Prevented cases of neural tube defects and cost savings after folic acid fortification of flour in Brazil.

Anencephaly, encephalocele, and spina bifida are congenital neural tube defects and are the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality and impose a heavy economic burden on health systems. This study to estimates the direct costs of neural tube defects from the perspective of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and the prevented cases and cost savings during the period in which mandatory folic acid fortification was in effect in the country (2010-2019). It is a top-down cost-of-illness oriented study based on the prevalence of the disorders in Brazil. Data were collected from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's outpatient and hospital information system databases. The direct cost was estimated from the total patient-years, allocated by age and type of disorder. Prevented cases and cost savings were determined by the difference in the prevalence of the disorders in the pre- and post-fortification periods based on the total number of births and the sum of outpatient and hospital costs during the period. The total cost of outpatient and hospital services for these disorders totaled R$ 92,530,810.63 (Int$ 40,565,896.81) in 10 years; spina bifida accounted for 84.92% of the total cost. Hospital costs were expressive of all three disorders in the first year of the patient's life. Between 2010 and 2019, mandatory folic acid fortification prevented 3,499 live births with neural tube defects and resulted in R$ 20,381,586.40 (Int$ 8,935,373.25) in hospital and outpatient cost savings. Flour fortification has proved to be a valuable strategy in preventing pregnancies with neural tube defects. Since its implementation, there has been a 30% decrease in the prevalence of neural tube defects and a 22.81% decrease associated in hospital and outpatient costs.

Pesquisa Translacional em vitamina A: do ensaio randomizado à intervenção e à avaliação do impacto / Translational Research on vitamin A: from randomized trial to intervention and impact assessment

RESUMO A Pesquisa Translacional é interdisciplinar e está apoiada em três pilares: pesquisa de bancada (básica), leito (aplicações clínicas) e comunidade (aplicações nos sistemas de saúde). O estudo, baseado nos cinco estágios da Pesquisa Translacional, resgatou o histórico da deficiência de vitamina A e da cegueira nutricional no Brasil (T0); o caminho da descoberta científica à escolha da intervenção - suplementação vitamínica (T1); a avaliação da eficácia da intervenção candidata por ensaio randomizado e controlado (T2); a avaliação da implementação e da cobertura na prática (T3); e a avaliação do impacto da intervenção (T4). Para verificar o impacto, aplicou-se a estatística superior de Wald, visando identificar quebras estruturais ao longo da série histórica da mortalidade geral de crianças entre 6 e 59 meses de idade. Para a região Nordeste, que apresentou a maior cobertura programática, o modelo sinalizou três quebras - agosto/1984, junho/1994 e maio/2006 -, nas quais foram estimadas reduções de 10%, 17% e 23%, respectivamente, na ocorrência mensal de óbitos infantis. O processo para a construção do conhecimento sobre a deficiência desta vitamina, a escolha da intervenção, a aplicação deste conhecimento no estabelecimento do Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Vitamina A e a avaliação do seu impacto configuram um exemplo de Pesquisa Translacional em saúde coletiva.

ABSTRACT Translational Research is interdisciplinary and supported by three pillars: bench (basic investigation), bedside (clinical applications) and community (applications in healthcare systems). The study, based on the five stages of translational research, reviewed the history of vitamin A deficiency and nutritional blindness in Brazil (T0); the pathway from scientific discovery to intervention choice - vitamin supplementation (T1); an assessment of the candidate intervention efficacy via randomized controlled trial (T2); the assessment of implementation and coverage in practice (T3) and the intervention impact assessment (T4). To estimate the impact, we applied Wald superior statistics to identify structural breaks along the time series of general mortality of children between 6 and 59 months of age. In the Northeast, region that presents the largest program coverage, the model pointed to three breaks: August/1984, June/1994 and May/2006, in which we estimated reductions of 10%, 17% and 23%, respectively, in the monthly incidence of children´s death. The process to construct knowledge about vitamin A deficiency, the choice of the intervention, the knowledge translation to establish the National Vitamin A Supplementation Program and the evaluation of its impact, constitute an example of translational research in collective health.

