Analysis of the Effects of Evidence-Based Nursing Interventions on Promoting Functional Recovery in Neurology and General Surgery Intensive Care Patients.

Objective: The study aimed to examine how evidence-based nursing contributes to enhancing recovery among patients in the neurology and general surgery departments of intensive care units. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of 97 neurology and general surgery patients of Xi'shan People's Hospital in Wuxi, China, who were assigned to control group (n=48, received standard nursing interventions) and observation group (n=48, received evidence-based nursing interventions). The outcomes include treatment compliance, recovery, psychological status, self-perception, and nursing satisfaction. Results: In the observation group, treatment compliance significantly surpassed the control group (97.73% vs. 80.95%, P < .05). Post-intervention, the observation group exhibited lower National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and higher Barthel scores than controls, showed improved SAS and SDS, and had shorter mobilization time and hospital stay compared to controls (all P < .05). Conclusion: Compared to traditional approaches, evidence-based interventions enhance treatment compliance, self-perception, reduce negative emotions, and facilitate recovery.

Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, a Traditional Chinese Edible Medicinal Herb, Promotes Neuronal Differentiation, and the Morphological Maturation of Newborn Neurons in Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells.

Neurogenesis in the adult brain comprises the entire set of events of neuronal development. It begins with the division of precursor cells to form a mature, integrated, and functioning neuronal network. Adult neurogenesis is believed to play an important role in animals' cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. In the present study, significant neuronal differentiation-promoting activity of 80% (v/v) ethanol extract of P. cocos (EEPC) was found in Neuro-2a cells and mouse cortical neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Subsequently, a total of 97 compounds in EEPC were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS. Among them, four major compounds-Adenosine; Choline; Ethyl palmitoleate; and L-(-)-arabinitol-were further studied for their neuronal differentiation-promoting activity. Of which, choline has the most significant neuronal differentiation-promoting activity, indicating that choline, as the main bioactive compound in P. cocos, may have a positive effect on learning and memory functions. Compared with similar research literature, this is the first time that the neuronal differentiation-promoting effects of P. cocos extract have been studied.

Integrated microbiomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the mechanisms by which bee pollen and royal jelly lipid extracts ameliorate colitis in mice.

Bee pollen (BP) and royal jelly (RJ) have shown therapeutic effects against colitis, but the functional components contained therein remain elusive. Here, we used an integrated microbiomic-metabolomic strategy to clarify the mechanism by which bee pollen lipid extracts (BPL) and royal jelly lipid extracts (RJL) ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Lipidomic results showed that levels of ceramide (Cer), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were significantly higher in BPL than in RJL. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of BPL surpassed that of RJL, although both BPL and RJL could attenuate DSS-induced colitis through several mechanisms: reducing the disease activity index (DAI); decreasing histopathological damage; inhibiting the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines; improving intestinal microbial community structure, and modulating host metabolism. These findings demonstrated that BPL and RJL have great potential as functional ingredients for the production of dietary supplements to prevent early colitis.

Hydrogen peroxide oxidation modifies the structural properties and allergenicity of the bee pollen allergen profilin.

Bee pollen is a byproduct of pollination, which is a necessary process to produce foods. However, bee pollen can induce significant food-borne allergies. We previously identified a bee pollen-derived pan-allergen in the profilin family, Bra c p. Herein, we aimed to reduce Bra c p allergenicity via protein oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and explore the changes induced. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry revealed aggregation of the oxidized product; we also found irreversible sulfonation of the free sulfhydryl group of the Bra c p Cys98 residue to a more stable cysteine derivative. A significant proportion of the α-helices in Bra c p were transformed into ß-sheets after oxidation, masking the antigenic epitopes. An immunoassay demonstrated that the IgE-binding affinity of Bra c p was decreased in vitro after oxidation. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the application of protein oxidation to reduce the allergenicity of profilin family member in foods.

Effects of covalent conjugation with quercetin and its glycosides on the structure and allergenicity of Bra c p from bee pollen.

