in reduced glucose release in baked (180 °C), and extruded (150 °C) products. Baking or extrusion cooking increased starch digestibility - converting slowly into rapidly available starch and free glucose. Additionally, resistant starch levels were enhanced by up to fivefold. The variations in glucose release originated from a complex interplay between starch digestibility, viscosity, and the food matrix.

Identifying high-risk factors and mitigation strategies for acrylamide formation in air-fried lotus root chips: Impact of cooking parameters, including temperature, time, presoaking, and seasoning.

This study was conducted to identify high-risk factors and mitigation strategies for acrylamide formation in air-fried lotus root chips by studying the impact of various cooking parameters, including temperature, time, presoaking, and pre-seasoning treatments. The temperature and time had a surprisingly high impact on acrylamide formation. The chips prepared at high temperatures with longer cooking times contained an extremely high acrylamide content, reaching 12,786 ng/g (e.g., 170°C/19 min). A particularly concerning discovery was that the chips with extremely high acrylamide content (up to 17 times higher than the EU benchmark level for potato chips) did not appear overcooked or taste burnt. Higher cooking temperatures required shorter cooking times to properly cook lotus root chips for consumption. A high temperature with a short cooking time (170°C/13 min) greatly benefited acrylamide reduction compared to low temperature with a long cooking time (150°C/19 min). Presoaking in a 0.1% acetic acid solution and pre-seasoning with 1% salt reduced acrylamide levels by 61% and 47%, respectively. However, presoaking in water, vinegar solution, and citric acid solution did not significantly decrease the acrylamide content in the chips. Furthermore, some seasonings significantly increased acrylamide levels (up to 7.4 times higher). For the first time, these findings underscore the high risks associated with air-frying lotus root chips without considering these factors. This study also provides proper air-frying parameters and pretreatment strategies for minimizing acrylamide formation in air-fried lotus chips.

Fava bean (Vicia faba L.) protein concentrate added to beef burgers improves the bioaccessibility of some free essential amino acids after in vitro oral and gastrointestinal digestion.

The influence of partial replacement of animal protein by plant-based ingredients on the protein digestibility of beef burgers was investigated. Beef burgers were supplemented with fava bean protein concentrate (FB) or a mixture of FB and flaxseed flour (FBFS), both processed by extrusion, at different levels: 0 (control), 10, 15, and 20 % (w/w). A pilot sensory analysis was conducted to select the percentage of flour inclusion for further assays: control, 10 % FB, and 10 % FBFS. Protein digestibility, amino acid profile, and protein secondary structure of these burgers after in vitro oral and gastrointestinal digestion were studied. In vitro boluses were prepared with the AM2 masticator, simulating normal mastication, and static in vitro digestion of boluses was performed according to the INFOGEST method. Inclusion of 10 % FB in beef burgers did not alter their flavour or tenderness compared to the control, whereas tenderness and juiciness scored slightly higher for the 10 % FBFS burgers compared to 15 % and 20 % FBFS ones. Poor lipid oxidative stability during storage was observed with 10 % FBFS burgers. Total protein content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 10 % FB burgers than in control burgers after in vitro oral digestion. Additionally, 10 % FB burgers presented higher amounts of free essential amino acids like isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine at the end of digestion, as well as methionine, tyrosine, and histidine. Partial substitution of meat protein by 10 % FB improves the nutritional profile of beef burgers, without altering their sensory qualities.

Effects of ultra-high pressure, thermal pasteurization, and ultra-high temperature sterilization on color and nutritional components of freshly-squeezed lettuce juice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ultra-high pressure (UHP, 600 MPa/2 min), thermal pasteurization (TP, 95 °C/1 min) and ultra-high temperature (UHT, 115 °C/5 s) sterilization on the color, sensory evaluation, microorganisms, physicochemical characteristics and nutritional components of freshly-squeezed lettuce juice (FLJ). Results showed that three sterilization methods demonstrated desirable inactivation effects on total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, and there were no significant changes in the main nutritional components, including ash, protein, carbohydrate and total dietary fiber. However, UHT and TP significantly affected the color of FLJ from bright green to light brown and made chlorophyll, ß-carotene and vitamins (VE, VC, VK1, VB6, VB12, and folic acid) contents markedly decreased. By contrast, UHP maintained the original color, fresh-like sensory qualities, vitamins, and carotene of FLJ to the greatest extent. Our results provide a promising application of UHP in the large-scale processing of FLJ.