Avaliação do Programa Mais Médicos: relato de experiência / Evaluation of the More Doctors Program: experience report

RESUMO O acesso à saúde de forma universal e equitativa está preconizado na Constituição Federal de 1988, devendo ser garantida pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Dentre os diversos fatores que contribuem para a não efetivação dos princípios do SUS, destacam-se a insuficiência de profissionais e as disparidades regionais na distribuição de recursos humanos, principalmente médicos. Este artigo relata a experiência de avaliação do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) por uma equipe multidisciplinar composta por 28 pesquisadores, a partir de trabalho de campo em 32 municípios com 20% ou mais da população em extrema pobreza selecionados em todas as regiões do Brasil (áreas remotas, distantes das capitais e comunidades quilombolas rurais), além de análises sobre os 5.570 municípios brasileiros baseadas em bancos de dados do Ministério da Saúde. A pesquisa resultou em vasta produção científica, apontando importantes resultados, como ampliação do acesso à saúde e redução de internações evitáveis. As reflexões aqui trazidas permitem concluir que o PMM contribuiu para a efetivação e consolidação dos princípios e diretrizes do SUS e garantiu acesso à saúde, especialmente para as populações mais pobres, municípios pequenos e regiões remotas e longínquas.

ABSTRACT The universal and equitable access to health is established in the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 and must be guaranteed by the Brazilian Unified Health System - the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). The lack of professionals and the large regional differences in the distribution of human resources, mainly physicians, are factors that contribute to the non-fulfillment of the SUS principles. This article reports the experience of evaluation of the More Doctors Program (PMM) by a multidisciplinary team composed of 28 researchers, based on field work in 32 municipalities with 20% or more of the population in extreme poverty selected in all regions of Brazil (remote areas, far from capitals, and rural maroon communities), as well as analyzes of the 5,570 Brazilian municipalities based on the Ministry of Health databases. The research resulted in a vast scientific production, pointing out important results, such as broadening of access to health and reducing of avoidable hospitalizations. The reflections brought here show that the PMM contributed to the implementation and consolidation of the SUS principles and guidelines, and guaranteed access to health, especially for the poorest populations, small municipalities and remote and distant regions.

Alimentación y nutrición en atención primaria en Brasil / Food and nutrition in primary care in Brazil

Objetivo: Describir las acciones sobre alimentación y nutrición que han sido publicadas en la literatura científica en el ámbito de la atención primaria en salud en Brasil. Método: Revisión exploratoria de los estudios publicados entre los años 2007 y 2016. Se consultaron las bases de datos Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Resultados: Se incluyeron 103 artículos, la mayoría publicados entre los años 2012 y 2016, predominantemente en la región sudeste de Brasil. Los temas más frecuentes fueron hábito o consumo alimenticio, estado nutricional y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. La mayoría de las acciones fueron propuestas por universidades, principalmente con fines diagnósticos. Fueron encontradas pocas acciones de promoción de la salud, alimentación saludable, asistencia y tratamiento, cuidado integral y prevención de enfermedades relacionadas con la alimentación y la nutrición. Conclusiones: Hubo crecimiento en el interés nacional sobre el tema. Sin embargo, la producción académica todavía se encuentra distante de las necesidades reales de generación de evidencia que impacten positivamente sobre la situación de salud. Se identificó la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones para describir, proponer y evaluar las acciones y los programas ya desarrollados. Resulta fundamental una mayor aproximación entre las universidades, la gestión y los servicios para definir intereses comunes y generar investigaciones que respondan a las necesidades del área, y de esta manera contribuir en la planificación y el perfeccionamiento de las acciones y de los programas ya existentes

Objective: To describe food and nutrition actions in primary health care in Brazil. Methods: Exploratory review of articles published between 2007 and 2016. Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were consulted. Results: 103 articles were included, mostly published between 2012 and 2016 and developed mainly in the Southeast region of Brazil. The most prevalent research topics were food behaviour or consumption, nutritional status and non-communicable diseases. Most research was led by universities and was focused on diagnosis. Few actions on health promotion, healthy eating, assistance, treatment, integral health care and prevention of diseases related to food and nutrition were found in the review. Conclusion: National interest in food and nutrition has increased, however academic production is still far from the actual needs for providing evidence that impacts health status. More research is needed to describe, propose and evaluate programmes and actions. Therefore, it is essential for closer relationships to be forged between universities, managers and health services in order to identify common interests and to develop research that meets the needs of the area and contribute to planning and improving programmes and actions

