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Snails are important agricultural pests difficult to control, but data regarding molluscicidal assays are scant. Stemona alkaloids are typical secondary metabolites for the taxa and have been broadly investigated for their pharmacological and toxicological effects. This makes it possible for us to further develop the toxicities of these compounds to snails. In this work, we tested the antifeedant properties of leaves from seven Chinese Stemona species against the land snail species Bradybaena ravida in choice and non-choice feeding assays. The tested leaves Stemona parviflora exhibited the most deterrent effects, and a further phytochemical investigation of aerial parts led to the identification of 16 alkaloids. Among them, three novel alkaloids could be identified. The alkaloidal fraction and single alkaloids were further assayed against this snail species, and the results suggest a cocktail effect because the impact of the alkaloidal fraction was higher than the effects caused by single alkaloids. The study can promote the search process of natural antimollusc products from plants to control snails.
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Alcaloides , Stemonaceae , Animales , Alcaloides/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Caracoles , ChinaRESUMEN
This study aims to investigate the dietary intervention effect of casein/cyanidin-3-O-glucoside nanoparticles (Cs-C3G) on high-fat-diet (HFD)induced gut microbiota disorders. In HFD-fed C57BL/6mice, Cs-C3G has ameliorated HFD-caused fat accumulation and liver oxidative stress. Cs-C3G as a dietary supplementation can restore the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota with descending the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, increasing some beneficial microorganisms, and reducing some opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. In general, Cs-C3G has a effect on regulating the disturbance of gut microbiota, and then prevents HFD-induced obesity and liver damage.
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Caseínas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animales , Ratones , Caseínas/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Glucósidos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
To assess the variations of soil quality among land use types and with altitude in the rocky mountain area of northern Hebei Province is critical for preventing further human-induced degradation of land and vegetation, and for formulating a strategic plan on vegetation restoration after the Beijing Winter Olympics. Taking Betula platyphylla natural forest, Larix gmelinii plantation, natural grassland and abandoned cropland as research objects, 13 soil physicochemical indices (e.g., soil bulk density, porosity and soil nutrient content) were measured to compare soil quality among land use types. The results showed that soil quality presented the trend as B. platyphylla natural forest > natural grassland > L. gmelinii plantation > abandoned cropland. B. platyphylla natural forest had the best soil quality due to high total nitrogen (3.24 ±1.42 g·kg-1) and phosphorus (0.59±0.10 g·kg-1) contents, suggesting that long-term soil nutrient accumulation played an important role in preventing soil degradation. Soil quality in natural grassland was lower than that in B. platyphylla natural forest, due to topographic factors and coarse soil fraction. Soil physical properties in L. gmelinii plantation had been substantially improved after 40 years restoration, as indicated by significant reductions in soil gravel fraction, while soil nutrient contents changed little. The low soil quality in abandoned cropland was attributable to low vegetation coverage and intense human activities in the low-altitude area. Driven by soil total nitrogen, soil quality under the four land use types increased with altitude, and peaked at about 1700 m. We suggested that enclosure and ecological restoration measures should be strengthened in ecologically-fragile, low-altitude areas, taking sustainable development into consideration for high-density stands and promoting plantations to adapt to environmental change.
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Bosques , Suelo , Humanos , Suelo/química , China , Nitrógeno/análisis , Fósforo/análisisRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Alkaloids exist in various herbal medicine widely and exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities. p-Sulphonatocalix[6]arenes (SC6A) and p-sulphonatocalix[8]arenes (SC8A) are water-soluble supramolecular macrocycles and are applied to the extraction of alkaloids from herbal products. OBJECTIVE: In this study, an innovative method of SC6A/SC8A assisted extraction of the alkaloids from herbs was established. METHODS: SC6A and SC8A were designed to extract 27 alkaloids from seven herbal medicines. Based on the significant solubilisation and extraction effect, Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix (Fangji, FJ) was selected to obtain the optimal extraction process by adopting single factor test and orthogonal experiment. Then, the alkaloids and SC6A/SC8A were separated by one-step alkalisation and SCnA were reused. The host-guest complexes between alkaloids and SCnA were determined by competitive fluorescence titration, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR) analysis. RESULTS: The optimum condition for SC6A assisted extraction was 5:1:80 (g/g/mL) for herbs/SC6A/solution ratio, 355-250 µm particle size and ultrasonicate 0.5 h, whilst 10:1:40 (g/g/mL) for herbs/SC8A/solution ratio, 355-250 µm particle size and ultrasonicate 0.5 h for SC8A assisted extraction. The total yield of alkaloids (fangchinoline and tetrandrine) from FJ was increased by 4.87 times and 5.97 times with SC6A and SC8A. Moreover, a good reusability of SC6A/SC8A was achieved by alkalisation dissociation. Host-guest complexes were determined by competitive fluorescence titration at a molar ratio of 1:1 between most alkaloids (25/27, except evodiamine and rutaecarpine) and SC6A/SC8A. The complex structure was proved by DSC, FTIR and 1 H-NMR analysis. CONCLUSION: The study provided an effective eco-friendly and energy-saving extraction method of alkaloids from herbal medicine.