Profilin family members are potential pan-allergens in foods, presenting public health hazards. However, studies on the allergenicity modification of profilin allergens are limited. Herein, quercetin and its glycosides (isoquercitrin and rutin) were applied to modify the allergenicity of a profilin allergen (Bra c p) from Brassica campestris bee pollen. Results showed that only quercetin can be closely covalently bound to Bra c p among the three, and the binding site was located at the Cys98 residue. After covalently conjunction, the relative content of α-helix structure in Bra c p was reduced by 40.05%, while random coil was increased by 42.89%; moreover, the Tyr and Phe residues in Bra c p were masked. These structural changes could alter the conformational antigenic epitopes of Bra c p, resulting in its allergenicity reduction. Our findings might provide a technical foundation for reducing the allergenicity of bee pollen and foods containing profilin family allergens.

Identification of characteristic markers for monofloral honey of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus Hsiao: A combined untargeted and targeted MS-based study.

Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus Hsiao (Am) is a widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The monofloral honey from Am plant nectar collected by honeybees (MH-Am) has potential medicinal activities. Quality control of MH-Am requires discovery of characteristic markers. In this study, calycosin and formononetin were identified as reliable chemical markers for MH-Am authentication, which were shared with its plant (P-Am), but absent in other honeys based on untargeted mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The contents of calycosin and formononetin in MH-Am, other honeys and P-Am were determined through a targeted MS-based quantitative approach. Furthermore, free radical scavenging assays showed that calycosin functioned directly in the antioxidative activity of MH-Am. Thus, calycosin has great potential to be certified as a bioactive marker contributing to future quality control of commercial MH-Am products.

Supplementation with Queen Bee Larva Powder Extended the Longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Queen bee larva (QBL) is one kind of important edible insect that is harvested during royal jelly production process. QBL has many physiological functions; however, limited information is available regarding its antiaging effects. In this study, the antiaging function of freeze-dried QBL powder (QBLP) was investigated by combining the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model and transcriptomics. The administration of QBLP to C. elegans was shown to improve lifespan parameters. Additionally, QBLP improved the mobility of nematodes. Transcriptome analysis showed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms that were almost all related to the biological functions of cell metabolism and stress, which are associated with lifespan. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested that the lifespan of C. elegans was related to the longevity regulating pathway-worm. The expression levels of the key genes sod-3, gst-6, hsp-12.6, lips-7, ins-8, and lips-17 were upregulated. sod-3, hsp-12.6, lips-7, and lips-17 are downstream targets of DAF-16, which is an important transcription factor related to lifespan extension. CF1038 (daf-16(mu86)) supplemented with QBLP did not show a life-prolonging. This indicates that the antiaging function of QBLP is closely related to daf-16. Thus, QBLP is a component that could potentially be used as a functional material to ameliorate aging and aging-related symptoms.

Distribution and source identification of polychlorinated naphthalenes in bees, bee pollen, and wax from China.

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are highly toxic and persistent organic pollutants that can cause adverse effects in the environment and on human health. PCNs have been detected in remote areas because of their long-range transportation. Bees and bee products are commonly used as biomonitors for various pollutants in the environment. However, information on PCNs in apiaries is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrences of PCNs in bees and bee products from apiaries located in different geographical regions of China, and to identify potential pollution sources and assess exposure risks to humans. Our results showed that the average Σ75PCNs concentrations in bees, pollen, and wax were 74.1, 96.3, and 141 pg/g dry weight, respectively. The homologue and congener profiles of PCNs in bees, pollen, and wax were similar, and di- and tri-chlorinated naphthalenes (>60%) were the predominant homologues. The concentrations and distributions of PCNs in bees, pollen, and wax varied among different geographical regions, but their occurrences were correlated with PCN metallurgical sources in China. The health risks of PCNs in pollen were evaluated, and both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of PCNs exposure to humans through the diet were low.

O-GlcNAcylation promotes pancreatic tumor growth by regulating malate dehydrogenase 1.

Oncogenic Kras-activated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells highly rely on an unconventional glutamine catabolic pathway to sustain cell growth. However, little is known about how this pathway is regulated. Here we demonstrate that Kras mutation induces cellular O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a prevalent form of protein glycosylation. Malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1), a key enzyme in the glutamine catabolic pathway, is positively regulated by O-GlcNAcylation on serine 189 (S189). Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that S189 glycosylation on monomeric MDH1 enhances the stability of the substrate-binding pocket and strengthens the substrate interactions by serving as a molecular glue. Depletion of O-GlcNAcylation reduces MDH1 activity, impairs glutamine metabolism, sensitizes PDAC cells to oxidative stress, decreases cell proliferation and inhibits tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation levels of MDH1 are elevated in clinical PDAC samples. Our study reveals that O-GlcNAcylation contributes to pancreatic cancer growth by regulating the metabolic activity of MDH1.

