RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Callicarpa japonica Thunb., as an herbal medicine has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in China and Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultra performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-PDA-QTof MS) was used to detect the major phenylethanoid glycosides in the C. japonica extract. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) (on days 0 and 7) and challenged by OVA aerosol (on days 11-13) to induce airway inflammatory response. The mice were also administered with C. japonica Thunb. (CJT) (20 and 40 mg/kg Per oral) on days 9-13. CJT pretreatment was conducted in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated A549 cells. RESULTS: CJT administration significantly reduced the secretion of Th2 cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, immunoglobulin E (IgE) and histamine, and the recruitment of eosinophils in an OVA-exposed mice. In histological analyses, the amelioration of inflammatory cell influx and mucus secretion were observed with CJT. The OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), iNOS expression and NF-κB activation were effectively suppressed by CJT administration. In addition, CJT led to the upregulation of HO-1 expression. In an in vitro study, CJT pretreatment suppressed the LPS-induced TNF-α secretion in RAW264.7 cells and attenuated the PMA-induced IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion in A549 cells. These effects were accompanied by downregulated NF-κB phosphorylation and by upregulated HO-1 expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that CJT has protective activity against OVA-induced airway inflammation via downregulation of NF-κB activation and upregulation of HO-1, suggesting that CJT has preventive potential for the development of allergic asthma.
Asunto(s)
Antiasmáticos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Asma/prevención & control , Hiperreactividad Bronquial/prevención & control , Callicarpa , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Células A549 , Animales , Antiasmáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Asma/inducido químicamente , Asma/enzimología , Asma/fisiopatología , Hiperreactividad Bronquial/inducido químicamente , Hiperreactividad Bronquial/enzimología , Hiperreactividad Bronquial/fisiopatología , Broncoconstricción/efectos de los fármacos , Callicarpa/química , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Pulmón/enzimología , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ovalbúmina , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Células RAW 264.7 , Transducción de Señal , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
A number of species of the genus Trichilia (Meliaceae) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of Trichilia martiana C. DC. (TM) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation has not, to the best of our knowledge, yet been determined. Therefore, in the present study, the antiinflammatory effect of TM on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated. The ethanol extract of TM (TMEE) significantly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin 2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). TMEE also reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6. The upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB activation was revealed to be downregulated following TMEE pretreatment. Furthermore, TMEE was indicated to lead to the nucleus translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In H292 airway epithelial cells, the pretreatment of TMEE significantly downregulated the production of LPS-stimulated IL-1ß, and TMEE was indicated to increase the expression of HO-1. In animal models exhibiting LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI), treatment with TMEE reduced the levels of macrophages influx and TNF-α production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ALI mice. Additionally, TMEE significantly downregulated the activation of ERK, JNK and IκB, and upregulated the expression of HO-1 in the lungs of ALI mice. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that TMEE could exert a regulatory role in the prevention or treatment of the endotoxin-mediated inflammatory response.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Lipopolisacáridos/efectos adversos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Meliaceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/inducido químicamente , Animales , Ciclooxigenasa 2 , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1 , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Interleucina-1beta , Interleucina-6 , Pulmón , Lesión Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Lesión Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Prostaglandinas , Células RAW 264.7 , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pistacia weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae) has been used in herbal medicine for the treatment of influenza, dysentery and enteritis in China. It was recently observed that P. weinmannifolia root extract (PWRE) exerts antiinflammatory effects both in in vitro and in vivo models. Based on the results from previous studies, the present study investigated the protective effect of PWRE on airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. Treatment with PWRE significantly decreased the number of eosinophils and the levels of Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)4, IL5 and IL13, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of OVAexposed mice. PWRE decreased the high serum levels of total and OVAspecific immunoglobulin E. PWRE also effectively inhibited the influx of inflammatory cells into the lung, as well as airway mucus hypersecretion. In addition, the increased level of monocyte chemoattractant protein1 was significantly decreased with the PWRE treatment in the BALF of OVAexposed mice and in lipopolysaccharidestimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. These protective effects of PWRE on OVAinduced pulmonary inflammation were accompanied by the downregulation of mitogen associated protein kinases and nuclear factorκB activation. Thus, the results from the present study indicate that PWRE could be valuable adjuvant for the treatment of asthma.
