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1.
J Nutr ; 153(1): 197-207, 2023 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36913454

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Choline, folate, and vitamin B12 are required for growth and development, but there is limited information on the intakes and relationships to biomarkers of status in children. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the choline and B-vitamin intakes and relationship to biomarkers of status in children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in children (n = 285, aged 5-6 y) recruited from Metro Vancouver, Canada. Dietary information was collected by using 3 24-h recalls. Nutrient intakes were estimated by using the Canadian Nutrient File and United States Department of Agriculture database for choline. Supplement information was collected by using questionnaires. Plasma biomarkers were quantified by using mass spectrometry and commercial immunoassays, and relationships to dietary and supplement intake were determined by using linear models. RESULTS: Daily dietary intakes of choline, folate, and vitamin B12 were [mean (SD)] 249 (94.3) mg, 330 (120) DFE µg, and 3.60 (1.54) µg, respectively. Top food sources of choline and vitamin B12 were dairy, meats, and eggs (63%-84%) and for folate, were grains, fruits, and vegetables (67%). More than half of the children (60%) were consuming a supplement containing B-vitamins, but not choline. Only 40% of children met the choline adequate intake (AI) recommendation for North America (≥250 mg/d); 82% met the European AI (≥170 mg/d). Less than 3% of children had inadequate folate and vitamin B12 total intakes. Some children (5%) had total folic acid intakes above the North American tolerable upper intake level (UL; >400 µg/d); 10% had intakes above the European UL (>300 µg/d). Dietary choline intake was positively associated with plasma dimethylglycine, and total vitamin B12 intake was positively associated with plasma B12 (adjusted models; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that many children are not meeting the dietary choline recommendations, and some children may have excessive folic acid intakes. The impact of imbalanced one-carbon nutrient intakes during this active period of growth and development requires further investigation.


Asunto(s)
Ácido Fólico , Complejo Vitamínico B , Estados Unidos , Humanos , Niño , Vitamina B 12 , Colina , Estudios Transversales , Canadá , Dieta , Biomarcadores
2.
J Nutr ; 150(3): 518-525, 2020 03 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31754697

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Long-chain n-6 and n-3 PUFAs are important for growth and development. However, little is known about requirements and current dietary intakes of these fatty acids in toddlers. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed dietary intakes of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs and determined the relation to circulating PUFAs in toddlers at ages 1 and 2 y. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of data from toddlers enrolled in a double-blind randomized controlled trial of arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA supplementation between ages 1 and 2 y. Dietary intakes of fatty acids were estimated by 3-d food records, and fatty acid composition in plasma total phospholipids, red blood cell phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were assessed by GC at baseline in all subjects (n = 110; mean age 1.12 y; 64% male) and in the control subjects at 2 y (n = 43). RESULTS: The dietary intakes of ARA, EPA, and DHA at age 1 y (baseline) were [mean (median)] 36.8 (30.0), 16.0 (0.00), and 31.1 (10.0) mg/d, respectively. Dietary intakes increased to 52.7 (45.0), 35.8 (0.00), and 64.8 (20.0) mg/d, respectively, at age 2 y (P < 0.05). The predominant dietary source of EPA and DHA was fish/seafood; eggs were an important source of ARA and DHA. Dietary DHA intakes were positively associated with plasma PE and PC DHA (P < 0.05). No relations between dietary ARA intakes and plasma PE and PC ARA (P > 0.05) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that most toddlers are not meeting the recommendation for dietary PUFA intakes and that higher dietary DHA intakes are reflected in plasma PE and PC DHA composition. Further work is required to investigate a biomarker for dietary ARA intake. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01263912.


Asunto(s)
Ácido Araquidónico/sangre , Dieta , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , Biomarcadores/sangre , Preescolar , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto
3.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 15277, 2018 10 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30323309

