Effects of Red Yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) on Growth, Innate Immunity, Expression of Immune-related Genes and Disease Resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) produced from crude glycerol, as a by-product of the biodiesel production process, on the growth, innate immunity, expression of immune-related gene, and resistance of Nile tilapia against challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae. Fish were fed diets supplied with different concentrations of S. pararoseus dried cells at 0.0 (control; T1), 5.0 (T2), 10.0 (T3), and 20.0 (T4) g kg-1 diets for 90 days. The results showed that final body weight, weight gain, and average daily gain were significantly higher in fish fed T3 and T4 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Likewise, significant (p < 0.05) increases in total carotenoid content, liver superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and serum lysozyme and albumin were observed in Nile tilapia fed S. pararoseus, with the highest (p < 0.05) values displayed in fish fed the T4 diet. Moreover, up-regulation of IL-1ß transcription in Nile tilapia spleen and liver was observed in fish feeding group T4. In a challenge test against S. agalactiae, the fish survival rate was significantly higher in fish fed red yeast compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The highest bactericidal activity found in the T4 group (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in hematology, blood chemical, malondialdehyde (MDA), body chemical composition, organosomatic indices, and myeloperoxidase (p > 0.05) in all treatments. The present results suggested that red yeast S. pararoseus (20.0 g kg-1) can be used as a potential supplementation on growth, immune response, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia.

Antioxidative and immunostimulant potential of fruit derived biomolecules in aquaculture.

Huge amounts of non-edible by-products could be generated from fruit industrial processes. They consist mainly of peels together with low amounts of pulp and seeds. These by-products pose an environmental hazard due to soil, air, and water pollution. Moreover, treating these by-products is very expensive and under strict governmental regulations. Nevertheless, they are an excellent source of bioactive constituents, such as phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and glucans. Based on their constituents, these by-products can significantly enhance the antioxidant defense, immune response, and modulation of gut microbiota and host resistance against various diseases. Therefore, sustainable valorization of fruits by-products can efficiently obtain value-added products that improve the well-being of organisms and reduce environmental stress, in addition to earning an additional industrial income. Since aquaculture is a vital economic sector, there is urgent to look for inexpensive natural food additives that improve health and maintain high nutritional quality for farming organisms without harming the environment and human health. Therefore, using fruit wastes as feed additives represents a striking alternative for fruitful aquaculture. In order to make use of these value-added products, it is a dire need to determine their biological effects on aquaculture organisms by understanding their mechanism of action. In this context, this review will holistically address a comprehensive focus on utilizing fruits by-products and their immunostimulant and antioxidative action.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Red Yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) on Productive Performance, Egg Quality, and Duodenal Cell Proliferation of Laying Hens.

Nowadays, industrial poultry producers are more focused on the safety of their products, especially contaminants from feedstuffs such as mycotoxin and pesticides. The residue from animal production using antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) may cause some problems with antimicrobial resistance in human and animals. Red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) has a cell wall consisting of ß-glucan and mannan-oligosaccharides and pigments from carotenoids that may be suitable for use as a substitute for AGPs. The objective was to evaluate the effects of red yeast in laying hen diets on productive performance, egg quality, and duodenal health. A total of 22-week-old laying hens (n = 480) were divided into five groups: control diet (CON), AGP at 4.5 g/kg and red yeast supplementation at 1.0 (RY1.0), 2.0 (RY2.0) and 4.0 g/kg (RY4.0) of diet. The results show that the AGP, RY2.0, and RY4.0 groups had significantly higher final body weight compared with the other groups (p < 0.001). The red yeast supplementation improved the egg shape index (p = 0.025), Haugh unit (p < 0.001), and yolk color (p = 0.037), and decreased yolk cholesterol (p < 0.001). Diet with red yeast supplementation improved villus height to crypt depth ratio and crypt cell proliferations. In conclusion, red yeast supplementation at 2.0 g/kg of diet can substitute AGP in layer diet.

Changes in immune genes expression, immune response, digestive enzymes -antioxidant status, and growth of catla (Catla catla) fed with Astragalus polysaccharides against edwardsiellosis disease.

