Physical activity and metabolic syndrome severity among older adults at cardiovascular risk: 1-Year trends.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Modifiable lifestyle factors, such as physical activity (PA) and Mediterranean diet (MD), decrease metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim was to assess 1-year changes of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), sedentary behavior, and diet quality according to MetS severity in older population at high cardiovascular risk. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prospective analysis of 55-75-year-old 4359 overweight/obese participants with MetS (PREDIMED-Plus trial) categorized in tertiles according to 1-year changes of a validated MetS severity score (MetSSS). Anthropometrics, visceral adiposity index, triglycerides and glucose index, dietary nutrient intake, biochemical marker levels, dietary inflammatory index, and depression symptoms were measured. Diet quality was assessed by 17-item MD questionnaire. PAs were self-reported using the Minnesota-REGICOR Short Physical Activity Questionnaire and 30-s chair stand test. Sedentary behaviors were measured using the Spanish version of the Nurses' Health Study questionnaire. After 1-year follow-up, decreasing MetSSS was associated with an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, high intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grain cereals, white fish, and bluefish and low intake of refined cereals, red and processed meat, cookies/sweets, and snacks/ready-to-eat-meals. It resulted in high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, protein, fiber, vitamins B1, B6, B9, C, D, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus and low glycemic index and saturated fatty acid, trans fatty acid, and carbohydrates intake. Regarding PA and sedentary behavior, decreasing MetSSS was associated with increased moderate-to-vigorous LTPA, chair stand test, and decreased sedentary and TV-viewing time. CONCLUSION: Decreasing MetSSS was associated with an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, high LTPA, high MD adherence, low sedentary time, and low depression risk.

Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Tocopherols in the Lipid Stability of Marine Oil Systems: A Review.

In marine organisms primarily intended for human consumption, the quality of the muscle and the extracted oils may be affected by lipid oxidation during storage, even at low temperatures. This has led to a search for alternatives to maintain quality. In this sense, antioxidant compounds have been used to prevent such lipid deterioration. Among the most used compounds are tocopherols, which, due to their natural origin, have become an excellent alternative to prevent or retard lipid oxidation and maintain the quality of marine products. Tocopherols as antioxidants have been studied both exogenously and endogenously. Exogenous tocopherols are often used by incorporating them into plastic packaging films or adding them directly to fish oil. It has been observed that exogenous tocopherols incorporated in low concentrations maintain the quality of both muscle and the extracted oils during food storage. However, it has been reported that tocopherols applied at higher concentrations act as a prooxidant molecule, probably because their reactions with singlet oxygen may generate free radicals and cause the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oils. However, when tocopherols are included in a fish diet (endogenous tocopherols), the antioxidant effect on the muscle lipids is more effective due to their incorporation into the membrane lipids, which can help extend the shelf life of seafood by reducing the lipid deterioration that occurs due to antioxidant synergy with other phenolic compounds used supplements in fish muscle. This review focuses on the most important studies in this field and highlights the potential of using tocopherols as antioxidants in marine oils.

Antimutagenic Compounds of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Isolation and Structural Elucidation.

According to the World Health Organization, cancer is the main cause of mortality worldwide; thus, the search of chemopreventive compounds to prevent the disease has become a priority. White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has been reported as a source of compounds with chemopreventive activities. In this study, shrimp lipids were extracted and then fractionated in order to isolate those compounds responsible for the antimutagenic activity. The antimutagenic activity was assessed by the inhibition of the mutagenic effect of aflatoxin B1 on TA98 and TA100 Salmonella tester strains using the Ames test. Methanolic fraction was responsible for the highest antimutagenic activity (95.6 and 95.9% for TA98 and TA100, resp.) and was further separated into fifteen different subfractions (M1-M15). Fraction M8 exerted the highest inhibition of AFB1 mutation (96.5 and 101.6% for TA98 and TA100, resp.) and, after further fractionation, four subfractions M8a, M8b, M8c, and M8d were obtained. Data from (1)H and (13)C NMR, and mass spectrometry analysis of fraction M8a (the one with the highest antimutagenic activity), suggest that the compound responsible for its antimutagenicity is an apocarotenoid.

[Modulation of the phenotypic expression in the patient with cystinuria: influence of therapeutic intervention and diet]. / Modulacion de la expresion fenotipica del paciente con cistinuria: influencia de la intervencion terapeutica y de la dieta.