RESUMEN

Human milk contains nutritional, immunoprotective and developmental components that support optimal infant growth and development. The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is one unique component, comprised of a tri-layer of polar lipids, glycolipids, and proteins, that may be important for brain development. MFGM is not present in most infant formulas. We tested the effects of bovine MFGM supplementation on reflex development and on brain lipid and metabolite composition in rats using the "pup in a cup" model. From postnatal d5 to d18, rats received either formula supplemented with MFGM or a standard formula without MFGM; a group of mother-reared animals was used as reference/control condition. Body and brain weights did not differ between groups. MFGM supplementation reduced the gap in maturation age between mother-reared and standard formula-fed groups for the ear and eyelid twitch, negative geotaxis and cliff avoidance reflexes. Statistically significant differences in brain phospholipid and metabolite composition were found at d13 and/or d18 between mother-reared and standard formula-fed groups, including a higher phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine ratio, and higher phosphatidylserine, glycerol-3 phosphate, and glutamine in mother-reared compared to formula-fed pups. Adding MFGM to formula narrowed these differences. Our study demonstrates that addition of bovine MFGM to formula promotes reflex development and alters brain phospholipid and metabolite composition. Changes in brain lipid metabolism and their potential functional implications for neurodevelopment need to be further investigated in future studies.


Asunto(s)
Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Alimentos Formulados , Glucolípidos/administración & dosificación , Glicoproteínas/administración & dosificación , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Reflejo/efectos de los fármacos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Glucolípidos/farmacología , Glicoproteínas/farmacología , Gotas Lipídicas , Lípidos de la Membrana/administración & dosificación , Lípidos de la Membrana/farmacología , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Reflejo/fisiología
4.
Curr Dev Nutr ; 2(8): nzy055, 2018 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30140787

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The naturally occurring α-tocopherol (α-T) stereoisomer, RRR-α-tocopherol (RRR-α-T), is known to be more bioactive than all-rac-α-tocopherol (all-rac-α-T), a synthetic racemic mixture of 8 stereoisomers. There is widespread use of all-rac-α-T in maternal supplements. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to thoroughly describe the α-T stereoisomer profile of human milk. METHODS: We measured the α-T stereoisomer profile in milk from 2 cohorts of women: a cohort of 121 women who provided milk on days 30 and 60 of lactation (study 1) and a separate cohort of 51 women who provided milk on days 10, 21, 71, and 120 of lactation (study 2). RESULTS: RRR-α-T was the predominant stereoisomer (P < 0.0001) in all samples in both studies despite a large intrasubject range in total α-T (0.7-22 µg/mL). On average, RRR-α-T comprised 73-76% of total α-T, but average values for the synthetic stereoisomers were RRS, 8-14%; RSR, 6-8%; RSS, 5-6%; and the sum of 2S stereoisomers (Σ2S), 3-5%. Despite the predominance of RRR-α-T, the sum of the synthetic stereoisomers comprised as much as 48% of total α-T. We calculated the ratio of RRR to the sum of the synthetic 2R (RRS + RSR + RSS) stereoisomers (s2R) to assess the degree to which RRR is favored in milk. Consistent with discrimination among 2R stereoisomers in mammary tissue, RRR/s2R values ranged from 2.8 to 3.6, as opposed to the expected ratio of 0.33 if there was no discrimination. However, the RRR to s2R ratio did not correlate with milk α-T concentration, but both components of the ratio did. CONCLUSIONS: RRR-α-T is the predominant stereoisomer in human milk, concentrations of synthetic 2R stereoisomers were notable, and the relation between milk total α-T and stereoisomer profile is complex. Due to the wide range found in milk α-T stereoisomer profile, investigation into its impact on α-T status and functional outcomes in breastfed infants is warranted.

5.
J Nutr ; 148(8): 1309-1314, 2018 08 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29986040

RESUMEN

Background: Choline is an important nutrient during development. However, there are limited data on dietary choline intake and status in toddlers and the relation to neurodevelopmental outcomes. Objective: This study assessed dietary choline intake and status in healthy toddlers at ages 1 and 2 y and determined the relation to neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from healthy toddlers enrolled in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation between ages 1 and 2 y. Dietary intakes of betaine and choline were estimated by 3-d food records; plasma free choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Developmental outcomes were assessed at age 2 y with the use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (Bayley-III), Cognitive and Language composites, and the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery-VMI). Results: The mean ± SD daily intake for total choline at age 1 y was 174 ± 56.2 mg/d and increased (P < 0.001) to 205 ± 67.5 mg/d at age 2 y. At ages 1 and 2 y, 71.8% and 55.8%, respectively, of toddlers did not meet the recommended 200-mg/d Adequate Intake (AI) for dietary choline. At age 1 y, mean ± SD plasma free choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine concentrations were 10.4 ± 3.3, 41.1 ± 15.4, and 4.1 ± 1.9 µmol/L, respectively. Plasma free choline (8.5 ± 2.3 µmol/L) and dimethylglycine (3.2 ± 1.3 µmol/L) concentrations were lower (P < 0.001) at age 2 y. Plasma betaine concentrations were positively associated with the Beery-VMI (ß = 0.270; 95% CI: 0.026, 0.513; P = 0.03) at age 2 y. Conclusions: These findings suggest that most toddlers are not meeting the recommended AI for dietary choline and that higher plasma betaine concentrations are associated with better visual-motor development at age 2 y. Further work is required to investigate choline metabolism and its role in neurodevelopment in toddlers. The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01263912.