The effect of four level of Astragalus polysaccharides (APs) supplementation diets, (CD: control diet and three experiment diet (E), EA: 100 mg kg-1 APs; EB: 200 mg kg-1 APs; EC: 300 mg kg-1 APs) on growth, changes in haemato-biochemical parameters and metabolic-digestive enzymes, enhancement of antioxidant activity, innate-adaptive immune response, and cytokine gene expression were studied in catla (Catla catla) against Edwardsiella tarda. The healthy and challenged groups fed the CD displayed no mortality, while fish fed EA or EC revealed 10% mortality, but the mortality was only 5% in diet EB. Fish fed diet EB and EC revealed significantly better growth rates and high RBC count during the experimental period. Albumin and globulin levels were significant improved when fish were fed the diet EB and EC from weeks 6-8. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significant ameliorated by EB feeding from weeks 4-8. In contrast, serum myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA)/lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), respiratory burst activity (RBA), bactericidal action (BCA), serum lysozyme activity (SLA), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), head kidney leukocytes response proliferation (HKLP), hemolytic action (HLA), hydrogen peroxides (H2O2), and immunoglobulin (Ig) were significantly improved from week 6-8. Groups fed the APs enriched diets had significant ameliorated interleukin (IL)-1ß and interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA expression after 6 and 8 weeks of feeding. However, IL-10 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1 mRNA expressions were significant enhanced in catla fed all APs diets on week 8. APs enriched diets revealed significant improved tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF6) mRNA expression on week 4, but toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and TLR4 mRNA expression were significant enhanced by diet EB and EC after weeks 6 and 8. Similarly, the lysozyme (Lyz)-C and Lyz-G mRNA levels in the head kidney (HK) increased by APs feeding on weeks 6 and 8, whereas the EB diet, the expression of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1) was significantly improved on weeks 6 and 8, but NOD2 mRNA expression was only significant enhanced after 8 weeks of diet EB. By feeding healthy catla and E. tarda challenged fish fed diet EB, resulted in significantly increased growth, haemato-biochemical indices, metabolic-digestive enzymes, antioxidant activities, innate-adaptive immune responses, and cytokine gene expression mainly between 6 and 8 weeks.

The synergistic effects of plant polysaccharide and Pediococcus acidilactici as a synbiotic additive on growth, antioxidant status, immune response, and resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Aeromonas hydrophila.

This study evaluated the growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia upon pistachio hulls derived polysaccharide (PHDP) and Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) separately or as synbiotic. Fish received four types of diets: T1, control; T2, PHDP (0.1%); T3, PA (0.2%); T4, PHDP (0.1%) +PA (0.2%) for 56 days. The results showed that final weight and weight gain were markedly higher in fish fed T4 diet than that given T1 and T2 diets (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, a significantly greater specific growth rate was obtained by the T4 diet compared to the control. Fish survival was significantly improved in all supplemented diets compared to the control. On the other hand, the activities of lipase, protease, and amylase showed significant increases in the T4 group compared with other feeding groups. The total leucocytes and lymphocytes proportion significantly elevated in T3 and T4 than remaining groups (P ≤ 0.05). Further, fish fed T3 diet presented significantly higher serum total protein, total immunoglobulin, lysozyme activity (LYZ), alternative complement activity (ACH50), and alkaline phosphatase activity compared to fish fed T1 and T2 diets, while the mentioned indices were found significantly highest in T4 group than others. Fish received T3 and T4 diets had higher skin mucus LYZ and ACH50 than those fed T1 and T2 diets (P ≤ 0.05). The malondialdehyde levels were significantly declined in T3 and T4 when compared to the control. Fish fed T3 and T4 diets demonstrated significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities compared to the control. The intestinal propionic acid significantly increased by T2 and T4 diets, while the highest levels of acetic acid detected in fish given T4 diet. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were significantly affected by T3 and T4 supplements. The efficacy of T4 diet against Aeromonas hydrophila infection was documented by a significantly lower mortality rate. In conclusion, the combination of PHDP and PA presented promising results as a synbiotic feed additive for Nile tilapia.

Impacts of pineapple peel powder on growth performance, innate immunity, disease resistance, and relative immune gene expression of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.

An 8-week growth trial was conducted to examine the efficacy of pineapple peel powder (PAPP) on growth rate and immunity of Nile tilapia, O. niloticus. Three hundred Nile tilapia (20.91 ± 0.11 g) were fed five diets containing different levels of PAPP at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 g kg-1 PAPP, respectively. After four and eight weeks of the feeding trial, growth rates, and immune responses were tested. A challenge test using Streptococcus agalactiae and relative immune gene expression were performed after eight weeks of PAPP feeding. It was found that skin mucus and serum lysozyme, skin mucus and serum peroxidase, alternative complement, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst activities were significantly increased with the addition of PAPP. The maximum (P ≤ 0.05) innate immune values were noted in fish fed 10 g kg-1 PAPP. Similarly, the up-regulation of IL1, IL8, and LBP gene expressions were also detected in fish fed PAPP diets, with the maximum value was found in 10 g kg-1 PAPP fed fish. The relative percentage of survival (RPS) of Oreochromis niloticus after the challenge test were (56.00%, 72.00%, 60.00%, and 44.00%) for the 5, 10, 20 and 40 g kg-1 PAPP diets, respectively. Fish fed the 10 g kg-1 PAPP supplemented diet achieved the highest (P < 0.05) survival rate against S. agalactiae. Growth and feed efficiency were outstandingly (P < 0.05) enhanced in the PAPP groups. In conclusion, PAPP can be potentially used as a feed additive in Nile tilapia culture under Biofloc system.