Alimentación y nutrición en atención primaria en Brasil / Food and nutrition in primary care in Brazil

Objetivo: Describir las acciones sobre alimentación y nutrición que han sido publicadas en la literatura científica en el ámbito de la atención primaria en salud en Brasil. Método: Revisión exploratoria de los estudios publicados entre los anos ˜ 2007 y 2016. Se consultaron las bases de datos Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Resultados: Se incluyeron 103 artículos, la mayoría publicados entre los anos ˜ 2012 y 2016, predominantemente en la región sudeste de Brasil. Los temas más frecuentes fueron hábito o consumo alimenticio, estado nutricional y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. La mayoría de las acciones fueron propuestas por universidades, principalmente con fines diagnósticos. Fueron encontradas pocas acciones de promoción de la salud, alimentación saludable, asistencia y tratamiento, cuidado integral y prevención de enfermedades relacionadas con la alimentación y la nutrición. Conclusiones: Hubo crecimiento en el interés nacional sobre el tema. Sin embargo, la producción académica todavía se encuentra distante de las necesidades reales de generación de evidencia que impacten positivamente sobre la situación de salud. Se identificó la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones para describir, proponer y evaluar las acciones y los programas ya desarrollados. Resulta fundamental una mayor aproximación entre las universidades, la gestión y los servicios para definir intereses comunes y generar investigaciones que respondan a las necesidades del área, y de esta manera contribuir en la planificación y el perfeccionamiento de las acciones y de los programas ya existentes.(AU)

Objective: To describe food and nutrition actions in primary health care in Brazil. Methods: Exploratory review of articles published between 2007 and 2016. Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were consulted. Results: 103 articles were included, mostly published between 2012 and 2016 and developed mainly in the Southeast region of Brazil. The most prevalent research topics were food behaviour or consumption, nutritional status andnon-communicable diseases.Most research was led by universities and was focused on diagnosis. Few actions on health promotion, healthy eating, assistance, treatment, integral health care and prevention of diseases related to food and nutrition were found in the review. Conclusion: National interest in food and nutrition has increased, however academic production is still far from the actual needs for providing evidence that impacts health status. More research is needed to describe, propose and evaluate programmes and actions. Therefore, it is essential for closer relationships to be forged between universities, managers and health services in order to identify common interests and to develop research that meets the needs of the area and contribute to planning and improving programmes and actions.(AU)

International cooperation and shortage of doctors: an analysis of the interaction between Brazil, Angola and Cuba. / Cooperação internacional e escassez de médicos: análise da interação entre Brasil, Angola e Cuba.

The shortage of doctors, especially in remote areas, is a critical issue for the development of national health systems and has thus been the focus of a number of international cooperation projects. An exploratory and qualitative study was conducted to examine cooperation between Brazil, Angola and Cuba. A nonsystematic literature review was conducted of selected open access articles and official documents addressing relevant health cooperation initiatives. Previously selected characteristics of actions designed to redress the shortage of doctors were compared. It was concluded that the interactions between the three countries were fruitful and potentially beneficial for the health of the population of these countries. South-South cooperation between these countries showed positive results in the educational and regulatory dimensions and adopted a non-dependence perspective that seeks to strengthen endogenous capacity, which are important factors for evaluating the structural components of health systems.

Impact of health research on advances in knowledge, research capacity-building and evidence-informed policies: a case study on maternal mortality and morbidity in Brazil.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: National health research systems aim to generate high-quality knowledge so as to maintain and promote the population's health. This study aimed to analyze the impact of maternal mortality/morbidity research funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and institutional partners, on the dimensions: advancing in knowledge, research capacity-building and informing decision-making, within the framework of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study based on secondary data, conducted at a public university. METHODS: The advancing in knowledge dimension was estimated from the principal investigators' publication counts and h-index. Data on research capacity-building were obtained from the Ministry of Health's information system. The informing decision-making dimension was analyzed from citations in Stork Network (Rede Cegonha) documents. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2010, R$ 21.6 million were invested in 128 maternal mortality/morbidity projects. Over this period, the principal investigators published 174 articles, resulting in an h-index of 35, thus showing progress in the advancing in knowledge dimension. Within the research capacity-building dimension, training of 71 students (undergraduate/postgraduate) was observed. Progress in the informing decision-making dimension was modest: 73.5% of the 117 citations in the Stork Network documents were institutional documents and norms. One of the projects funded, the 2006/7 National Demography and Health Survey, was cited in program documents. CONCLUSION: Impacts were shown in the advancing in knowledge and research capacity-building dimensions. The health research system needs to incorporate research for evidence-informed policies.