Asunto(s)
Betaína/sangre , Desarrollo Infantil , Colina/administración & dosificación , Dieta , Estado Nutricional , Preescolar , Colina/metabolismo , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Necesidades Nutricionales , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , Sarcosina/análogos & derivados , Sarcosina/metabolismo
6.
Nutrients ; 10(3)2018 Mar 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29558412

RESUMEN

Choline has critical roles during periods of rapid growth and development, such as infancy. In human milk, choline is mostly present in water-soluble forms (free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine). It is thought that milk choline concentration is influenced by maternal choline intake, and the richest food sources for choline are of animal origin. Scarce information exists on milk choline from countries differing in animal-source food availability. In this secondary analysis of samples from previous trials, the concentrations of the water-soluble forms of choline were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in mature milk samples collected from lactating women in Canada (n = 301) and in Cambodia (n = 67). None of the water-soluble forms of choline concentrations in milk differed between Canada and Cambodia. For all milk samples (n = 368), free choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, and the sum of water-soluble forms of choline concentrations in milk were (mean (95%CI)) 151 (141, 160, 540 (519, 562), 411 (396, 427), and 1102 (1072, 1133) µmol/L, respectively. Theoretically, only 19% of infants would meet the current Adequate Intake (AI) for choline. Our findings suggest that the concentrations in milk of water-soluble forms of choline are similar in Canada and Cambodia, and that the concentration used to set the infant AI might be inaccurate.


Asunto(s)
Colina/análisis , Lactancia , Leche Humana/química , Solventes/química , Agua/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Cambodia , Canadá , Cromatografía Liquida , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Recién Nacido , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estado Nutricional , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , Solubilidad , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Adulto Joven
7.
Br J Nutr ; 119(3): 271-279, 2018 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29316994

RESUMEN

DHA is an important component of neural lipids accumulating in neural tissue during development. Inadequate DHA in gestation may compromise infant development, but it is unknown whether there are lasting effects. We sought to determine whether the observed effects of fetal DHA inadequacy on infant development persist into early childhood. This follow-up study assessed children (5-6 years) whose mothers received 400 mg/d DHA or a placebo during pregnancy. Child neurodevelopment was assessed with several age-appropriate tests including the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. A risk-reduction model was used whereby the odds that a child from the maternal placebo group would fail to achieve a test score in the top quartile was calculated. The association of maternal DHA intake and status in gestation with child test scores, as well as with child DHA intake and status, was also determined. No differences were detected in children (n 98) from the maternal placebo and DHA groups achieving a high neurodevelopment test score (P>0·05). However, maternal DHA status was positively related to child performance on some tests including language and short-term memory. Furthermore, child DHA intake and status were related to the mother's intake and status in gestation. The neurodevelopment effects of fetal DHA inadequacy may have been lost or masked by other variables in the children. Although we provide evidence that maternal DHA status is related to child cognitive performance, the association of maternal and child DHA intake and status limits the interpretation of whether DHA before or after birth is important.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/embriología , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/deficiencia , Desarrollo Fetal/efectos de los fármacos , Atención Prenatal , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Niño , Preescolar , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Lenguaje , Masculino , Memoria a Corto Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Estado Nutricional , Placebos , Embarazo
8.
Nutrients ; 9(9)2017 Sep 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28878181