Investigation on the Double CutOff Phenomenon Observed in Protocatechuic Acid and Its Alkyl Esters under Various CAT-Based Assays.

A strange cutoff phenomenon of a series of protocatechuic acid alkyl esters had been noticed using the conjugated autoxidizable triene (CAT) assay. Two parabolic shapes of antioxidant activities of protocatechuic acid alkyl esters described as ″the double cutoff effect″ have been speculated as a result of an oxidative driving force generated in the aqueous phase. The aim of this research was to investigate the double cutoff effect using various types of oxidation driving forces in different CAT-based assays. To further explain the phenomenon, the natural oxidation of conjugated autoxidizable triene (NatCAT) assay has been developed for the first time by relying solely on only the lipid autoxidation of tung oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. In conclusion, NatCAT exhibited different antioxidant and oxidation patterns from both CAT and apolar radical-initiated CAT assays, and only one cutoff point was obtained. This discovery would lead to a greater understanding of the complexity of antioxidant/lipid oxidation dynamics in O/W emulsion systems.

Modulation of mucosal parameters, innate immunity, growth and resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae by enrichment of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diet with Leucas aspera.

The present study aimed at evaluating the possible effects of Leucas aspera as immunostimulant on mucosal and serum immunity, as well as on growth and resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. In a 45 days trial, fish were fed experimental diets containing L. aspera 0 g kg-1 (Diet 1- control), 1 g kg-1 (Diet 2), 2 g kg-1(Diet 3), 4 g kg-1 (Diet 4) and 8 g kg-1 (Diet 5). The results revealed a significant increase in the specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), and final weight (FW) in fish fed diet 3 (2 g kg-1) of L. aspera compared to the control and other supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Also, feeding on diet 3 (2 g kg-1) of L. aspera enriched diet significantly (P < 0.05) increased lysozyme activities in the serum and mucus, serum peroxidase and phagocytosis activity. However, significant (P < 0.05) increase in mucus peroxidase activity was reported in fish fed diet 4 (4 g kg-1) and diet 5 (8 g kg-1) of L. aspera, whereas significantly higher (P < 0.05) alternative complement activity was reported in fish fed diet 2 (1 g kg-1) of L. aspera. At the end of the experiment, nine fish per replication were selected for a challenge test against S. agalactiae. The dietary supplementation of L. aspera significantly reduced the mortality rate and increased the resistance of Nile tilapia following by challenge with S. agalactiae. The highest post challenge survival of 100% was observed in tilapia fed diet 5 (8 g kg-1) following by 92.6% of RPS in fish fed diet 4 (4 g kg-1) and 88.9% in diet 3 (2 g kg-1), 77.8% in diet 2 (1 g kg-1) and 74.1% in diet 1(0 g kg-1).

Effects of Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate on mucosal and serum immune parameters, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus).

The aim of present study was determination effects of dietary administration of C. militaris spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on mucosal and serum immune parameters, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two hundred twenty five fish of similar weight (37.28 ± 0.10 g) were assigned to the following diets [0 (T1- Control), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 20 (T4) and 40 g kg-1 (T5) SMS]. After 60 days of feeding trial, growth performance, skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities as well as serum innate immune were measured. In addition, survival rate and innate immune responses were calculated after challenge test (15 days) against Streptococcus agalactiae. The results revealed that regardless of inclusion levels, feeding Nile tilapia with SMS supplemented diets significantly increased skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities as well as serum immune parameters (SL, ACH50, PI, RB, and RB) compared control group (P < 0.05). The highest increment of immune parameters was observed in fish fed 10 g kg-1 SMS which was significantly higher than other treatments (P < 0.05). Also, the relative percent survival (RSP) in T2, T3, T4, and T5 was 61.11%, 88.89%, 66.67, and 55.56%, respectively. Among the supplemented groups, fish fed 10 g kg-1 SMS showed significant higher RPS and resistance to S. agalactiae than other groups (P < 0.05). Regarding the growth performance, SGR, WG, FW, and FCR were remarkably improved (P < 0.05) in SMS groups; the highest improvement observed in 10 g kg-1 SMS treatment. According to these finding, administration of 10 g kg-1 SMS is suggested in tilapia to improve growth performance and health status.

