RESUMO
Ceftazidime/Avibactam (CAZ/AVI) is frequently used to treat KPC-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KPC-PA) and Enterobacterales. CAZ/AVI resistance is driven by several mechanisms. In P. aeruginosa this mainly occurs through alteration of AmpC, porins, and/or efflux pump overexpression, whereas in Enterobacterales it frequently occurs through D179Y substitution in the active site of KPC enzyme. This aminoacid change abolishes AVI binding to the KPC active site, hence inhibition is impaired. However, this substitution also decreases KPC-mediated resistance to carbapenems ("see-saw" effect). The goal of this work was to characterize the in vivo acquisition of CAZ/AVI resistance through D179Y substitution in a KPC-PA isolated from a hospitalized patient after CAZ/AVI treatment. Two KPC-PA isolates were obtained. The first isolate, PA-1, was obtained before CAZ/AVI treatment and was susceptible to CAZ/AVI. The second isolate, PA-2, was obtained after CAZ/AVI treatment and exhibited high-level CAZ/AVI resistance. Characterization of isolates PA-1 and PA-2 was performed through short and long-read whole genome sequencing analysis. The hybrid assembly showed that PA-1 and PA-2A had a single plasmid of 54,030 bp, named pPA-1 and pPA-2 respectively. Each plasmid harbored two copies of the bla KPC-containing Tn4401b transposon. However, while pPA-1 carried two copies of bla KPC-2, pPA-2 had one copy of bla KPC-2 and one copy of bla KPC-33, the allele with the D179Y substitution. Interestingly, isolate PA-2 did not exhibit the "see-saw" effect. The bla KPC-33 allele was detected only through hybrid assembly using a long-read-first approach. The present work describes a KPC-PA isolate harboring a plasmid-borne CAZ/AVI resistance mechanism based on two copies of bla KPC-2-Tn4401b and D179Y mutation in one of them, that is not associated with loss of resistance to carbapenems. These findings highlight the usefulness of a fine-tuned combined analysis of short and long-read data to detect similar emerging resistance mechanisms.
Assuntos
Ceftazidima , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Compostos Azabicíclicos , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Ceftazidima/farmacologia , Combinação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mutação , Porinas/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolismo , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
We report a case of infective endocarditis (IE) caused by ceftaroline-resistant, daptomycin-tolerant, and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Resistance to ceftaroline emerged in the absence of drug exposure, and the E447K substitution in the active site of PBP2a previously associated with ceftaroline resistance was identified. Additionally, we present evidence of patient-to-patient transmission of the strain within the same unit. This case illustrates the difficulties in treating MRSA IE in the setting of a multidrug-resistant phenotype.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Daptomicina/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Endocardite Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas de Ligação às Penicilinas/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Cefalosporinas/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/patologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Endocardite Bacteriana/microbiologia , Endocardite Bacteriana/patologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Meticilina/uso terapêutico , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologia , CeftarolinaRESUMO
We report characterization of a methicillin-susceptible, vancomycin-resistant bloodstream isolate of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from a patient in Brazil. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus would indicate that this resistance trait might be poised to disseminate more rapidly among S. aureus and represents a major public health threat.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Vancomicina/farmacologia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Meticilina/farmacologia , Meticilina/uso terapêutico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , Resistência a Vancomicina/imunologiaRESUMO
Treatment of severe infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) is challenging due to the scarcity of reliable therapeutic alternatives. In this context, daptomycin (DAP), a lipopeptide antibiotic, has emerged as an interesting alternative as it is one of the few compounds that retain in vitro bactericidal activity against VRE isolates, although it has not been approved for this purpose by regulatory agencies. In this review, we will summarise the clinical, animal and in vitro evidence evaluating the efficacy of DAP for the management of deep-seated VRE infections. In addition, we will address important clinical concerns such as the emergence of DAP resistance during therapy and reports of therapeutic failure with DAP monotherapy. Finally, we will discuss possible future strategies (such as the use of higher doses and/or combination therapies) to optimise the use of this antibiotic against VRE.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Daptomicina/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Enterococos Resistentes à Vancomicina/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
En los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevas alternativas para el tratamiento de infecciones por patógenos Gram positivos multirresistentes, entre los cuales Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) y los enterococos resistentes a la vancomicina (ERV) se consideran un verdadero reto terapéutico, y aunque el uso de la vancomicina en infecciones graves causadas por SARM ha generado serias dudas en los últimos años, continúa siendo escasa la información clínica de respaldo al uso de agentes terapéuticos que la superen en eficacia. El linezolid, la daptomicina y la tigeciclina son agentes que tienen actividad contra los cocos Gram positivos y que fueron aprobados e introducidos en la terapia clínica en la década pasada. Además, se han probado o están en las fases finales de desarrollo otros agentes como las cefalosporinas de última generación (ceftarolina y ceftobiprol). El propósito de esta revisión fue describir las nuevas alternativas terapéuticas, particularmente en la era posterior a la vancomicina, y repasar las características químicas más relevantes de los compuestos y su espectro de actividad, haciendo énfasis en sus mecanismos de acción y resistencia.
New therapeutic alternatives have been developed in the last years for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive infections. Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are considered a therapeutic challenge due to failures and lack of reliable antimicrobial options. Despite concerns related to the use of vancomycin in the treatment of severe MRSA infections in specific clinical scenarios, there is a paucity of solid clinical evidence that support the use of alternative agents (when compared to vancomycin). Linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline are antibiotics approved in the last decade and newer cephalosporins (such as ceftaroline and ceftobiprole) and novel glycopeptides (dalvavancin, telavancin and oritavancin) have reached clinical approval or are in the late stages of clinical development. This review focuses on discussing these newer antibiotics used in the "post-vancomycin" era with emphasis on relevant chemical characteristics, spectrum of antimicrobial activity, mechanisms of action and resistance, as well as their clinical utility.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Cocos Gram-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/classificação , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Cefalosporinas/classificação , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Daptomicina/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/fisiologia , Drogas em Investigação/farmacologia , Genes Bacterianos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Cocos Gram-Positivos/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Minociclina/análogos & derivados , Minociclina/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Vancomicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Development of daptomycin (DAP) resistance in Enterococcus faecalis has recently been associated with mutations in genes encoding proteins with two main functions: (i) control of the cell envelope stress response to antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (LiaFSR system) and (ii) cell membrane phospholipid metabolism (glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase and cardiolipin synthase [cls]). However, the genetic bases for DAP resistance in Enterococcus faecium are unclear. We performed whole-genome comparative analysis of a clinical strain pair, DAP-susceptible E. faecium S447 and its DAP-resistant derivative R446, which was recovered from a single patient during DAP therapy. By comparative whole-genome sequencing, DAP resistance in R446 was associated with changes in 8 genes. Two of these genes encoded proteins involved in phospholipid metabolism: (i) an R218Q substitution in Cls and (ii) an A292G reversion in a putative cyclopropane fatty acid synthase enzyme. The DAP-resistant derivative R446 also exhibited an S333L substitution in the putative histidine kinase YycG, a member of the YycFG system, which, similar to LiaFSR, has been involved in cell envelope homeostasis and DAP resistance in other Gram-positive cocci. Additional changes identified in E. faecium R446 (DAP resistant) included two putative proteins involved in transport (one for carbohydrate and one for sulfate) and three enzymes predicted to play a role in general metabolism. Exchange of the "susceptible" cls allele from S447 for the "resistant" one belonging to R446 did not affect DAP susceptibility. Our results suggest that, apart from the LiaFSR system, the essential YycFG system is likely to be an important mediator of DAP resistance in some E. faecium strains.