RESUMEN

Little is known about arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) requirements in toddlers. A longitudinal, double blind, controlled trial in toddlers ( n = 133) age 13.4 ± 0.9 months (mean ± standard deviation), randomized to receive a DHA (200 mg/day) and ARA (200 mg/day) supplement (supplement) or a corn oil supplement (control) until age 24 months determined effects on neurodevelopment. We found no effect of the supplement on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd Edition (Bayley-III) cognitive and language composites and Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) at age 24 months. Supplemented toddlers had higher RBC phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and plasma DHA and ARA compared to placebo toddlers at age 24 months. A positive relationship between RBC PE ARA and Bayley III Cognitive composite (4.55 (0.21-9.00), B (95% CI), p = 0.045) in supplemented boys, but not in control boys, was observed in models adjusted for baseline fatty acid, maternal non-verbal intelligence, and BMI z-score at age 24 months. A similar positive relationship between RBC PE ARA and Bayley III Language composite was observed for supplemented boys (11.52 (5.10-17.94), p < 0.001) and girls (11.19 (4.69-17.68), p = 0.001). These findings suggest that increasing the ARA status in toddlers is associated with better neurodevelopment at age 24 months.


Asunto(s)
Ácido Araquidónico/administración & dosificación , Desarrollo Infantil , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Factores de Edad , Ácido Araquidónico/efectos adversos , Ácido Araquidónico/sangre , Colombia Británica , Lenguaje Infantil , Preescolar , Cognición , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/efectos adversos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Método Doble Ciego , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Inteligencia , Masculino , Fosfatidilcolinas/sangre , Fosfatidiletanolaminas/sangre , Estudios Prospectivos , Desempeño Psicomotor , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento
9.
Sci Rep ; 7: 45274, 2017 03 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28349941

RESUMEN

Breast milk has many beneficial properties and unusual characteristics including a unique fat component, termed milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). While breast milk yields important developmental benefits, there are situations where it is unavailable resulting in a need for formula feeding. Most formulas do not contain MFGM, but derive their lipids from vegetable sources, which differ greatly in size and composition. Here we tested the effects of MFGM supplementation on intestinal development and the microbiome as well as its potential to protect against Clostridium difficile induced colitis. The pup-in-a-cup model was used to deliver either control or MFGM supplemented formula to rats from 5 to 15 days of age; with mother's milk (MM) reared animals used as controls. While CTL formula yielded significant deficits in intestinal development as compared to MM littermates, addition of MFGM to formula restored intestinal growth, Paneth and goblet cell numbers, and tight junction protein patterns to that of MM pups. Moreover, the gut microbiota of MFGM and MM pups displayed greater similarities than CTL, and proved protective against C. difficile toxin induced inflammation. Our study thus demonstrates that addition of MFGM to formula promotes development of the intestinal epithelium and microbiome and protects against inflammation.


Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Lípidos de la Membrana/farmacología , Leche/química , Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Células Epiteliales/química , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Intestinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Intestinos/microbiología , Masculino , Glándulas Mamarias Humanas/citología , Glándulas Mamarias Humanas/metabolismo , Lípidos de la Membrana/administración & dosificación , Lípidos de la Membrana/análisis , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27151222

RESUMEN

This randomized, single-blind, crossover trial assessed the bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) from two different sources, each examined over a 12h period following consumption of a single serving and after 2-weeks of daily supplementation. Thirty-two adults with fasting triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations between 100 and 399mg/dL were randomly assigned, with stratification by sex and age, to receive 12 capsules/day containing either phospholipid (PL)-rich herring roe oil (Romega® 30, 628mg/day EPA; 1810mg/day DHA; 137mg/day DPA) or TAG-rich fish oil (575mg/day EPA; 1843mg/day DHA; 259mg/day DPA) each for a 2-week period separated by a 4 week washout. The net incremental area under the curve from 0 to 12h for EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) were significantly higher (p<0.01 for all) after Romega 30 supplementation compared to fish oil. Similar results were observed when the data for the Romega 30 condition were normalized to fish oil EPA and DHA intakes (p<0.001 for all). After the 2-week supplementation period, fasting plasma PC EPA+ DHA was elevated by ~2.8 to 3.0-fold relative to baseline in both conditions (p<0.0001 for each), but there was no significant difference in the change from baseline (p=0.422) between Romega 30 (baseline=62.2±3.8µg/mL vs. end of study=172.9±11.7µg/mL) and fish oil (baseline=62.0±3.4µg/mL vs. end of study=185.4±11.2µg/mL) conditions. Similar results were observed for each individual LC n-3 PUFA in plasma PC after 2 weeks of supplementation. These data demonstrate that PL-rich herring roe is a well-tolerated and bioavailable source of LC n-3 PUFA.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacocinética , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Fosfolípidos/sangre , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto , Disponibilidad Biológica , Estudios Cruzados , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/farmacocinética , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacocinética , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/farmacocinética , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/química , Aceites de Pescado/farmacocinética , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Método Simple Ciego , Adulto Joven
11.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol ; 309(5): R613-22, 2015 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26180184