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Alcaloides , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Plantas Medicinales , Alcaloides/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicina de Hierbas , Plantas Medicinales/química , Protones , AguaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore whether Fufang Shatai Heji (STHJ), as a mixture collected by a decoction of a variety of Chinese herbal medicines for immune system diseases, can improve the cartilage destruction of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: The therapeutic effects of STHJ were studied using collagen induced arthritis (CIA) mice. The improvement effect of STHJ on synovitis and cartilage damage caused by arthritis was studied by joint pathological analysis. The inhibitory effect of STHJ on related degradation enzymes in cartilage was studied by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The specific targets of STHJ were predicted by molecular docking. RESULTS: After successfully inducing CIA, the paws of the mice showed significant swelling, and athological analysis of the ankle and knee joints also showed significant cartilage destruction and synovial hyperplasia. However, synovial hyperplasia and cartilage destruction were markedly alleviated after administration of STHJ. And after STHJ treatment, the expression of ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, MMP-9 and MMP-13, in the cartilage layer of CIA mice was significantly inhibited. Through molecular docking assays, we proved that acteoside in STHJ could directly bind to the Glu111, Phe110 residues in MMP-9 and glycyrrhizic acid in STHJ bind to the Glu382, Asn433 residues in MMP-13. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that STHJ may alleviate synovial hyperplasia and cartilage destruction in CIA mice and protect cartilage by inhibiting the expression of MMP-9 and other enzymes.
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Artritis Experimental , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Animales , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Experimental/patología , Cartílago/metabolismo , Cartílago/patología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/farmacología , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Simulación del Acoplamiento MolecularRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between typeâ ¢ chronic prostatitis and the positive reaction of foot three yin-meridians based on meridian diagnosis. METHODS: Using the traditional meridian diagnosis combined with tenderness meter detection, the positive reaction rate of meridians and acupoints of crural foot three yin-meridians and tenderness pain threshold of standard acupoint location were compared in the typeâ ¢ chronic prostatitis patients (prostatitis group, 32 cases) and healthy subjects (health group, 30 cases). RESULTS: The positive reaction rate of the spleen meridian was higher than those in the kidney meridian and the liver meridian in the prostatitis group (P<0.001). The positive reaction rates of the spleen meridian, the kidney meridian and the liver meridian and the total positive reaction rate of foot three yin-meridians in the prostatitis group were higher than those in the health group (P<0.001). In the prostatitis group, the positive reaction rates of Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Taixi (KI 3), Ligou (LR 5), Diji (SP 8), Ququan (LR 8), Shangqiu (SP 5) and Zhongfeng (LR 4) were higher than those in the health group (P<0.001), the tenderness pain threshold of acupoints of crural foot three yin-meridians was lower than the health group (P<0.001). The positive reaction rate of the spleen meridian was positively correlated with the pain score and the total score of National Institute of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index (NIH-CPSI), and the positive reaction rate of the kidney meridian was positively correlated with age and international prostate symptom score (IPSS) in the prostatitis group. CONCLUSION: The positive reactions of foot three yin-meridians, especially the spleen meridian, are closely related to the pathological state of typeâ ¢ chronic prostatitis, pain and urination symptom are significantly correlated with the spleen meridian and the kidney meridian respectively.