Impact of health research on advances in knowledge, research capacity-building and evidence-informed policies: a case study on maternal mortality and morbidity in Brazil / Impacto da pesquisa em saúde nos avanços de conhecimento, construção de capacidades de pesquisa e políticas informadas por evidências: um estudo de caso sobre a morbimortalidade materna no Brasil

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: National health research systems aim to generate high-quality knowledge so as to maintain and promote the population's health. This study aimed to analyze the impact of maternal mortality/morbidity research funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and institutional partners, on the dimensions: advancing in knowledge, research capacity-building and informing decision-making, within the framework of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study based on secondary data, conducted at a public university. METHODS: The advancing in knowledge dimension was estimated from the principal investigators' publication counts and h-index. Data on research capacity-building were obtained from the Ministry of Health's information system. The informing decision-making dimension was analyzed from citations in Stork Network (Rede Cegonha) documents. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2010, R$ 21.6 million were invested in 128 maternal mortality/morbidity projects. Over this period, the principal investigators published 174 articles, resulting in an h-index of 35, thus showing progress in the advancing in knowledge dimension. Within the research capacity-building dimension, training of 71 students (undergraduate/postgraduate) was observed. Progress in the informing decision-making dimension was modest: 73.5% of the 117 citations in the Stork Network documents were institutional documents and norms. One of the projects funded, the 2006/7 National Demography and Health Survey, was cited in program documents. CONCLUSION: Impacts were shown in the advancing in knowledge and research capacity-building dimensions. The health research system needs to incorporate research for evidence-informed policies.

RESUMO: CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Sistemas nacionais de pesquisa em saúde buscam gerar conhecimentos de qualidade para manter e promover a saúde da população. Este estudo visou analisar o impacto das pesquisas sobre morbimortalidade materna financiadas pelo Ministério de Saúde do Brasil e instituições parceiras, nas dimensões: avanços no conhecimento, construção de capacidade de pesquisa e tomada de decisão informada, da matriz da Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. DESENHO DO ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo descritivo baseado em dados secundários, realizado em universidade pública. MÉTODOS: A dimensão avanços no conhecimento foi estimada pelas publicações dos coordenadores de pesquisa e índice h. Dados sobre a capacidade de pesquisa foram obtidos no sistema de informação do Ministério da Saúde. A dimensão tomada de decisão informada foi analisada pelas citações nos documentos da Rede Cegonha. RESULTADOS: Foram investidos R$ 21,6 milhões de reais em 128 pesquisas sobre morbimortalidade materna entre 2002 e 2010. Nesse período, os coordenadores das pesquisas publicaram 174 artigos, resultando no índice h de 35, mostrando progressos na dimensão avanços no conhecimento. Na dimensão capacidade de pesquisa, foi constatado o treinamento de 71 estudantes (graduação e pós-graduação). Na dimensão tomada de decisão informada, o progresso foi modesto: 73,5% das 117 citações nos documentos da Rede Cegonha eram documentos institucionais e normas. Um dos projetos financiados, Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde 2006/7, foi citado em documentos programáticos. CONCLUSÃO: Impactos foram demonstrados nas dimensões avanços no conhecimento e capacidade de pesquisa. O sistema de pesquisa em saúde necessita da incorporação de pesquisas para políticas informadas por evidências.

