Teaching family planning to nurse and midwife students: A constructivist grounded theory study.

AIM: This study aimed to describe nurse/midwife educators' understanding and enactment of teaching family planning methods with nursing/midwifery students in educational programs in Rwanda. More precisely, the aim of this study was to generate a substantive theory that explains how nurse/midwife educators introduce family planning methods into their teaching practice to facilitate learning among nurse/midwife students in Rwanda. BACKGROUND: High maternal mortality remains a global health issue. In 2017, approximately 295,000 women worldwide died from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth and 94% of these maternal deaths occurred in low-income countries. Evidence shows that family planning improves maternal health outcomes and significantly contributes to reducing maternal mortality. Low family planning uptake is partly attributed to inadequate education of healthcare providers to provide family planning services. DESIGN: This study followed the constructivist grounded theory methodology articulated by Kathy Charmaz (2006; 2014). METHODS: The primary data source was individual semi-structured interviews with 25 nurse/midwife educators recruited from all the schools/faculties/departments of nursing and midwifery in Rwanda, augmented with written documents related to family planning education in nursing/midwifery preservice programs. RESULTS: The substantive Theory that emerged from the data analysis indicated that the process of teaching family planning in preservice nursing/midwifery education among nurse/midwife educators has three phases: preparing, facilitating and evaluating. Factors that had an impact on the process and actions that nurse/midwife educators undertook to address the challenges related to those factors were identified. The main influential factors that had a significant impact on nurse/midwife educators' ability to teach family planning are contextual factors and personal factors related to the nurse/midwife educators. The contextual factors included the availability of resources, student-teacher ratio, number of students in clinical placements and the time allocated to the family planning unit. The personal factors related to the nurse/midwife educators included knowledge, skills, confidence, attitude, beliefs and moral values toward family planning methods. CONCLUSION: These study findings generated valuable knowledge that can guide the improvement of teaching family planning in preservice nursing/midwifery programs in Rwanda and other limited-resource countries and contexts. With the insights provided by this study, future research should investigate strategies to overcome highlighted barriers, increase nurse/midwife educators' expertise in teaching family planning and enhance the preparedness of nurse/midwife students on some family planning methods identified in this study.

Infusing sociology into a physiology classroom: teaching the physiology of obesity through a socioscientific lens.

Conventional teaching about obesity, especially within a physiology-based course, tends to focus on the biological aspects. Unfortunately, framing obesity from a solely biological perspective ignores many factors that contribute to the condition, leaving students with an overly simplistic idea. We developed an introductory exercise physiology course that was cotaught with a physiologist and a sociologist to provide health science majors with a more holistic view of complex socioscientific issues including obesity. From our course, students self-reported changes in their views about obesity and exercise to include more empathy as well as nuance regarding exercise and body size as physiological and biological processes that are experienced and take place socioculturally. We found value in this cross-disciplinary approach and recommend it as a frame for other exercise physiology courses; we recognize this is not always possible, so we also provide resources for faculty who do not have a sociologist to coteach with.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article presents a unique perspective on the necessity of including sociological concepts and teaching alongside certain topics within a physiology classroom along with some resources for faculty wishing to engage in similar infusions of sociological thinking.

Comparing a modified simple-conditional with the conditional-only methods in teaching Chinese children with autism.

Instruction in auditory-visual conditional discriminations for young children with autism spectrum disorder is typically based on either a conditional-only or a simple-conditional method. In this study, we evaluated a modified simple-conditional method in which we removed the steps for which visual comparisons were presented in isolation. We compared this modified simple-conditional method with the conditional-only method when teaching auditory-visual conditional discriminations to six young Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder. We included two efficiency measures: total sessions and time to mastery. Our results replicated the findings of previous research in that both methods were efficacious for all but one participant. Although efficacy outcomes were similar across methods, the conditional-only method was more efficient across participants according to sessions and time to mastery. Thus, the results add to support for the use of the conditional-only method to teach auditory-visual conditional discriminations.