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Terapia por Acupuntura , Meridianos , Prostatitis , Masculino , Humanos , Prostatitis/diagnóstico , Prostatitis/terapia , Puntos de Acupuntura , Enfermedad Crónica , Umbral del DolorRESUMEN
Through analyzing the indication distribution of the different acupoints located at the upper limbs recorded in Science of Acupoints and Science of Meridians and Acupoints, the industry planning teaching materials of traditional Chinese medicine, it is discovered that the acupoints located at the upper arms are commonly selected for the treatment of scrofula and goiter, while the acupoints below the elbow at the hand meridians and those at the lower limbs of the foot meridians which running through the neck, do not have the similar indications. Based on a further analysis on the literature at ancient and modern times, it is believed that the acupoints located on the lateral side of the upper arms, especially those at the large intestine meridian of hand-yangming perhaps have the specific effect in treatment of scrofula and goiter.
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Bocio , Meridianos , Tuberculosis Ganglionar , Puntos de Acupuntura , Brazo , HumanosRESUMEN
Through analyzing the indication distribution of the different acupoints located at the upper limbs recorded in
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Humanos , Puntos de Acupuntura , Brazo , Bocio , Meridianos , Tuberculosis GanglionarRESUMEN
This study was aimed at determining the influence of Folium nelumbinis (Lotus leaf) extracts on melanogenesis in vitro models of melanoma cell line. The anticancer activity of four fractions, including petroleum ether (PEE), n-hexane (HE), ethanol (EE), and ethyl acetate (EAE) from F. nelumbinis on B16 cell lines (C57BL/6J melanoma cell), were evaluated after 24 and 48 h treatment. Results showed that PEE as well as volatile-rich fractions of linolenic acid and linolenic acid ethyl ester significantly (p < 0.05) reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin content in B16 melanoma cells model. Meanwhile, PEE and its primarily contained compound triggered apoptosis of B16 cells in a dose-dependent way. These results demonstrated that PEE possessed effective activities against melanin and tyrosinase generations through the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, a relation between the volatile-rich fractions of F. nelumbinis and the anticancer effects was demonstrated as well.
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Lotus/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Transformación Celular Neoplásica , Lotus/metabolismo , Melaninas/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismoRESUMEN
Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM), is a medicinal mushroom, has beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus. In this study, ABM extracts (ethanol extract, EE and ethyl acetate extract, EA) were evaluated to explore the beneficial effect on hepatic antioxidant activity and recovery of the pancreatic tissue in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The hepatic antioxidant activities of ABM extracts were analyzed by superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, glutathione, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. Moreover, the effects of ABM extracts on pancreatic tissue restoration were investigated by histopathological analysis. The results revealed that the EA showed a better protective effect on hepatic antioxidant activity and recovery of the impaired pancreatic tissues, compared to EE. The results suggested that ABM treatment could effectively reduce oxidative stress and contribute to pancreatic tissue recovery. Therefore, ABM could be used as a functional food to control diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The research may contribute to the development of ABM as functional foods or dietary supplements for diabetes in the future.
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Agaricus , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratas , EstreptozocinaRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to develop a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) containing the extract of S oleraceus Linn (SOL) with improved intestinal stability in order to increase oral bio-potency. SOL was effectively incorporated into emulsions, which showed resistance to in vitro digestion without any destruction of its phenolic acids, glycosides and aglycone. SEDDS and SOL were also prepared for the comparison of in vivo anti-diabetic effects. Four weeks of daily treatments of SEDDS dramatically improved the quality of life for diabetic rats. Streptozotocin (STZ) caused body weight reduction, which was reversed by SEDDS at a low dose (100 mg kg-1), and it was more effective than SOL at a high dose (200 mg kg-1). SEDDS also improved the response to glucose tolerance, which was significantly higher than that of SOL. On the basis of these findings, the SEDDS approach might be an efficacious dosage option to enhance the nutraceutical properties of SOL.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Sonchus , Administración Oral , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Composición de Medicamentos , Emulsionantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Masculino , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , EstreptozocinaRESUMEN
The extracts of S. oleraceus Linn (SOL) and its main phenolic compounds have shown anti-diabetic effects, but their underlying mechanisms for glucose homeostasis remain unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic mechanism of SOL by using the streptozocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat model. When diabetic rats were fed with SOL at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks, the concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were reduced by 43%, 22%, and 16%, respectively. Meanwhile, it was also found that daily feeding of SOL to diabetic rats led to a decrease in plasma glucose level by approximately 23%. Positive effects were observed on glucose homeostasis due to the down-regulation of AMPK/Akt/GSK-3ß pathway, as indicated by the suppressions of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase (Akt) phosphorylation, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3ß), and the hepatic insulin resistance. In HepG2 cells, AMPK, Akt and GSK-3ß showed a consistent transcript regulation. SOL at dose of 400 mg/kg/day feeding for 6 weeks showed a positive effect comparable to metformin.