Prevention of neural tube defects by the fortification of flour with folic acid: a population-based retrospective study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the fortification of wheat and maize flours with iron and folic acid - which became mandatory in Brazil from June 2004 - is effective in the prevention of neural tube defects. METHODS: Using data from national information systems on births in central, south-eastern and southern Brazil, we determined the prevalence of neural tube defects among live births and stillbirths in a pre-fortification period - i.e. 2001-2004 - and in a post-fortification period - i.e. 2005-2014. We distinguished between anencephaly, encephalocele, meningocele, myelomeningocele and other forms of spina bifida. FINDINGS: There were 8554 neural tube defects for 17,925,729 live births notified between 2001 and 2014. For the same period, 2673 neural tube defects were reported for 194,858 stillbirths. The overall prevalence of neural tube defects fell from 0.79 per 1000 pre-fortification to 0.55 per 1000 post-fortification (prevalence ratio, PR: 1.43; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.38-1.50). For stillbirths, prevalence fell from 17.74 per 1000 stillbirths pre-fortification to 11.70 per 1000 stillbirths post-fortification. The corresponding values among live births were 0.57 and 0.44, respectively. CONCLUSION: The introduction of the mandatory fortification of flour with iron and folic acid in Brazil was followed by a significant reduction in the prevalence of neural tube defects in our study area.

Folic acid intake by pregnant women from Vale do Jequitinhonha, Brazil, and the contribution of fortified foods.

The folate deficiency can result in irreversible health damage, such as the neural tube defects. The aim of this article is to determine the folate intake of pregnant women in Vale do Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, one of the poorest regions in the world. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was done in 2013 with 492 pregnant women attending the basic health units run by the public health service (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS) in 15 municipalities. A standard questionnaire was used to gather the data, which included socioeconomic indicators and a food frequency questionnaire. The data were analyzed and compared statistically based on prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence of inadequate folate intake was associated with some socioeconomic factors: it was higher amongst the low income and less educated women, in younger women and those who had fewer meals per day. The prevalence of inadequate folate intake in the diet was 94.7% when the contribution of food fortification was not considered, 49.2% taking into account fortified foods, and 17.1% considering food folate, fortified foods, and supplementation with folic acid. We conclude that fortifying foods with folic acid at the current levels reduces the inadequacy of folate intake in the diet, but not enough to assure safe levels and to meet the nutritional requirements of pregnant women in Brazil.

Transição nutricional e a organização do cuidado em alimentação e nutrição na Atenção Básica em saúde / Nutritional transition and the organization of care in food and nutrition in Primary Health Care

O presente artigo apresenta e discute as ações de alimentação e nutrição na Atenção Básica, tendo como referência o estágio atual da transição nutricional na população brasileira. O debate foi estruturado em três seções: a primeira descreve o padrão de consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional dos brasileiros. A segunda apresenta as ações desenvolvidas para a organização do cuidado em alimentação e nutrição, que envolve a vigilância alimentar e nutricional, a promoção de práticas alimentares adequadas e saudáveis, o cuidado integral dos agravos nutricionais e, de forma transversal, as ações intersetoriais voltadas ao enfrentamento dos determinantes da alimentação e nutrição e à qualificação da atenção nos territórios. Por fim, na terceira seção são pontuados os principais desafios da referida agenda para a garantia dos direitos humanos à saúde e à alimentação.

This article presents and discusses the food and nutrition actions in Primary Health Care, taking as a reference the current stage of Brazilian Population’s nutritional transition. The debate was structured in three sections: the first describes the food consumption pattern and the nutritional status of Brazilians. The second section presents the actions taken for the organization of feeding and nutrition care, which involves feeding and nutrition surveillance, the promotion of adequate healthy eating, comprehensive care of nutritional problems and, in a cross-sectional perspective, the intersectoral actions addressing the determinants of feeding and nutrition and the qualification of health care in the territories. Finally, the third section addresses the major challenges of feeding and nutrition agenda in order to guarantee the human rights to health and to food.

National Immunization Day: a strategy to monitor health and nutrition indicators.

