[The characteristics of and thinking on stranguria syndrome in Zhu bing yuan hou lun (Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases)].

The main characteristics of stranguria in the Zhu bing yuan hou lun (Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases) include the following: it first proposes stranguria to be discussed in different chapters, promoting the idea "heat of the bladder and kidney deficiency", which exerted profound influnce on the later generations, and discerning bloody stranguria and hematuria with different symptoms and etiology of underlying viscera; while its Daoyin method recorded being of reference value to modern clinical treatment. In addition, the etiology and pathogenesis of "heat of bladder and kidney deficiency" are referring to the five-stranguria rather than to the seven-stranguria. The lesion of part of the urolithic stranguria not nly deals with the kidney and bladder, but also involves the small intestine, stomach and spleen too.

[Contraindications of spirit (shen) in acupuncture and moxibustion].

ABSTRACT The taboos of man-spirit (RenShen) and bottom-spirit (KaoShen) are two kinds of time-related contraindications that are more commonly seen in the literature of acupuncture and moxibustion. The meaning of man-spirit is often extended to qi-blood or mind, or else directly equals to heaven-spirit (TianShen). It is highly possible that the bottom-spirit is subordinate to man-spirit, and both Taoist philosophy and the SanCai theory declare the importance of bottom in human body. The violation of contraindications could lead to diseases in the neighborhood where man-spirit travels. However, the results are generally recorded as ulcer, lingering disease and death in most medical texts. From Ming dynasty, more and more doctors have expressed disapproval of man-spirit and bottom-spirit.

[The path of creating TCM female periodicals in the Republican period].

A"special issue of female physicians" was included in the 1934 Kunghwa Medical Journal. In 1939, Qian Bao-hua, together with a batch of female TCM professional medical workers, inaugurated a "Chinese Feminine Physicians" included in the "Journal of Column of Traditional Chinese Medicine". The former one was published independently in 1941, only for 8 issues and was suspended in the same year. In the Republican period, the 7 years of running the TCM periodicals by the female physicians was the miniature of the campaign of feminine rights in the TCM field from heat to cold, from foolish through confidence to self-realization. As the only extant TCM periodical, the Chinese Feminine Physicians run by females in the upper half of the 20th century, the basic cause of its failure may lie on the wrong evaluation of its audiences.

[Investigation on the title of bu mei (sleepless)].

There are various titles applied for "sleepless", including mu bu ming (unclosed eyes), bu de mian (unable to sleep), bu de wo (unable to lie down), shi mian (insomnia). The implications of the titles vary according to different periods. Bu de wo (unable to lie down) was first appeared in Zu bi shi yi mai jiu jing (Moxibustion Classic of Foot and Arm Eleven Channels) and Yin yang shi yi mai jiu jing (Moxibustion Classic of Yin-Yang Eleven Channels), while bu de wo, mu bu ming, and ye bu mei were appeared in Huang di nei jing (Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor), bu mei was first seen in Nan jing (Classic of Questioning). When bu de mian and bu de wo were applied in Zhang Zhongjing's Shang han lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases) and Jin kui yao lue (Synopsis of Golden Chamber), it exerted good influence in later generations. The title of bu mei was more popular after the Ming and Qing dynasties. This titles is the most appropriate one from the standpoint of syndrome itself as viewed from its semantic implication and its accuracy.