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Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Sonchus/química , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/genética , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/genética , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the interval between CRT and surgery on radiation proctitis, the pathologic response, and postoperative morbidity. METHODS: This was a cohort study from a phase III, randomized controlled trial (FOWARC study, NCT01211210). Data were retrieved from the leading center of the trial. Patients were divided into the short-interval (≤7 weeks) group and the long-interval (>7 weeks) group. The rate of radiation proctitis, pathologic complete regression (pCR) and morbidities were calculated for each group. Multivariate analysis was used to verify the impact of interval on radiation proctitis. RESULTS: Surgery was performed in 60 patients after an interval of ≤7 weeks and in 97 patients after an interval of >7 weeks. The two groups according to interval were comparable in terms of baseline demographic and clinicotherapeutic characteristics. Radiation proctitis was identified by imaging in 9 (15.0%) patients in short-interval group and in 31 (32.0%) patients in long-interval group (P = .018). Multivariate analysis confirmed the correlation between long interval and radiation proctitis (P = .018). The long interval was significantly associated with longer median operation time compared to the short interval (P = .022). The rates of pCR and postoperative complications were not different between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: A longer interval after CRT may be associated with higher rate of radiation proctitis and longer operation time. Moreover it did not increase the rate of pCR.
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Terapia Neoadyuvante/efectos adversos , Proctectomía/estadística & datos numéricos , Proctitis/epidemiología , Traumatismos por Radiación/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Recto/terapia , Tiempo de Tratamiento/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Quimioradioterapia Adyuvante/efectos adversos , Quimioradioterapia Adyuvante/métodos , Estudios de Cohortes , Fraccionamiento de la Dosis de Radiación , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de la radiación , Mucosa Intestinal/cirugía , Leucovorina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Terapia Neoadyuvante/métodos , Compuestos Organoplatinos/uso terapéutico , Proctitis/diagnóstico , Proctitis/etiología , Traumatismos por Radiación/diagnóstico , Traumatismos por Radiación/etiología , Neoplasias del Recto/mortalidad , Recto/diagnóstico por imagen , Recto/efectos de la radiación , Recto/cirugía , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Edible Sonchus oleraceus Linn is a medicinal plant with many bioactivities such as anti-diabetic activity and anti-inflammatory activity. However, the main bioactive components such as polyphenols in S. oleraceus Linn are poorly absorbed in gastrointestinal tract and rapidly metabolized. Thereby, a self-emulsifying delivery system containing S. oleraceus Linn extracts (SSEDDS) was introduced to evade these problems. Herein, the anti-inflammatory effect of SSEDDS on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. The plasma glucose level was increased and plasma insulin level was decreased in diabetic rats. The levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the liver were significantly improved in diabetic rats (pâ¯<â¯0.05). Conversely, daily fed diabetic rats with 100, 200 and 400â¯mg/kg/day of SSEDS and 1â¯mg/kg/day metformin for 4 weeks, significantly (pâ¯<â¯0.05) restored all the above mentioned parameters to near normal levels. The immuno-histochemical studies confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of SSEDDS.