The effects of dietary kefir and low molecular weight sodium alginate on serum immune parameters, resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae and growth performance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

The present study evaluates the effects of dietary kefir and low molecular weight sodium alginate (LWMSA) (singular or combined) on non-specific immune response, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish with average weight of 18.60 ± 0.04 g were supplied and randomly stocked in sixteen glass tanks (150 L) at density of 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed experimental diets as follows: 0 g kg-1 LMWSA (Control, Diet 1), 10 g kg-1 LMWSA (Diet 2), 40 g kg-1 kefir (Diet 3), and 10 g kg-1 LMWSA + 40 g kg-1 kefir (Diet 4) for 50 days. At the end of the feeding trial, serum lysozyme (SL), phagocytosis (PI), respiratory burst (RB), and alternative complement (ACH50) activities as well as growth performance were measured. Singular and combined administration of kefir and low molecular weight sodium alginate (LMWSA) significantly increased serum SL, PI, RB, and ACH50 activities compared control group (P < 0.05); the highest innate immune responses were observed in fish fed combinational diet (kefir + LMWSA) (P < 0.05). The results of experimental challenge revealed significantly higher resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae in fish fed supplemented diets and the highest post challenge survival rate was observed in synbiotic diet (P < 0.05). Similar results obtained in case of growth parameters. Feeding on supplemented diet significantly improved SGR and FCR and the highest growth parameters was observed in fish fed synbiotic diet (P < 0.05). These finding revealed that combined administration of dietary kefir and LMWSA can be considered for improving immune response, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia.

Combined administration of low molecular weight sodium alginate boosted immunomodulatory, disease resistance and growth enhancing effects of Lactobacillus plantarum in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

The present study investigates the effects of combined or singular administration of low molecular weight sodium alginate (LWMSA) and Lactobacillus plantarum on innate immune response, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three hundred and twenty fish were supplied and randomly stocked in sixteen glass tanks (150 L) assigned to four treatments as follows: 0 g kg-1 LMWSA (Control, Diet 1), 10 g kg-1 LMWSA (Diet 2), 108 CFU g-1L. plantarum (Diet 3), and 10 g kg-1 LMWSA + 108 CFU g-1L. plantarum (Diet 4). Following 30 and 60 days of the feeding trial, serum lysozyme, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and alternative complement activities as well as growth performance parameters (specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio) were measured. Serum lysozyme, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and alternative complement activities of fish were significantly stimulated by both LMWSA and L. plantarum diets, however, the highest innate immune response were observed in fish fed synbiotic diet. At the end of the experiment, eight fish per replication were randomly selected for a challenge test against Streptococcus agalactiae. The survival rate of the fish fed supplemented diets was significantly greater than the control treatment and the highest post challenge survival rate was observed in synbiotic diet. Furthermore, SGR and FCR were significantly improved in fish fed supplemented diets after 60 days and the highest growth performance was observed in fish fed synbiotic diet. These results suggest combined LMWSA and L. plantarum can be considered as a promising immunostimulant and growth enhancer in Nile tilapia diet.

Effects of low molecular weight sodium alginate on growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of low molecular weight sodium alginate (LMWSA) as potential prebiotic source on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Three hundred twenty fish were divided into four treatments and fed following diets 0 (T1- Control), 10 (T2), 20 (T3) and 30 (T4) g kg(-1) LMWSA for period of 60 days. A Completely Randomized Design with four replications was applied. At the end of experiment, fish in each replication were weighed and specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Five randomly selected fish were used for innate immune response measurement. Another ten fish were randomly selected for challenge test against Streptococcus agalactiae for a period of 18 days. The lysozyme, complement, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst activities were detected after 60 days of feeding trial and after challenge test. The results indicated that fish fed diet 10 g kg(-1) LMWSA significantly improved SGR and FCR after 60 days of feeding trial. The lysozyme, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and complement activities were significantly higher in fish fed LMWSA diets compared to control. Fish fed 10 g kg(-1) LMWSA had greatest values compared to fish fed 20 and 30 g kg(-1) LMWSA. The survival rate of O. niloticus was significantly improved in fish fed LMWSA diets after challenge with S. agalactiae for 18 days. However, no significant difference in survival rate was observed among LMWSA supplemented diets. It is indicated that fish fed 10, 20 and 30 g kg(-1) LMWSA diets can stimulate growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance in tilapia against S. agalactiae.