Canales dominantes de percepción del conocimiento. Influencia en la evaluación del aprendizaje de la inmunología / Knowledge Perception Dominant Channels. Influence of the Evaluation of Immunology Learning

Introducción: Los estilos de aprendizaje según canales de percepción dominante del conocimiento de los estudiantes influyen en su aprendizaje. Su uso por los docentes puede favorecer o no a estudiantes con un canal específico. Objetivo: Describir la ubicación según los canales de percepción dominante del conocimiento de los estudiantes de medicina y la relación de estos con el resultado de las evaluaciones frecuentes en la asignatura Sangre y Sistema Inmune. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en 234 estudiantes y 30 profesores de la carrera de medicina en los cursos 2020-2021 y 2022. Los estudiantes se clasificaron según los resultados de un cuestionario para identificar el predominio del canal de percepción (visuales-auditivos-kinestésicos) y a los profesores se les realizó una encuesta para determinar su percepción sobre el uso de estrategias de enseñanza diferenciales para cada canal. El procesamiento se realizó en programa SPSS 25, a través de números, porcentaje y prueba de ji al cuadrado. Resultados: Predominó el canal visual con el 48 por ciento. Existió asociación con el sexo con p = 0,0016; en varones prevaleció el canal auditivo y en hembras el visual. La relación entre los canales de percepción dominante y el rendimiento académico fue significativa con p = 0,000. Conclusiones: Prevaleció el canal de percepción dominante visual. La distribución de cada canal se asoció con el sexo y el rendimiento académico; así se lograron mejores resultados por los estudiantes con percepción dominante visual. Esto último estuvo relacionado con el predominio de acciones por parte de los docentes que potencian este canal de percepción(AU)

Introduction: Learning styles according to dominant perception channels of students' knowledge influence their learning. Their use by professors may or may not favor students with a specific channel. Objective: To describe the location according to the dominant knowledge perception channels of medical students and their relationship with the results of frequent evaluations in the subject Blood and Immune System. Methods: A research was conducted with 234 students and 30 professors of the Medicine major during the academic years 2020-2021 and 2022. The students were classified according to the results of a questionnaire to identify the perception channel predominance (visual-auditory-kinesthetic), while the professors were surveyed to determine their perception on the use of differential teaching strategies for each channel. Processing was performed in SPSS 25, using numbers, percentages and the chi-squared test. Results: The visual channel predominated, accounting for 48 percent. There was an association with sex (p=0.0016); the auditory channel prevailed among males, while the visual channel prevailed among females. The relationship between dominant perception channels and academic performance was significant (p=0.000). Conclusions: The visual dominant perception channel prevailed. The distribution of each channel was associated with sex and academic performance; thus, better results were achieved by students with visual dominant perception. The latter was related to the predominance of actions by professors that enhance this perception channel(AU)

Faculty experiences of teaching internationally educated nurses: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of faculty teaching in programs designed to support internationally educated nurses' transition to nursing practice in Canada. METHODS: This was a qualitative study that gathered data through semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: Four themes were developed from the data: learning the learner, feeling moral unrest in my role, inviting reciprocal relationships, and finding our way. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need to ensure that faculty are well prepared for their role and that the needs of internationally educated nurses, both personal and pedagogical, are central. Despite the challenges experienced by faculty, they also describe great growth as a result of their new role. IMPLICATIONS FOR AN INTERNATIONAL AUDIENCE: Findings from this study are particularly relevant for those in high income countries seeking to support internationally educated nurses. Faculty preparedness and holistic support for students are critical for ethical, high-quality education.

Abordagem integrativa na prática de bioquímica: do laboratório à clínica / Integrative approach in biochemistry practice from laboratory to clinic

Objetivou-se relatar a experiência de discentes e docentes diante da aplicação de ferramentas de metodologia ativa para a integração dos temas de Bioquímica com os das disciplinas do eixo clínico-profissional. Inicialmente, as subturmas da aula prática foram divididas em equipes de trabalho. Os alunos receberam um protocolo contendo objetivos, princípios gerais e procedimentos na semana anterior à aula prática. Nos dias das aulas de "Preparo de Soluções" e "Capacidade Tamponante", um artigo científico relativo à Odontologia foi entregue para leitura e discussão em grupo. Como atividade prática, as equipes recebiam um desafio relacionado ao artigo e que exigiria aplicação dos objetivos de aula. Esta experiência demonstrou que a metodologia ativa pode funcionar como facilitadora para uma abordagem contextualizada e integrada da Bioquímica, refletindo em maior engajamento e rendimento dos alunos, além de contribuir para um aprendizado significativo (AU).