RESUMEN

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) programs the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in HPA dysregulation and hyperresponsiveness to stressors in adulthood. Molecular mechanisms mediating these alterations are not fully understood. Disturbances in one-carbon metabolism, a source of methyl donors for epigenetic processes, contributes to alcoholic liver disease. We assessed whether PAE affects one-carbon metabolism (including Mtr, Mat2a, Mthfr, and Cbs mRNA) and programming of HPA function genes (Nr3c1, Nr3c2, and Slc6a4) in offspring from ethanol-fed (E), pair-fed (PF), and ad libitum-fed control (C) dams. At gestation day 21, plasma total homocysteine and methionine concentrations were higher in E compared with C dams, and E fetuses had higher plasma methionine concentrations and lower whole brain Mtr and Mat2a mRNA compared with C fetuses. In adulthood (55 days), hippocampal Mtr and Cbs mRNA was lower in E compared with C males, whereas Mtr, Mat2a, Mthfr, and Cbs mRNA were higher in E compared with C females. We found lower Nr3c1 mRNA and lower nerve growth factor inducible protein A (NGFI-A) protein in the hippocampus of E compared with PF females, whereas hippocampal Slc6a4 mRNA was higher in E than C males. By contrast, hypothalamic Slc6a4 mRNA was lower in E males and females compared with C offspring. This was accompanied by higher hypothalamic Slc6a4 mean promoter methylation in E compared with PF females. These findings demonstrate that PAE is associated with alterations in one-carbon metabolism and has long-term and region-specific effects on gene expression in the brain. These findings advance our understanding of mechanisms of HPA dysregulation associated with PAE.


Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Etanol/toxicidad , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Serotonina en la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Factores de Edad , Animales , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/genética , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Metilación de ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína 1 de la Respuesta de Crecimiento Precoz/genética , Proteína 1 de la Respuesta de Crecimiento Precoz/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Edad Gestacional , Hipocampo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Masculino , Exposición Materna , Embarazo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Factores Sexuales
12.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 102(2): 402-10, 2015 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26156737

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D supplementation is recommended for breastfed infants. Maternal supplementation beginning in gestation is a potential alternative, but its efficacy in maintaining infant 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration after birth is unknown. OBJECTIVES: We determined the effect of 3 doses of maternal vitamin D supplementation beginning in gestation and continued in lactation on infant serum 25(OH)D and compared the prevalence of infant serum 25(OH)D cutoffs (>30, >40, >50, and >75 nmol/L) by dose at 8 wk of age. DESIGN: Pregnant women (n = 226) were randomly allocated to receive 10, 25, or 50 µg vitamin D3/d from 13 to 24 wk of gestation until 8 wk postpartum, with no infant supplementation. Mother and infant blood was collected at 8 wk postpartum. RESULTS: At 8 wk postpartum, mean [nmol/L (95% CI)] infant 25(OH)D at 8 wk was higher in the 50-µg/d [75 (67, 83)] than in the 25-µg/d [52 (45, 58)] or 10-µg/d [45 (38, 52)] vitamin D groups (P < 0.05). Fewer infants born to mothers in the 50-µg/d group had a 25(OH)D concentration <30 nmol/L (indicative of deficiency) than infants in the 25- and 10-µg/d groups, respectively (2% compared with 16% and 43%; P < 0.05). Fewer than 15% of infants in the 10- or 25-µg/d groups achieved a 25(OH)D concentration >75 nmol/L compared with 44% in the 50-µg/d group (P < 0.05). Almost all infants (∼98%, n = 44) born to mothers in the 50-µg/d group achieved a 25(OH)D concentration >30 nmol/L. At 8 wk postpartum, mean maternal 25(OH)D concentration was higher in the 50-µg/d [88 (84, 91)] than in the 25-µg/d [78 (74, 81)] or 10-µg/d [69 (66, 73)] groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal supplementation beginning in gestation with 50 µg vitamin D3/d protects 98% of unsupplemented breastfed infants against 25(OH)D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) to at least 8 wk, whereas 10 or 25 µg vitamin D/d protects only 57% and 84% of infants, respectively.