PROBLEM: To achieve the Millennium Development Goals it is necessary to set up low-cost, real-time monitoring systems which can provide feedback to managers and policy-makers in a timely fashion. The gold-standard approach for monitoring nutritional situations is to conduct household surveys. However, they are costly, time consuming and do not furnish information about smaller disaggregated units. APPROACH: Brazil pioneered National Immunization Days (NIDs) in the 1980s, and later integrated them with vitamin A supplementation. This report discusses implementation of five large-scale Health and Nutrition Days (HNDs) using NIDs as a platform to monitor nutritional status and estimate coverage of health and social welfare services, including conditional cash transfer benefits. LOCAL SETTING: Brazil is composed of 26 states, one federal district and 5564 municipalities, with around 18 million children under five years of age. It was decided that HNDs would be carried out among high-risk populations: children from the semi-arid north-eastern region; agrarian reform settlements; isolated rural black communities or quilombolas and municipalities of Amazonas state. RELEVANT CHANGES: It was possible to draw inferences for almost 3 million children from different subgroups of underprivileged populations who had never before been studied in such detail, including state-level data. LESSONS LEARNED: Implementation of large scale HNDs in conjunction with NIDs proved to be feasible in Brazil and resulted in data which are very relevant for policy-makers, obtained over a short period of time and at reasonably low cost. It is sensible to conclude that the experience reported here could be reproduced wherever NID coverage is very high.

Avaliação de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e combate à fome no período 1995-2002. 3 - o Programa Nacional de Controle da Deficiência de Vitamina A / Evaluation of public policies to promote food security and the fight against hunger, 1995-2002. 3 - the Brazilian National Program to Control Vitamin A Deficiency

A distribuição de vitamina A em Dias Nacionais de Vacinação ocorre desde 1983; o Brasil foi pioneiro nesse tipo de intervenção. O estudo avaliou o programa no período de 1995-2002 na perspectiva de estrutura-processo-resultado. A metodologia envolveu pesquisa documental, entrevistas com gestores e estudo de caso em 44 municípios da Bahia, resultando em 1.344 questionários domiciliares. Em relação à estrutura, o programa operou sem instrumento normativo a partir de 1998, decorrente da extinção do Instituto Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição. Melhorias nos processos de aquisição e distribuição do suplemento impactaram positivamente na sua cobertura; em 2002, foram distribuídas 3,5 milhões de cápsulas (cobertura 72 por cento). Nas 2.546 crianças estudadas na Bahia, não houve regularidade na distribuição e a cobertura anual variou de 8 por cento a 26 por cento. As limitações de tempo e recursos humanos, informadas pelos gestores, corroboram a hipótese de que essa estratégia não contribui para esclarecer a população sobre a importância da vitamina. Os achados mostram ser necessária a articulação sistemática entre esferas de governo para que o programa seja executado e monitorado em sua plenitude.

Vitamin A supplements have been distributed during National Immunization Days since 1983, and Brazil has been a pioneer in this kind of strategy. The current study evaluated the National Program from 1995 to 2002, from a structure-process-results perspective. The methodology involved document research, interviews with health services managers, and a case study in 44 municipalities in Bahia State, resulting in 1,344 household interviews. In relation to structure, from 1998 on the program operated without a normative instrument due to the extinction of the National Institute of Nutrition. Improvements in the processes of vitamin supply procurement and distribution had a positive impact on coverage, reaching 3.5 million capsules in 2002 (72 percent coverage). For the 2,546 children studied in Bahia, vitamin A distribution was irregular, with annual coverage varying from 8 percent to 26 percent. Program managers reported time constraints and insufficient human resources, consistent with the hypothesis that this type of strategy does not help inform the population about the importance of vitamin A. These findings point to the need for systematic linkage between different levels of government in order to fully implement and monitor the program.

[Evaluation of public policies to promote food security and the fight against hunger, 1995-2002. 3--the Brazilian National Program to Control Vitamin A Deficiency]. / Avaliação de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e combate à fome no período 1995-2002. 3--o Programa Nacional de Controle da Deficiência de Vitamina A.