El objetivo fue relatar la experiencia de estudiantes y profesores en cuanto a la aplicación de herramientas metodológicas activas para la integración de los temas de Bioquímica con los de las disciplinas del eje clínico-profesional. Inicialmente, las subclases de la clase práctica se dividían en equipos de trabajo. Los estudiantes recibieron un protocolo con objetivos, principios generales y procedimientos en la semana anterior a la clase práctica. En los días de las clases de "Preparación de Soluciones" y "Capacidad Amortiguadora", se entregó un artículo científico relacionado con la Odontología para lectura y discusión en grupo. Como actividad práctica, los equipos recibieron un reto relacionado con el artículo y que requería la aplicación de los objetivos de clase. Esta experiencia demostró que la metodología activa puede funcionar como facilitadora de un abordaje contextualizado e integrado de la Bioquímica, reflejándose en un mayor compromiso y desempeño de los estudiantes, además de contribuir al aprendizaje significativo (AU).

The objective was to report the experience of students and professors regarding the application of active methodology tools aimed at integrating Biochemistry themes with those of the disciplines from the clinical-professional axis. Initially, subgroups forthe practical class were divided into work teams. The students received a protocol containing objectives, general principles and procedures the week before the practical class. On the days of the "Preparation of Solutions" and "Buffering Capacity" classes, a scientific article related to Dentistry was delivered for group reading and discussion. As a practical activity, the teams received a challenge related to the article,which would require application of the class objectives. This experience demonstrated that the active methodology can work as a facilitator for a contextualized and integrated approach to Biochemistry, reflecting in greater engagement and student performance, in addition to contributing to meaningful learning (AU).

Clinical teaching in dentistry: Evaluating a clinical oral pathology rotation while looking to the future of dental education.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: Clinical teaching in dentistry has cycled through specialty-based "departmental" teaching to group practice scenarios. The aims of this study were to ascertain third-year dental students' perceptions of a specialty-based rotation supplemented by online educational tools and to compare their Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) scores to those of the students in the previous year. METHODS: This retrospective research design included the analysis of OSCE scores, and student responses to survey questions regarding their perceptions of the clinical oral pathology (COP) rotation. This study was completed in 2022. It included data from 2020 to 2021 and 2021 to 2022 corresponding to input from the Classes of 2022 and 2023, respectively. The response rate was 100%. RESULTS: The students evaluated the focused COP rotation and the online teaching modules as a positive experience. The results of the OSCE were similar to those of the previous class and showed a high average score. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that students had a positive perception to specialty-based learning with online educational tools and that it enhanced the education they received in the comprehensive care clinic. The OSCE scores were similar to those of the previous class. These findings suggest a method of maintaining high-quality dental education through challenges as it continues evolving.

The current status of "spirituality and health" teaching in Brazilian medical schools: a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: Recent data on the teaching of "spirituality and health" (S/H) in medical schools are needed. In this study, we aimed to investigate the current status of S/H teaching in Brazilian medical schools, the opinions of medical directors/deans on this topic and the factors associated with its incorporation into the curriculum. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2021. Information concerning the S/H content in the curricula of medical schools was obtained through medical school representatives and other sources. Medical school representatives were asked about their opinions of and barriers to S/H teaching. Regression models were used to evaluate the factors associated with the incorporation of such content into the curriculum. RESULTS: Information on the incorporation of S/H content in medical curricula was retrieved from different sources for all 342 (100%) Brazilian medical schools. Among the representatives, 150 (43.9%) completed the online form. An increase in the S/H content in Brazilian medical schools was observed (from 40% to 2011 to 65.5% in 2021). Most medical school representatives agreed that this issue is important in medical training and that more space in the curriculum is needed. However, they also observed several barriers, such as a lack of knowledge of medical teachers/faculty, a lack of time, and the topic not being included in teaching plans. The most important factors that influenced the incorporation of S/H teaching in medical schools and representatives' opinions were a lack of time and knowledge, professor preparedness and standardized national competency requirements. CONCLUSION: These results could help medical educators rethink the incorporation of S/H content into their curricula.

