Inclusion of Oat Polar Lipids in a Solid Breakfast Improves Glucose Tolerance, Triglyceridemia, and Gut Hormone Responses Postprandially and after a Standardized Second Meal: A Randomized Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects.

Previously, it has been indicated that oat polar lipids included in a liquid meal may have the potential to beneficially modulate various cardiometabolic variables. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oat polar lipids in a solid food matrix on acute and second meal glucose tolerance, blood lipids, and concentrations of gut-derived hormones. The oat polar lipids were consumed at breakfast and effects on the biomarkers were investigated in the postprandial period and following a standardized lunch. Twenty young, healthy subjects consumed in total four different breakfast meals in a crossover study design. The breakfasts consisted of 1. White wheat bread (WWB) with an added 7.5 g of oat polar lipids (PLL); 2. WWB with an added 15 g of oat polar lipids (PLH); 3. WWB with and added 16.6 g of rapeseed oil (RSO) as a representative of commonly consumed oils; and 4. WWB consumed alone, included as a reference. All products with added lipids contained equivalent amounts of fat (16.6 g) and available carbohydrates (50 g). Rapeseed oil was added to the oat polar lipid meals to equal 16.6 g of total fat. The standardized lunch was composed of WWB and meatballs and was served 3.5 h after the breakfast. Test variables (blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY, and GIP) were measured at fasting and repeatedly during the 5.5 h after ingestion of the breakfast. After breakfast, PLH substantially lowered postprandial glucose and insulin responses (iAUC 0-120 min) compared with RSO and WWB (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a reduced glycaemic response to lunch (210-330 min) was observed following the PLH breakfast compared to all of the other breakfasts served (p < 0.05). Oat polar lipids (PLH) significantly reduced TG and ghrelin and increased circulating gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY compared to RSO (p < 0.05). The results show that exchanging part of the dietary lipids with oat polar lipids has the potential to improve postprandial blood glucose regulation and gut hormones and thus may have a preventive effect against type 2 diabetes.

Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women.

The usefulness of dietary strategies against cardiometabolic risk is increasingly being acknowledged. Legumes and whole grains can modulate risk markers associated with cardiometabolic diseases, but their possible additive/synergistic actions are unknown. The objective of the present study was to assess, in healthy subjects, the effect of a diet including specific whole-grain barley products and legumes with prior favourable outcomes on cardiometabolic risk parameters in semi-acute studies. A total of forty-six overweight women (50-72 years, BMI 25-33 kg/m² and normal fasting glycaemia) participated in a randomised cross-over intervention comparing a diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) with a control diet (D2, diet 2 (control diet)) of similar macronutrient composition but lacking legumes and barley. D1 included 86 g (as eaten)/d brown beans, 82 g/d chickpeas, 58 g/d whole-grain barley kernels and 216 g/d barley kernel bread. Both diets followed the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, providing similar amounts of dietary fibre (D1: 46·9 g/d; D2: 43·5 g/d), with wheat-based products as the main fibre supplier in D2. Each diet was consumed for 4 weeks under weight-maintenance conditions. Both diets decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels, but D1 had a greater effect on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels (P< 0·001 and P< 0·05, respectively). D1 also reduced apoB (P< 0·001) and γ-glutamyl transferase (P< 0·05) levels, diastolic blood pressure (P< 0·05) and the Framingham cardiovascular risk estimate (P< 0·05). D1 increased colonic fermentative activity, as judged from the higher (P< 0·001) breath hydrogen levels recorded. In conclusion, a specific barley/legume diet improves cardiometabolic risk-associated biomarkers in a healthy cohort, showing potential preventive value beyond that of a nutritionally well-designed regimen.

Caracterización nutricional de los carbohidratos y composición centesimal de raíces y tubérculos tropicales cocidos, cultivados en Costa Rica / Nutritional characterization of carbohydrates and proximal composition of cooked tropical roots and tubers produced in Costa Rica

Las raíces y tubérculos tropicales (RTT) son alimentos básicos de la dieta de los pobladores de estas zonas: son producidos por pequeños y medianos agricultores y se les ha prestado poca atención. En el presente estudio se caracterizó nutricionalmente los carbohidratos y se determinó la composición centesimal de yuca (Manihot esculenta), Tiquisque (Xantosoma sp)y ñame (Dioscorea alata) cocidos. La composición proximal se determinó, en 20 muestras de cada producto, mediante la metodología del AOAC y se caracterizaron los carbohidratos (fibra dietética, almidón disponible, almidón resistente y tasa de amilólisis) por medio de métodos enzimáticos. Las tres RTT cocidas están compuestas fundamentalmente por agua y carbohidratos. Son fuentes moderadas de energía y fibra dietética, bajas en proteína y libres de grasas. Los contenidos de humedad, proteína, cenizas y fibra dietética difieren significativamente (p menor o igual 0,01) según la RTT. La composición centesimal de estas RTT producidas localmente difiere de las producidas en el Pacífico Sur, y es en cierto grado similar a las producidas en otros países de latinoamérica. Entre 84 y 88 por ciento de la fibra dietética es insoluble y el almidón disponible representa 74-84 por ciento del peso seco, mientras que el resistente varió entre 0,7 y 1,7 por ciento. La tasa de alfa-amilólisis de la yuca y el tiquisque hervido resultó semejante y mayor que la del ñame (p menor o igual 0,01). La velocidad de hidrólisis de los almidones de las RTT es intermedia con respecto a otros alimentos evaluados en la literatura y resultó menor que la del material de referencia (almidón gelatinizado de papa). Se concluye que en el contexto de una alimentación saludable estas RTT son alimentos valiosos cuyo consumo se puede promover en Costa Rica y otros países con problemática de salud nutricional semejante