OBJECTIVES: The final phenotype of patients with cystinuria depends on the absence or molecular defect, more or less acute, of the transport of cystine and dibasic aminoacids, and, also on environmental factors. The objective of this work is to study the effect of the modulation of some environmental factors (urinary pH, intake of liquids, pharmacological treatment and, specially, diet) on the final phenotype of the patient with cystinuria. METHODS: We study 45 patients with cystinuria (25 men and 20 women), 42 relatives (15 men and 27 women) and 90 unrelated controls. Anthropometric, clinical (personal and familiar history of urinary infections, colics and calculi expulsion), biochemical (microscopy analysis of urine and urinary aminoacids cuantification) and life style (diet and medical treatment) variables were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using tests to compare means and frequencies and, also, logistic regression and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of the 45 patients with cystinuria, only 20% showed cystine cristalls in urine, the rest of the phenotypical manifestations of cystinuria were found with the same prevalence as in relatives and in the control group. 50% of the patients did not undergo any therapeutic intervention; of these, only 50% were effective. In patients with cystinuria, the presence of cystine cristalls was associated with a diet rich in meats and poor in milk products (p < 0.05). Meat consumption also tend to associate with a higher risk of urinary infections, meanwhile the stone expulsion showed a negative tendance with a diet rich in phytate. The elevate consumption of oranges and mandarins was the variable of the diet which was more associated with urinary aminoacids concentrations, specially with lower levels of lysine and arginine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Some components of the diet, in addition to standard treatment, modulate the phenotypical manifestations of cystinuria.

Modulación de la expresión fenotípica del paciente con cistinuria: influencia de la intervención terapéutica y de la dieta / Modulation of the phenotypic expression in the patient with cystinuria: influence of therapeutic intervention and diet

OBJETIVOS: El fenotipo final del paciente con cistinuria depende, por una parte, de la ausencia o defecto molecular más o menos grave en el transporte de cistina y aminoácidos dibásicos; y por otra parte también de factores ambientales. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer el efecto de la modulación de diversos factores ambientales (pH urinario, ingesta de líquido, tratamiento farmacológico y en especial la dieta) sobre el fenotipo final del paciente con cistinuria. METODOS: Se estudiaron 45 sujetos diagnosticados como pacientes con cistinuria (25 hombres y 20 mujeres), 42 individuos pertenecientes al árbol genealógico de estos pacientes con cistinuria (15 hombres y 27 mujeres) y 90 controles. Se obtuvieron datos antropométricos, clínicos (antecedentes personales y familiares de infecciones urinarias, cólicos, expulsión de cálculos y problemas renales), bioquímicos (análisis microscópico de orina y cuantificación de aminoácidos en orina) y estilo de vida (dieta y tratamiento recibido). El estudio estadístico incluyó, además de pruebas de comparación de frecuencias y de medias, regresión logística y análisis multivariante. RESULTADOS: De los 45 pacientes con cistinuria, sólo el 20% presentaban cristales de cistina en orina; el resto de manifestaciones fenotípicas de la enfermedad, se encontraron con la misma prevalencia que en el grupo de familiares y el grupo control. El 50% de los pacientes no estaban siguiendo ninguna pauta terapéutica, y de estos, solo en el 50% era efectivo. En pacientes con cistinuria, la presencia de cristales de cistina se asoció a una dieta rica en carnes y baja en productos lácteos (p<0,05). El consumo de carnes también tendía a asociarse a mayor riesgo de presentar infecciones urinarias, mientras que la expulsión de piedras mostró una tendencia negativa con una dieta rica en fitatos. El consumo elevado de naranjas y mandarinas fue la variable de la dieta que más se asoció con las concentraciones de aminoácidos en orina, fundamentalmente con menores niveles de lisina y arginina (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Diversos componentes de la dieta, además del tratamiento estándar, modulan las manifestaciones fenotípicas de la enfermedad (AU)

OBJECTIVES: The final phenotype of patients with cystinuria depends on the absence or molecular defect, more or less acute, of the transport of cystine and dibasic aminoacids, and, also on environmental factors. The objective of this work is to study the effect of the modulation of some environmental factors (urinary pH, intake of liquids, pharmacological treatment and, specially, diet) on the final phenotype of the patient with cystinuria. METHODS: We study 45 patients with cystinuria (25 men and 20 women), 42 relatives (15 men and 27 women) and 90 unrelated controls. Anthropometric, clinical (personal and familiar history of urinary infections, colics and calculi expulsion), biochemical (microscopy analysis of urine and urinary aminoacids cuantification) and life style (diet and medical treatment) variables were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using tests to compare means and frequencies and, also, logistic regression and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of the 45 patients with cystinuria, only 20% showed cystine cristalls in urine, the rest of the phenotypical manifestations of cystinuria were found with the same prevalence as in relatives and in the control group. 50% of the patients did not undergo any therapeutic intervention; of these, only 50% were effective. In patients with cystinuria, the presence of cystine cristalls was associated with a diet rich in meats and poor in milk products (p < 0.05). Meat consumption also tend to associate with a higher risk of urinary infections, meanwhile the stone expulsion showed a negative tendance with a diet rich in phytate. The elevate consumption of oranges and mandarins was the variable of the diet which was more associated with urinary aminoacids concentrations, specially with lower levels of lysine and arginine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Some components of the diet, in addition to standard treatment, modulate the phenotypical manifestations of cystinuria (AU)