A comparison of simulation and traditional local anesthesia teaching methods among dental hygiene students.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic forced dental educators to quickly modify the teaching-learning platform without testing outcomes of alternative teaching methods prior to implementation. One critical course affected was the teaching of local anesthesia (LA) that moved from practicing injections using the traditional student-to-student method to the simulation model using manikins. PURPOSE: This study compared two LA teaching methods (student-to-student versus simulation) in two consecutive cohorts before and during the pandemic to assess differences in students' skill level and self-confidence. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study recruited a convenience sample of dental hygiene students at the University of Minnesota during 2020 and 2021. Consent was collected prior to student-to-student injection practice and survey distribution. Data collected were clinical and summative clinical assessments to determine LA skill level, and student surveys to assess self-confidence. Analyses included descriptive statistics, linear models within and between cohorts, and inductive analysis for qualitative survey responses. RESULTS: Fifty of 57 students (88%) completed the survey, and 54 (95%) consented access to their clinical assessments. Skill level was significantly higher for the simulation cohort compared to the student-to-student cohort on the LA summative clinical assessment (59.0 vs. 55.6, p = 0.004). No differences were found in self-confidence between cohorts. A positive association was found between students' self-confidence and skill levels for both cohorts, but only student-to-student cohort results were statistically significant (student-to-student: r = 0.44, p = 0.02; simulation: r = 0.24, p = 0.26). CONCLUSION: Results support incorporating simulation manikin teaching methods for LA with a student-to-student partner component.

Evidence for commonly used teaching, learning and assessment methods in contact lens clinical skills education.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence based practice is now an important part of healthcare education. The aim of this narrative literature review was to determine what evidence exists on the efficacy of commonly used teaching and learning and assessment methods in the realm of contact lens skills education (CLE) in order to provide insights into best practice. A summary of the global regulation and provision of postgraduate learning and continuing professional development in CLE is included. METHOD: An expert panel of educators was recruited and completed a literature review of current evidence of teaching and learning and assessment methods in healthcare training, with an emphasis on health care, general optometry and CLE. RESULTS: No direct evidence of benefit of teaching and learning and assessment methods in CLE were found. There was evidence for the benefit of some teaching and learning and assessment methods in other disciplines that could be transferable to CLE and could help students meet the intended learning outcomes. There was evidence that the following teaching and learning methods helped health-care and general optometry students meet the intended learning outcomes; clinical teaching and learning, flipped classrooms, clinical skills videos and clerkships. For assessment these methods were; essays, case presentations, objective structured clinical examinations, self-assessment and formative assessment. There was no evidence that the following teaching and learning methods helped health-care and general optometry students meet the intended learning outcomes; journal clubs and case discussions. Nor was any evidence found for the following assessment methods; multiple-choice questions, oral examinations, objective structured practical examinations, holistic assessment, and summative assessment. CONCLUSION: Investigation into the efficacy of common teaching and learning and assessment methods in CLE are required and would be beneficial for the entire community of contact lens educators, and other disciplines that wish to adapt this approach of evidence-based teaching.

[Complementary and Alternative Medicine Offers of Teaching Practices for General Medicine]. / Komplementär- und alternativmedizinische Angebote von Lehrpraxen für Allgemeinmedizin.

OBJECTIVE: Germany's new medical licensure act has increased the importance of general practice in academic medical education. This study gives an overview of complementary and alternative medicine in general teaching practices in Germany and their adherence to evidence-based criteria which is required in order to qualify as a teaching practice. METHODS: After a systematic search for German teaching practices, we assessed their diagnostic and therapeutic offers via their websites. We calculated the various frequencies of treatments and differentiated between evidence-based complementary medicine and alternative medicine with little to no evidence. RESULTS: Of 4102 practices, more than half offered complementary and/or alternative treatment. Most of those were treatments approved of by the German medical association. Alternative medicine was offered by 18.2% of the practices. CONCLUSION: Collective terms and conflicting evidence complicate the classification of treatments. Teaching practices offering non-evidence-based treatment raise the question whether recruitment of additional teaching practices stands at odds with the quality of medical education. Explicit offers of alternative treatment should disqualify a teaching practice as such. Controversial treatment may be taught academically and during residency with a focus on evidence-based guidelines and communication skills in order to prepare young medical practitioners for talks with their patients about the subject.

Application of the Nursing Process Using Moulage as a Problem-Based Approach to Teaching Dermatologic Content.

ABSTRACT: Teaching dermatologic conditions can be challenging in lecture-style format. A class activity was implemented in a prelicensure nursing course to enhance learning of dermatologic conditions while emphasizing the nursing process, evidence-based treatments, transmission-based precautions, and teamwork. Students worked in teams to identify moulage-based dermatologic conditions and follow the nursing process to develop a plan of care. Students presented their findings to faculty and peers. Positive student feedback on the activity included enhanced teamwork, application of the nursing process, visual emphasis on content, and understanding of holistic care. This activity is an innovative alternative to traditional lecture format.