Asunto(s)
Calcifediol/sangre , Colecalciferol/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Lactancia , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , Adulto , Colombia Británica/epidemiología , Calcifediol/metabolismo , Calcio/sangre , Desarrollo Infantil , Colecalciferol/efectos adversos , Colecalciferol/deficiencia , Colecalciferol/uso terapéutico , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Sangre Fetal/química , Humanos , Hipercalcemia/sangre , Hipercalcemia/epidemiología , Hipercalcemia/etiología , Recién Nacido , Análisis de Intención de Tratar , Lactancia/metabolismo , Masculino , Cooperación del Paciente , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/sangre , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Prevalencia , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/congénito , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiología
13.
Mil Med ; 179(11 Suppl): 82-7, 2014 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25373090

RESUMEN

The possibility that western diets poor in omega-3 and rich in omega-6 fatty acids contribute to the increasing burden of chronic diseases including neurological problems is becoming recognized. Modern, westernized diets provide 80 to 90% of polyunsaturated fatty acids as omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) and are depleted in omega-3 fatty acids, giving a distorted balance of LA to α-linoleic acid, and to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). LA intakes exceed Δ-6 desaturase needs for maximal activity. LA accumulates in blood and tissue lipids with increasing intake, and this exacerbates competition between LA and limited omega-3 fatty acids for metabolism and acylation into tissue lipids. Increasing EPA and DHA intake decreases tissue omega-6 fatty acids while also providing EPA and DHA. However, strategies for EPA and DHA supplementation do not address potential underlying problems of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid imbalance in the food supply.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Enfermedad Crónica , Dieta Occidental , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/metabolismo , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácido Linoleico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos de la Nutrición , Distribución Tisular , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/administración & dosificación , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/metabolismo
14.
Lipids Health Dis ; 13: 82, 2014 May 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24886291

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Herring roe is an underutilized source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for human consumption with high phospholipid (PL) content. Studies have shown that PL may improve bioavailability of n-3 PUFAs. Arctic Nutrition's herring roe product MOPL™30 is a PL: docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil mixture, with a DHA:eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio of about 3:1, which is also rich in choline. In this pilot study, we determined if MOPL30 could favorably affect plasma lipid parameters and glucose tolerance in healthy young adults. METHODS: Twenty female and one male adults, between 22 and 26 years of age, participated in the study. Participants took encapsulated MOPL30, 2.4 g/d EPA + DHA, for 14 days, and completed a three-day weighed food record before and during the capsule intake. Plasma lipids and their fatty acid (FA) composition, plasma and red blood cell (RBC) phosphatidylcholine (PC) FA composition, acylcarnitines, choline, betaine and insulin were measured before and after supplementation (n = 21), and one and four weeks after discontinuation of supplementation (n = 14). An oral glucose tolerance test was performed before and after supplementation. RESULTS: Fasting plasma triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acids decreased and HDL-cholesterol increased after 14 days of MOPL30 intake (p < 0.05). The dietary records showed that PUFA intake prior to and during capsule intake was not different. Fasting plasma glucose was unchanged from before to after supplementation. However, during oral glucose tolerance testing, blood glucose at both 10 and 120 min was significantly lower after supplementation with MOPL30 compared to baseline measurements. Plasma free choline and betaine were increased, and the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated (PUFA) ratio in plasma and RBC PC were decreased post-supplementation. Four weeks after discontinuation of MOPL30, most parameters had returned to baseline, but a delayed effect was observed on n-6 PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS: Herring roe rich in PL improved the plasma lipid profile and glycemic control in young adults with an overall healthy lifestyle.