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Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Pistacia/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Neumonía/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antiasmáticos/farmacología , Asma/inducido químicamente , Asma/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/patología , Ratones , FN-kappa B/genética , Ovalbúmina/toxicidad , Extractos Vegetales/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Neumonía/inducido químicamente , Neumonía/patología , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
Pistacia weinmannifolia (PW) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat headaches, dysentery, enteritis and influenza. However, PW has not been known for treating respiratory inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present in vitro analysis confirmed that PW root extract (PWRE) exerts antiinflammatory effects in phorbol myristate acetate or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)stimulated human lung epithelial NCIH292 cells by attenuating the expression of interleukin (IL)8, IL6 and Mucin A5 (MUC5AC), which are closely associated with the pulmonary inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of COPD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of PWRE on pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette smoke (CS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with PWRE significantly reduced the quantity of neutrophils and the levels of inflammatory molecules and toxic molecules, including tumor TNFα, IL6, IL8, monocyte chemoattractant protein1, neutrophil elastase and reactive oxygen species, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice with CS and LPSinduced pulmonary inflammation. PWRE also attenuated the influx of inflammatory cells in the lung tissues. Furthermore, PWRE downregulated the activation of nuclear factorκB and the expression of phosphodiesterase 4 in the lung tissues. Therefore, these findings suggest that PWRE may be a valuable adjuvant treatment for COPD.
Asunto(s)
Interleucina-8/biosíntesis , Lipopolisacáridos/efectos adversos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Pistacia/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Neumonía Bacteriana/etiología , Neumonía Bacteriana/metabolismo , Humo/efectos adversos , Animales , Línea Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Ratones , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Trace elements (TEs) play an indispensable role in enhancing the stability of anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW). Significant research on AD of FW with TE supplementation has been conducted with low Fe content inoculum. However, the use of Fe-rich inoculum is inevitable due to chemical phosphorous removal from wastewater in North America. We conducted comprehensive mesophilic batch tests to investigate the effect of TEs (Fe, Ni, Co, Se, and Mo) on FW digestion inoculated with Fe-rich sludge (≥ 1000 mg Fe L-1). This paper presents the impact of supplementing various concentrations of TEs on specific methanogenic activity (SMA), maximum specific methane production rate (SMPRmax), and apparent hydrolysis rate constant (Kh). The addition of TEs adversely impacted methanogenic activity by 20 to 58% in the SMA tests. The effects of individual and mixed supplementation of TEs on the SMPRmax and Kh during FW digestion were negligible; exceptions include Fe, Mo, and Co. Final soluble TE concentrations were 10-29% of the initial soluble TEs. The high Fe concentration in the inoculum reduces the bioavailable fraction of added TEs via coprecipitation. Contrary with many literature reports indicating the need to supplement TE to improve FW digestion efficiency, with Fe-rich sludges, FW digestion does not require TE supplementation.
Asunto(s)
Reactores Biológicos , Hierro/análisis , Eliminación de Residuos/métodos , Aguas del Alcantarillado/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , Anaerobiosis , Residuos de Alimentos , OntarioRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prolotherapy is a therapeutic procedure used for chronic musculoskeletal and arthritic pain. It involves injecting an irritant solution to pain sites and causes patient discomfort, which can lead to treatment discontinuation. Remifentanil is an ultra short-acting micro-opiate receptor agonist that permits a rapid transition from intense analgesia to a minimal residual effect. Here, we evaluated the effect of remifentanil as a preparative medication for ambulatory prolotherapy. METHODS: Eighty patients taking prolotherapy were assigned into three groups for pre-therapeutic injections: remifentanil 0.1 microgram/kg/min alone (Group R), remifentanil 0.05 microgram/kg/min with midazolam 2 mg (Group M), and normal saline (Group C). Pain and sedation scores, blood pressure, pulse oxygen saturation, heart rate, satisfaction score, and time to discharge were measured. RESULTS: Pain scores in groups M and R were lower than group C during and after prolotherapy. The sedation score of group M was higher than groups R and C. Nine patients in group R experienced dizziness during prolotherapy. In group M, 8 patients experienced dizziness and 2 patients experienced nausea. There was no difference in time to discharge among all groups. Satisfaction scores in group M (7.3 +/- 0.8) and group R (7.0 +/- 0.8) were higher than that of group C (5.3 +/- 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil and remifentanil/midazolam effectively reduce the pain produced by prolotherapy.