A complex and demanding situation - Midwifery preceptors and midwifery students' experiences of teaching and learning prevention of severe perineal trauma.

BACKGROUND: Many high-income countries have seen an increase in severe perineal trauma. Teaching strategies and conditions for learning during the active second stage of labour are scarcely described. AIM: To describe midwifery preceptors and midwifery students' experiences' of teaching and learning how to manage the second stage of labour, with the specific aim of preventing severe perineal trauma. METHODS: A qualitative study with focus group discussions and individual in depth-interviews with preceptor midwives (n = 23) and student midwives (n = 10). Data were analysed by qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: "A complex and demanding situation with mutual need for feedback, reflection and safety" was the overall theme describing the conditions. Three sub-themes were identified. "Adapting to a unique situation" refers to the difficulty of teaching and learning the aspects needed to prevent severe perineal trauma, and to provide care during this stage. "Hindering and limiting circumstances" describes teaching strategies that were perceived negatively, and how midwifery students tried to adapt to the preceptors rather than the birthing women. "A trustful and communicative relationship" describes the importance of the relationship between the student and the preceptor, where communication was a central, but not obvious part. CONCLUSION: An increased awareness among preceptors is needed to optimize teaching strategies, enabling the students to focus on learning the art of the second stage of labour; supporting the woman, preventing severe perineal trauma and ensuring the safety of the unborn baby. Future research should address how existing prevention models can include training to increase preceptors' confidence in teaching.

A triangulation model for assessment of change in classroom behavior of medical teachers participating in faculty development program on lecturing skills.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We utilized a triangulation method of a faculty development program's (FDP) evaluation comprising short-course workshops on classroom behaviors and lecturing skills of basic sciences faculty in a medical school. METHODS & RESULTS: This study utilized data from the pre and post evaluation of classroom lectures by an expert observer. Course participants were observed before the inception of a 4-month FDP and after 6-months of program completion. Findings at 6-month post-FDP interval were supplemented with students' and participant's self-evaluation. Expert evaluation of 15 participants showed that more participants were summarizing lectures at the end of their class (p = 0.021), utilizing more than one teaching tool (p = 0.008) and showing a well-structured flow of information (p = 0.013). Among the students, majority (95.5%, n = 728) agreed on "teachers were well-prepared for the lecture", however, a low number (66.1%, n = 504) agreed on "teachers were able to make the lecture interesting". On self-evaluation (n = 12), majority of the participants (91.7%, n = 11) thought these FDP workshops had a positive impact on their role as a teacher. CONCLUSIONS: Gathering feedback from multiple sources can provide a more holistic insight into the impact of an FDP and can provide a robust framework for setting up future FDP targets.

A relação com o saber nas atividades lúdicas escolares / The relationship with knowledge in school recreational activities / La relación con el saber en las actividades lúdicas escolares

O brincar é uma atividade importante para o desenvolvimento infantil, porque melhora aspectos cognitivos, emocionais e físicos. Além disso, jogos e brincadeiras podem ser explorados como recurso educacional. Partindo do entendimento da ludicidade enquanto um processo subjetivo, este trabalho investigou a relação com o saber estabelecida durante as brincadeiras, buscando compreendê-las em suas dimensões epistêmica, social e identitária. Dezesseis estudantes do 5º ano do ensino fundamental foram entrevistados a partir de um roteiro baseado no instrumento "balanço do saber", proposto por Bernard Charlot. As questões foram adaptadas para possibilitar apreender o que as crianças dizem aprender durante as brincadeiras em que participam, com ênfase naquelas realizadas em sala de aula. Os resultados da análise de conteúdo realizada mostraram que, apesar de existirem conflitos sobre como se estabelecem as funções lúdica e educativa, quando a brincadeira infantil é utilizada como recurso pedagógico, os sujeitos podem identificar benefícios no processo de aprendizagem por meio dela. Aponta-se, também, a necessidade de considerar a condição social da criança no ambiente escolar para o sucesso ao utilizar essas atividades como práticas pedagógicas.(AU)