Vitamin A supplements have been distributed during National Immunization Days since 1983, and Brazil has been a pioneer in this kind of strategy. The current study evaluated the National Program from 1995 to 2002, from a structure-process-results perspective. The methodology involved document research, interviews with health services managers, and a case study in 44 municipalities in Bahia State, resulting in 1,344 household interviews. In relation to structure, from 1998 on the program operated without a normative instrument due to the extinction of the National Institute of Nutrition. Improvements in the processes of vitamin supply procurement and distribution had a positive impact on coverage, reaching 3.5 million capsules in 2002 (72% coverage). For the 2,546 children studied in Bahia, vitamin A distribution was irregular, with annual coverage varying from 8% to 26%. Program managers reported time constraints and insufficient human resources, consistent with the hypothesis that this type of strategy does not help inform the population about the importance of vitamin A. These findings point to the need for systematic linkage between different levels of government in order to fully implement and monitor the program.

Panorama das ações de controle da deficiência de vitamina A no Brasil / Overview of actions to control vitamin A deficiency of in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho propõe-se a descrever a trajetória da implantação das ações de controle da deficiência de vitamina A no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo baseado em dados secundários, obtidos nos registros, documentos técnicos e relatórios oficiais do Instituto Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição, autarquia do Ministério da Saúde extinta em 1997, da Coordenação Geral da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição do Ministério da Saúde, e informações obtidas com informantes-chaves, empregando a abordagem multidimensional alicerçada na tríade: estrutura-processo-resultado. RESULTADOS: O Brasil foi pioneiro na iniciativa de introduzir a distribuição de vitamina A nas campanhas nacionais de imunização, estratégia posteriormente preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e pelo Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância. Desde 1983, o Ministério da Saúde utiliza megadoses de vitamina A, como uma das ações para combater a deficiência deste micronutriente. O percentual de cobertura da população alvo (crianças de 6 a 59 meses) tem aumentado, alcançando 72 por cento e 68 por cento, nos anos de 2002 e 2003, respectivamente. Essas coberturas são semelhantes às registradas nos 40 países que adotam esta estratégia. Desde 2001 o programa foi ampliado para beneficiar puérperas, no pós-parto imediato. CONCLUSÃO: Foram modestos os avanços obtidos até o ano de 1992, fato que pode ser explicado pela falta de regularidade na distribuição das cápsulas de vitamina A. A partir de 1994, o programa manteve certa constância, porém persiste a necessidade de promover ações mais consolidadas nos serviços de saúde com maior alcance social, para além da distribuição rotineira dessas cápsulas.

OBJECTIVE: This manuscript aims to describe the implementation of actions to control vitamin A deficiency in Brazil. METHODS: The study was based on secondary data obtained from official reports and technical documents from the former Instituto Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição (inactivated in 1997), from the Coordenação Geral da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição, Ministry of Health and information obtained from key informants employing the multidimensional approach based on the triad: structure-process-result. RESULTS: Brazil was pioneer in taking the initiative of linking vitamin A distribution to the National Immunization Days, a strategy that later on was recommended by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund. Since 1983, vitamin A megadoses are employed as a strategy to fight this micronutrient deficiency by the Ministério da Saúde. Coverage of the target population (children 6-59 months old) is steadily increasing, reaching 72 percent and 68 percent in the years 2002 and 2003 respectively. These coverage rates are similar to those reported in the 40 countries that have also adopted this strategy. Since 2001 the program was extended to lactating women, in the immediate post-partum period. CONCLUSION: The program achievements until 1992 were very modest, fact that could be explained by the irregularity of vitamin A capsule distribution. From 1994 on the distribution was more constant, but the need to promote more integrated actions in the health services, as well as far reaching social actions, beyond the routine distribution of vitamin A capsules, still remains.

Efeito da fortificação com ácido fólico na redução dos defeitos do tubo neural / The effect of folic acid fortification on the reduction of neural tube defects

Defeitos do tubo neural são malformações que ocorrem na fase inicial do desenvolvimento fetal, levando à anencefalia e espinha bífida; o ácido fólico é o mais importante fator de risco identificado até hoje. A prevalência relatada de defeitos do tubo neural coloca o Brasil no patamar dos países com as mais altas taxas no mundo. Inquéritos sobre consumo de folato entre gestantes brasileiras mostram ingestão altamente deficiente (< 0,6mg/dia). A ANVISA regulamentou para 2004 a adição de ácido fólico às farinhas de trigo e milho (0,15 mg/100g). A Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar indicou que a disponibilidade média diária domiciliar de panificados/farináceos era 106,1g (aportando 0,16mg/dia folato). Porém se na Região Sul a disponibilidade era 144g/dia, no Norte e Centro-oeste não chegava a 70g/dia. Apesar de 40 países adotarem a fortificação obrigatória, apenas quatro avaliaram esta estratégia. Todos os estudos demonstraram impacto e reduções significativas na prevalência de defeitos do tubo neural, variando de 19 a 78 por cento. A fortificação de alimentos com ácido fólico é uma intervenção inquestionável na prevenção primária; à luz dos conhecimentos atuais deve-se considerar os defeitos do tubo neural como uma "epidemia" passível de prevenção.