Combined treatment of pulsed light and nisin-organic acid based antimicrobial wash for inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Romaine lettuce, reduction of microbial loads, and retention of quality.

Microbial safety of fresh produce continues to be a major concern. Novel antimicrobial methods are needed to minimize the risk of contamination. This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of pulsed light (PL), a novel nisin-organic acid based antimicrobial wash (AW) and the synergy thereof in inactivating E. coli O157:H7 on Romaine lettuce. Treatment effects on background microbiota and produce quality during storage at 4 °C for 7 days was also investigated. A bacterial cocktail containing three outbreak strains of E. coli O157:H7 was used as inoculum. Lettuce leaves were spot inoculated on the surface before treating with PL (1-60 s), AW (2 min) or combinations of PL with AW. PL treatment for 10 s, equivalent to fluence dose of 10.5 J/cm2, was optimal and resulted in 2.3 log CFU/g reduction of E. coli O157:H7, while a 2 min AW treatment, provided a comparable pathogen reduction of 2.2 log CFU/g. Two possible treatment sequences of PL and AW combinations were investigated. For PL-AW combination, inoculated lettuce leaves were initially exposed to optimum PL dose followed by 2 min AW treatment, whereas for AW-PL combination, inoculated lettuce were subjected to 2 min AW treatment prior to 10 s PL treatment. Both combination treatments (PL-AW and AW-PL) resulted in synergistic inactivation as E. coli cells were not detectable after treatment, indicating >5 log pathogen reductions. Combination treatments significantly (P < 0.05) reduced spoilage microbial populations on Romaine lettuce and also hindered their growth in storage for 7 days. The firmness and visual quality appearance of lettuce were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced due to combination treatments. Overall, the results reveal that PL and AW combination treatments can be implemented as a novel approach to enhance microbial safety, quality and shelf life of Romaine lettuce.

The Frying Stability of Oleogel Made from Rice Bran Wax and Sunflower Oil During Intermittent Frying of Potato Chips.

There is a need for an alternative method of producing a vegetable oil with high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and physical properties similar to solid fat. The objective of current work was to cut down the amount of oil absorbed by the finished product, increase the frying stability of sunflower oil, and fry potato chips using oleogel without harming their sensory quality. Rice bran wax was applied in this experiment, at rates of 2, 4, and 6 weight percent, and the generated oleogels were then utilized for four days in a succession to fry potato chips for four hours each day. The results suggested that potato chips could be fried using the sunflower oil-rice bran wax oleogel without having an adverse effect on their texture, color, or quality. Furthermore, the produced oleogel was more robust during frying than liquid sunflower oil. During intermittent frying, SFA levels also marginally rose in all samples with the exception of 4% oleogel. The control sample, which was sunflower oil, had the lowest levels of unsaturated fatty acids and poly unsaturated fatty acids at the end of the frying operation. The percentage of oil uptake by the potato chips in the oleogels containing 4 and 2% rice bran wax, on the other hand, was lower than in the control sample. The findings suggested that oleogels could be used as a deep-fat frying medium in household, commercial, and industrial settings.

Improving the functionality of virgin and cold-pressed edible vegetable oils: Oxidative stability, sensory acceptability and safety challenges.

In recent years, there has been a growing demand for minimally processed foods that offer health benefits and premium sensory characteristics. This trend has led to increased consumption of virgin (VOs) and cold-pressed (CPOs) oils, which are rich sources of bioactive substances. To meet consumer needs for new oil products conferring multi-functional properties over a longer storage period, the scientific community has been revisiting traditional enrichment practices while exploring novel fortification technologies. In the last four years, the interest has been growing faster; an ascending number of annually published studies are about the addition of different plant materials, agri-food by-products, or wastes (intact or extracts) to VOs and CPOs using traditional or innovative fortification processes. Considering this trend, the present review aims to provide an overview and summarize the key findings from relevant papers that were retrieved from extensively searched databases. Our meta-analysis focuses on exposing the most recent trends regarding the exploitation of VOs and CPOs as substrates, the fortification agents and their form of use, as well as the fortification technologies employed. The review critically discusses possible health claim and labeling issues and highlights some chemical and microbial safety concerns along with authenticity issues and gaps in quality specifications that manufacturers have yet to address. All these aspects are examined from the perspective of developing new oil products with well-balanced techno-, senso- and bio-functional characteristics.