Child's play is an important activity for child development since it improves cognition, emotional, and physical aspects. Games can also be explored as an educational resource. Starting from the understanding that playfulness is a subjective process, this work has investigated the relationship to the knowledge stablished during games, aiming to understand it in its epistemic, social, and identitary dimensions. A group of 16 5th grade students were interviewed from a script based on the instrument "balance of knowledge," as proposed by Bernard Charlot. The questions were adapted to enable the apprehension of what children say they learn on the games they play, emphasizing those which are played in classrooms. The results of the content analysis performed have showed that, despite the conflicts on how both playful and educative functions are stablished when child's play is used as a pedagogic resource, the subjects can identify benefits on the process of learning with it. The need to consider the child's social condition in the school environment to reach success when using these activities as pedagogical practices is also pointed out.(AU)

Jugar es una actividad importante para el desarrollo de los niños, porque mejora aspectos cognitivos, emocionales y físicos. Por tanto, los juegos son explorados como recurso educativo. Partiendo de la comprensión de que lo lúdico es un proceso subjetivo, este trabajo analizó la relación con el saber que se establece durante el juego, con el objetivo de comprenderlo en sus dimensiones epistémica, social e identitaria. Se entrevistó a dieciséis estudiantes de quinto grado a partir de un guion basado en el instrumento "balance del saber" propuesto por Bernard Charlot. Las preguntas fueron adaptadas para permitir la aprehensión de lo que los niños dicen que aprenden en sus juegos, enfatizando los que se juegan en las aulas. Los resultados del análisis de contenido realizado mostraron que, a pesar de que existen conflictos sobre cómo se establecen ambas funciones lúdica y educativa cuando se utiliza el juego infantil como recurso pedagógico, los niños pueden identificar beneficios en el proceso de aprendizaje a través del juego. Se señala la necesidad de considerar la condición social del niño en el entorno escolar para alcanzar el éxito al utilizar estas actividades como prácticas pedagógicas.(AU)

Processos de reflexividade dos psicólogos do esporte e coaches: um estudo fenomenológico / Reflexivity processes of sport psychologists and coaches: a phenomenological study / Procesos de reflexividad de psicólogos del deporte y coaches: un estudio fenomenológico

O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e compreender fenomenologicamente, por meio de relato de Psicólogos de Esporte (PE) e de Coaches, em sua vivência prática, como ocorrem os processos reflexivos em sua atuação, conforme apreendidos a partir de relatos de experiências. O método de investigação escolhido foi a fenomenologia, pois oferece os recursos necessários para tal mergulho junto à experiência reflexiva. A amostra intencional foi delineada por PE e Coaches (profissionais de Educação Física que recorrem ao Coaching) em atividade em esportes de alto rendimento, que tenham atuado ou estejam atuando em modalidades esportivas coletivas e/ou individuais. Realizaram-se nove entrevistas (cinco com PE, quatro com Coaches). O acesso ao objeto desse estudo se deu por meio de entrevistas em profundidade e semiestruturadas, orientadas pela escuta suspensiva. As questões disparadoras foram formuladas com base no Procedimento Estruturado de Reflexão adaptado. Para análise das entrevistas, realizou-se uma síntese de cada relato, seguindo-se de cruzamento intencional. Como resultados, percebeu-se que PE e Coaches trazem algumas similaridades no que se refere aos modos de refletir sobre sua prática. No entanto, as experiências que eles fazem desses processos reflexivos é que podem tomar rumos distintos. Os(as) PE amparam-se na regulamentação da profissão e resguardam-se em seus apontamentos, trazendo suas experiências e reflexões sobre os processos vividos. Os(as) Coaches trazem em suas explanações um trabalho coerente, organizado e compatível com o método do Coaching. Problematizar os processos reflexivos desses profissionais permite diferenciar qualitativa e eticamente suas atuações, possibilitando o fomento multiprofissional no esporte.(AU)