Asunto(s)
Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Glucosa/metabolismo , Fosfolípidos/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Peces , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , Masculino , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto Joven
15.
PLoS One ; 9(1): e83764, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24427279

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: DHA is accumulated in the central nervous system (CNS) before birth and is involved in early developmental processes, such as neurite outgrowth and gene expression. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether fetal DHA insufficiency occurs and constrains CNS development in term gestation infants. DESIGN: A risk reduction model using a randomized prospective study of term gestation single birth healthy infants born to women (n = 270) given a placebo or 400 mg/day DHA from 16 wk gestation to delivery. Fetal DHA deficiency sufficient to constrain CNS development was assessed based on increased risk that infants in the placebo group would not achieve neurodevelopment scores in the top quartile of all infants in the study. RESULTS: Infants in the placebo group were at increased risk of lower language development assessed as words understood (OR 3.22, CL 1.49-6.94, P = 0.002) and produced (OR 2.61, CL 1.22-5.58, P = 0.01) at 14 mo, and words understood (OR 2.77, CL 1.23-6.28, P = 0.03) and sentences produced (OR 2.60, CL 1.15-5.89, P = 0.02) at 18 mo using the McArthur Communicative Developmental Inventory; receptive (OR 2.23, CL 1.08-4.60, P = 0.02) and expressive language (OR 1.89, CL 0.94-3.83, P = 0.05) at 18 mo using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III; and visual acuity (OR 2.69, CL 1.10-6.54, P = 0.03) at 2 mo. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00620672.


Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Adulto , Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismo , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Embarazo
16.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr ; 38(6): 758-60, 2014 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23894174

RESUMEN

Therapeutic hypothermia has been widely applied to improve the survival/neurodevelopmental outcomes among infants with moderate-to-severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Due to their critical condition and concerns over feeding tolerance, it is not uncommon to withhold enteral feeds and provide parenteral nutrition (PN) during hypothermia and early rewarming. Here we report 2 infants with HIE undergoing therapeutic hypothermia, and receiving PN, who exhibited early elevated triglyceride levels. Hypertriglyceridemia can be associated with neurologic complications, ranging from altered mental status, or irritability to seizures. Given the possible altered lipid metabolism under hypothermic conditions, we advocate close monitoring of lipid tolerance and conducting further prospective trials to elucidate lipid metabolism in these infants.


Asunto(s)
Hipertrigliceridemia/sangre , Hipotermia Inducida/métodos , Hipoxia-Isquemia Encefálica/sangre , Hipoxia-Isquemia Encefálica/terapia , Nutrición Parenteral/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertrigliceridemia/etiología , Lactante , Masculino , Triglicéridos/sangre
17.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 98(5): 1209-17, 2013 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24004892

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Choline needs are increased in pregnancy. Choline can be used as a source of methyl for homocysteine remethylation to methionine, but choline synthesis requires methyls from methionine. Vitamin B-12 deficiency increases choline use for homocysteine methylation. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether poor vitamin B-12 status occurs and contributes to low plasma choline and altered biomarkers of choline synthesis in pregnant women. With the use of a post hoc analysis, we addressed the association of maternal plasma vitamin B-12 status with postnatal growth rates in term infants. DESIGN: Blood was analyzed for a prospective study of 264 and 220 pregnant women at 16 and 36 wk of gestation, respectively, and 88 nonpregnant women as a reference. RESULTS: The proportion of women with a plasma total vitamin B-12 concentration <148 pmol/L (deficient) or 148-220 pmol/L (marginal) increased with pregnancy and pregnancy duration, which affected 3% and 9% of nonpregnant women, 10% and 21% of women at 16 wk of gestation, and 23% and 35% of women at 36 wk of gestation, respectively. Plasma free choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine were lower in women at 36 wk of gestation with a deficient or marginal compared with sufficient plasma total vitamin B-12 concentration (>220 pmol/L). Plasma total vitamin B-12 was positively associated with the increase in plasma free choline from midgestation to late gestation (P < 0.001). The postnatal growth rate to 9 mo was lower in infant boys of women classified as total vitamin B-12 deficient compared with sufficient. CONCLUSION: This study shows that maternal vitamin B-12 status is related to choline status in late gestation in a folate-replete population and may be a determinant of infant growth even in the absence of undernutrition.


Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Colina/sangre , Embarazo/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/sangre , Vitamina B 12/sangre , Adulto , Betaína/sangre , Colombia Británica , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Ácido Fólico/sangre , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Metionina/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Sarcosina/análogos & derivados , Sarcosina/sangre , Vitamina B 12/administración & dosificación , Adulto Joven
18.
Neurosci Lett ; 551: 7-11, 2013 Sep 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23872044

RESUMEN

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders result in long-lasting neurological deficits including decreases in synaptic plasticity and deficits in learning and memory. In this study we examined the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Furthermore, we looked at the capacity for postnatal dietary intervention to rescue deficits in synaptic plasticity. Animals were fed an omega-3 enriched diet from birth until adulthood (PND55-70) and in vivo electrophysiology was performed by stimulating the medial perforant path input to the dentate gyrus and recording field excitatory post-synaptic potentials. LTP was induced by administering bursts of five 400 Hz pulses as a theta-patterned train of stimuli (200 ms inter-burst interval). Ethanol-exposed adult males, but not females, exhibited a significant reduction in LTP. This deficit in male animals was completely reversed with an omega-3 enriched diet. These results demonstrate that omega-3 fatty acids can have benefits following prenatal neuropathological insults and may be a viable option for alleviating some of the neurological deficits associated with FASD.


Asunto(s)
Etanol/toxicidad , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Hipocampo/fisiopatología , Potenciación a Largo Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Femenino , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
19.
Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol ; 97(6): 416-20, 2013 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23760977

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Maternal folate supplementation reduces offspring risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) and other congenital abnormalities. Maternal red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations of >906 nmol/L have been associated with the lowest risk of having a neural tube defect affected pregnancy. Mood disorders (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder) are common among women and can be associated with folate deficiency. Thus, pregnant women with histories of mood disorders may be prone to RBC folate levels insufficient to provide optimal protection against neural tube defects. Although previous studies have assessed RBC folate concentrations in pregnant women from the general population, none have looked specifically at a group of pregnant women who have a history of a mood disorder. METHODS: We collected data about RBC folate concentrations and folic acid supplement intake during early pregnancy (<161 days gestation) from n = 24 women with histories of mood disorders. We also collected information about offspring congenital abnormalities and birth weight. RESULTS: Among women with histories of mood disorders, the mean RBC folate concentration was 674 nmol/L (range, 362-1105 nmol/L). Only 12.5% (n = 3) of the women had RBC folate concentrations >906 nmol/L, despite all participants reporting current daily use of folic acid supplements. Data regarding offspring were available for 22 women: birth weights ranged from 2296 g to 4819 g, and congenital abnormalities were identified in two (hypoplastic left heart, annular pancreas). CONCLUSION: Data from this exploratory case series suggest a need for future larger scale controlled studies investigating RBC folate concentrations in early pregnancy and offspring outcomes among women with and without histories of mood disorders.


Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Ácido Fólico/sangre , Trastornos del Humor/sangre , Colombia Británica , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo
20.
Br J Nutr ; 110(10): 1866-72, 2013 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23595003

RESUMEN

The risk of vitamin D insufficiency is increased in persons having limited sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D. Supplementation compliance might be improved with larger doses taken less often, but this may increase the potential for side effects. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a weekly or weekly/monthly regimen of vitamin D supplementation is as effective as daily supplementation without increasing the risk of side effects. Participants were forty-eight healthy adults who were randomly assigned for 3 months to placebo or one of three supplementation regimens: 50 µg/d (2000 IU/d, analysed dose 70 µg/d), 250 µg/week (10 000 IU/week, analysed dose 331 µg/week) or 1250 µg/week (50 000 IU/week, analysed dose 1544 µg/week) for 4 weeks and then 1250 µg/ month for 2 months. Daily and weekly doses were equally effective at increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which was significantly greater than baseline in all the supplemented groups after 30 d of treatment. Subjects in the 1250 µg treatment group, who had a BMI >26 kg/m2, had a steady increase in urinary Ca in the first 3 weeks of supplementation, and, overall, the relative risk of hypercalciuria was higher in the 1250 µg group than in the placebo group (P=0·01). Although vitamin D supplementation remains a controversial issue, these data document that supplementing with ≤ 250 mg/week (≤ 10 000 IU/week) can improve or maintain vitamin D status in healthy populations without the risk of hypercalciuria, but 24 h urinary Ca excretion should be evaluated in healthy persons receiving vitamin D3 supplementation in weekly single doses of 1250 µg (50 000 IU).


Asunto(s)
Índice de Masa Corporal , Calcio/orina , Suplementos Dietéticos , Hipercalciuria/etiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Hipercalciuria/orina , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/orina , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Riesgo , Vitamina D/efectos adversos , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangre , Vitamina D/uso terapéutico , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre
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