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Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Emulsiones/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Sonchus/química , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Insulina/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , EstreptozocinaRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to explore the protective effects of raspberry and its bioactive compound cyanidin 3-O-glucoside against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. We established a model of oxidative stress in HepG2 cells induced by H2O2 and examined the protein expression of Keap1/Nrf2. The antioxidant activity of raspberry extract was carried out measuring the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the changes of phase II detoxification elements such as GSH level and CAT activity. Also the expression of proteins related to the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling was tested. The results revealed that raspberry extract significantly reduced the ROS levels in oxidative injured cells, increased GSH content and CAT activity, and activated the expression of proteins Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and γ-GCS. These results taken together indicated that raspberry treatment could ameliorate H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells via Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Antocianinas/farmacología , Frutas/química , Glucósidos/farmacología , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Rubus/químicaRESUMEN
The active component obtained from ginger is a high value-added product, but continued research is required for improved extraction techniques that will lead to better quality extracts and greater yields. In this study, major functional compounds of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol in ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc) were extracted using microwave assisted extraction (MAE). Possible ranges for optimal MAE conditions were predicted by merging of the contour plots of each response to observe the overlapping area of all responses. Optimal conditions predicted were ethanol concentration of 70%, extraction time of 10 min, and microwave power of 180 W. Verification tests carried out at a set of random condition within the above mentioned optimal ranges, which got experimental values for total soluble solid yield, antioxidant activity, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol of 30.0±0.8%, 87.8±0.8%, 2.8±0.6 mg/g and 1.3±0.5 mg/g, respectively. Analysis results showed that steamed ginger sample contained lower 6-gingerol content, soluble solid as well as reduced antioxidant activity, but higher in 6-shogaol as compared with fresh sample.
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Catecoles/análisis , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Alcoholes Grasos/análisis , Zingiber officinale/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Microondas , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Rizoma/químicaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory effects of Sonchus olearleu extract on the generation of heterocyclic amines in roasted pork patties cooked by pan-frying. All samples were cooked for two different durations (45â¯min and 105â¯min) under 200⯰C and 230⯰C. 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-ami- no-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinox-aline (4,8-DiMeIQx), harman, and norharman were detected and quantified. In patties cooked at 230⯰C for 105â¯min, S. olearleu extract (0.5%) significantly inhibited the formation of IQ, harman, and norharman by 39%, 67%, and 63%, respectively. In contrast to IQ, the levels of harman and norharman were significantly reduced by the extracts tested. However, no such effects were observed for MeIQx and 4, 8-DiMeIQx. Notably, the inhibitory effect on heterocyclic amines is significantly correlated with the antioxidant potential and total phenolic content of S. olearleu extract.
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Aminas/análisis , Carcinógenos/toxicidad , Culinaria , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/análisis , Productos de la Carne/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Sonchus/química , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodos , PorcinosRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sonchus oleraceus Linn (SOL) belongs to family of Asteraceae, is a traditional medicinal plant, which has been used to treat tumor, inflammatory diseases, infection and so on in Chinese folk culture. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work investigated the influence of aqueous ethanol extract of whole plant of SOL and contribution of its main components on inflammation METHODS AND RESULTS: Oral administration of SOL (10â¯mg/kg) to mice reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α, in the LPS-induced sepsis mouse model. Major phenolics in SOL were isolated and determined by HPLC. Results indicate that SOL at the concentration range from 25 to 100⯵g/mL and its main components, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid (25-100⯵M) significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, attenuated iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated Macrophages. In addition, western blot analysis showed SOL suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). CONCLUSION: The underlying mechanism of anti-inflammation might be in according with the inhibition of MAPKs activation as well as down regulation of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
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Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Sepsis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sonchus/química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/inmunología , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/aislamiento & purificación , Inflamación , Lipopolisacáridos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Células RAW 264.7 , Sepsis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Raspberry seed is a massive byproduct of raspberry juice and wine but usually discarded. The present study employed a microwave-assisted method for extraction of raspberry seed oil (RSO). The results revealed that omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid) were the major constituents in RSO. Cellular antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were investigated in HepG2 cells treated with RSO. Induction of the synthesis of several antioxidants in H2O2-exposed HepG2 cells was found. RSO increased the enzyme activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx in H2O2-exposed HepG2. Furthermore, RSO inhibited the phosphorylation of upstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (c-JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Taken together, the possible mechanisms to increase antioxidant enzyme activities in HepG2 may through the suppression of ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Raspberry seed oil exhibited good effects on the activities of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes and seems to protect the liver from oxidative stress through the inhibition of MAPKs.