The aim of this study consists in phenomenologically identifying and understanding, by the report of Sport Psychologists (SP) and coaches, in their practical experience, how would be the reflexive processes that take place in their performance, as learned from reports of their experiences. The research method chosen was phenomenology, since it offers the necessary resources for such a dive along with the reflective experience. The intentional sample was outlined by SP and coaches (Physical Education professionals who use coaching) active in high performance sports, who have or are working in collective and/or individual sports. Nine interviews were conducted (five with SP, four with coaches). Access to the object of this study took place by in-depth and semi-structured interviews, guided by suspensive listening. The triggering questions were formulated based on the adapted Structured Reflection Procedure. For the analysis of the interviews, a synthesis of each report was carried out, followed by the intentional crossing. As results, it was noticed that SP and coaches bring some similarities regarding the ways of reflecting on their practice. However, their experiences of these reflective processes are that they can take different directions. The SP are based on the regulation of the profession and guard themselves in their notes, bringing their experiences and reflections on the processes experienced. Coaches bring in their explanations a coherent, organized, and compatible work with the coaching method. Problematizing the reflective processes of these professionals allows to differentiate their actuation qualitatively and ethically, making the multiprofessional phenomenon in sport possible.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio consiste en identificar y comprender fenomenológicamente, a partir de la experiencia práctica de psicólogos del deporte (PD) y coaches, cómo serían los procesos reflexivos que se llevan a cabo en su rendimiento, tal y como se desprende de los informes de experiencias. El método de investigación elegido fue la fenomenología, ya que ofrece los recursos necesarios junto con la experiencia. La muestra intencional fue delineada por PD y coaches (profesionales de la educación física que utilizan el coaching) activos en deportes de alto rendimiento, que tienen o están trabajando en deportes colectivos e/o individuales. Se realizaron nueve entrevistas (cinco con PD, cuatro con coaches). El acceso al objeto de este estudio fue entrevistas en profundidad y semiestructuradas, guiadas por escuchas suspensivas. Las preguntas se formularon desde el procedimiento de reflexión estructurado adaptado. Para el análisis de las entrevistas, se hizo una síntesis de cada informe, seguida del cruce intencional. Como resultados, se notó que los PD y coaches tienen algunas similitudes con respecto a las formas de reflexionar sobre su práctica. Sin embargo, las experiencias que hacen de estos procesos pueden tomar diferentes direcciones. Los(las) PD se basan en la regulación de la profesión y se protegen en sus notas, aportando sus experiencias y reflexiones sobre los procesos vividos. Los(las) coaches plantean en sus explicaciones un trabajo coherente, organizado y compatible con el método de Coaching. Problematizar los procesos reflexivos de estos profesionales permite diferenciar sus acciones de manera cualitativa y ética, además de posibilitar la promoción multiprofesional en el deporte.(AU)

Teorías y modelos sobre los estilos de aprendizaje / Theories and models on learning styles

Introducción: diagnosticar la forma en que los alumnos aprenden, resulta necesario para el éxito del proceso formativo, pero las teorías y modelos relacionados con los estilos de aprendizaje resultan muy variados y se dificulta su aplicación. Objetivo: analizar diferentes teorías y modelos relativos a los estilos de aprendizaje desde una visión holística. Métodos: la búsqueda se desarrolló en español e inglés durante los últimos cuatro meses de 2021, se emplearon las bases de datos: Latindex, Redib, Redalyc, Ebsco, SciELO, Hinari, ISI Web y Scopus. Las palabras clave empleadas fueron: estilos de aprendizaje, modelo, características, metodologías, estrategias. Los criterios de selección se aplicaron a 811 fuentes bibliográficas identificadas inicialmente y fueron seleccionados 26 artículos. Desarrollo: se confrontaron diversos posicionamientos y experiencias desde los años 50 del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Abordar diferentes enfoques de los estilos de aprendizaje arroja una perspectiva evolutiva de dicho fenómeno. El análisis holístico posibilita visualizar las implicaciones de los estilos de aprendizaje en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Conclusiones: la integración de los modelos de Kolb y Honey y Mumford constituye una opción viable para su aplicación a la realidad educativa y posibilita un diagnóstico confiable para el proceso instructivo.

Introduction: the diagnosis of the way in which students learn is necessary for the success of the training process, but the theories and models related to learning styles are very varied, making their application difficult. Objective: to analyze different theories and models related to learning styles from a holistic view. Methods: The search was carried out in Spanish and English during the last four months of 2021, using the databases: Latindex, Redib, Redalyc, Ebsco, SciELO, Hinari, ISI Web, and Scopus. The keywords used were learning styles, model, characteristics, methodologies, strategies. The selection criteria were applied to 811 initially identified bibliographic sources, leaving 26 selected articles. Development: different positions and experiences were confronted from the 50's of the 20th centuries to the present. The approach of different approaches about learning styles throws an evolutionary perspective of this phenomenon. Holistic analysis makes it possible to visualize the implications of learning styles in the teaching-learning process. Conclusions: the integration of Kolb's models as well as Honey and Mumford constitute a viable option for its application to the educational reality, allowing a reliable diagnosis for the instructional process.