Neural tube defects are congenital malformations that occur during initial fetal development, leading to anencephaly and spina bifida; folic acid deficiency is the most important risk factor identified to date. Brazil has one of the world's highest neural tube defect rates. Food consumption surveys among pregnant Brazilian women showed a high rate of inadequate folic acid intake (< 0.6mg/day). In 2004, the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) mandated the fortification of corn meal and wheat flour with folic acid (0.15mg/100g). The National Family Budget Survey estimated the average amount of bread/flour products available in households as 106.1g/day (contributing with 0.16mg folic acid/day). However, while in the South of the country the supply was 144g/day, in the North and Central West it barely reached 70g/day. Folic acid food fortification is mandatory in some 40 countries, but only four have assessed this strategy. The existing studies have all shown a significant impact, ranging from 19 to 78 percent. Folic acid fortification is an undeniably important intervention for primary prevention, and neural tube defects can now be considered a preventable epidemic.

[The effect of folic acid fortification on the reduction of neural tube defects]. / Efeito da fortificação com ácido fólico na redução dos defeitos do tubo neural.

Neural tube defects are congenital malformations that occur during initial fetal development, leading to anencephaly and spina bifida; folic acid deficiency is the most important risk factor identified to date. Brazil has one of the world's highest neural tube defect rates. Food consumption surveys among pregnant Brazilian women showed a high rate of inadequate folic acid intake (< 0.6 mg/day). In 2004, the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) mandated the fortification of corn meal and wheat flour with folic acid (0.15 mg/100g). The National Family Budget Survey estimated the average amount of bread/flour products available in households as 106.1g/day (contributing with 0.16 mg folic acid/day). However, while in the South of the country the supply was 144 g/day, in the North and Central West it barely reached 70 g/day. Folic acid food fortification is mandatory in some 40 countries, but only four have assessed this strategy. The existing studies have all shown a significant impact, ranging from 19 to 78%. Folic acid fortification is an undeniably important intervention for primary prevention, and neural tube defects can now be considered a preventable epidemic.

Impacto da multimistura no estado nutricional de pré-escolares matriculados em creches / Impact of a dietary supplement on the nutritional status of preschool children enrolled in day care centers

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da suplementação da dieta com multimistura sobre o estado nutricional de crianças em fase pré-escolar em risco nutricional. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo tipo duplo cego com duração de dois meses e acompanhamento longitudinal de 135 crianças na faixa etária de um a seis anos. As crianças foram divididas em três grupos: intervenção 1 (GI1 n=48), intervenção 2 (GI2 n=45) e controle (GC n=42), recebendo 5g e 10g de multimistura e placebo, respectivamente. O estado nutricional das crianças em estudo foi avaliado antes e após a suplementação. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa nos indicadores peso/idade, altura/idade e peso/altura entre os grupos estudados na linha base (p=0,251 p=0,248 e p=0,399, respectivamente). Após a intervenção a diferença na prevalência de déficit antropométrico entre os grupos também não foi significante (p=0,100 p=0,435 e p=0,210, respectivamente). A comparação das médias antes e depois da intervenção, igualmente, não demonstrou diferenças (p>0,05 utilizando os métodos estatísticos de Kruskall - Wallis e Análise de Variância). CONCLUSÃO: Frente ao impacto das pequenas quantidades consumidas de suplemento, no caso a mistura de farelo de cereais, não se justifica esperar alterações significativas sobre a recuperação de crianças em risco nutricional, já que esses suplementos contêm somente pequenas quantidades de calorias e de macro e micronutrientes.