Identification of allergens and allergen hydrolysates by proteomics and metabolomics: A comparative study of natural and enzymolytic bee pollen.

Bee pollen as a plant-derived food is consumed as nutritional/functional supplements by humans. But it might confer foodborne allergenicity in susceptible populations, limiting its extensive application. In this study, five potential allergens including profilin, cystatin, prolamin, expansin, and alcohol dehydrogenase in bee pollen derived from Brassica campestris (BP-Bc), were identified through mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Moreover, different types of enzymes (cellulases, pectases, and papains) serve biological roles in pollen wall breaking and expansion, but also promote allergen release and degradation. Proteomic analysis showed that profilin, cystatin, and alcohol dehydrogenase were significantly reduced in BP-Bc following joint treatment with three enzymes. Metabolomic characterization of potential enzymatic hydrolysates of these significantly-decreased allergens was performed, which showed nine major oligopeptides and six amino acids at significantly higher levels in the enzyme-treated BP-Bc. These findings clarified the culprit responsible for bee pollen allergy and the mechanism of enzymatic desensitization for its further development.

Effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin on DSS-induced colitis by regulating metabolism and gut microbiota in mice.

Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases tend to show alteration of lipid profiles. It remains unknown whether dietary intake with specific lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM), have distinguishable effects against IBD. Here, a preclinical study using dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice model was applied to explore/compare the effects by PC, and SM. Results showed that PC treatment (p.o., 30 mg/kg b.w., 15 d) exerted higher inhibitory activity than the same dosage of SM supplementation on colonic tissue lesions and pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions induced by DSS. Integrative analysis of the metabolome and microbiome indicated that PC and SM supplementation could modulate endogenous tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, purine metabolism, bile secretion, as well as vitamin digestion and absorption, closely correlated with their regulation on the abundance of Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Dubosiella, Turicibacter, and Parasutterella communities in the gut. Based on these data, PC is a more promising candidate for preventing colitis than SM. Our findings provided a scientific foundation for further clinical research to screen more efficient dietary intervention strategy for colitis prevention.

Synergistic effect of tumor chemo-immunotherapy induced by leukocyte-hitchhiking thermal-sensitive micelles.

Some specific chemotherapeutic drugs are able to enhance tumor immunogenicity and facilitate antitumor immunity by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, tumor immunosuppression induced by the adenosine pathway hampers this effect. In this study, E-selectin-modified thermal-sensitive micelles are designed to co-deliver a chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin, DOX) and an A2A adenosine receptor antagonist (SCH 58261), which simultaneously exhibit chemo-immunotherapeutic effects when applied with microwave irradiation. After intravenous injection, the fabricated micelles effectively adhere to the surface of leukocytes in peripheral blood mediated by E-selectin, and thereby hitchhiking with leukocytes to achieve a higher accumulation at the tumor site. Further, local microwave irradiation is applied to induce hyperthermia and accelerates the release rate of drugs from micelles. Rapidly released DOX induces tumor ICD and elicits tumor-specific immunity, while SCH 58261 alleviates immunosuppression caused by the adenosine pathway, further enhancing DOX-induced antitumor immunity. In conclusion, this study presents a strategy to increase the tumor accumulation of drugs by hitchhiking with leukocytes, and the synergistic strategy of chemo-immunotherapy not only effectively arrested primary tumor growth, but also exhibited superior effects in terms of antimetastasis, antirecurrence and antirechallenge.

Extract of Unifloral Camellia sinensis L. Pollen Collected by Apis mellifera L. Honeybees Exerted Inhibitory Effects on Glucose Uptake and Transport by Interacting with Glucose Transporters in Human Intestinal Cells.

Bee pollen possesses potential hypoglycemic effects but its inhibitory mechanisms on glucose absorption and transportation in intestinal cells still need to be clarified. Here, we determined the inhibitory effects of bee pollen extract originating from Camellia sinensis L. (BP-Cs) as well as its representative phenolic compounds on glucose uptake and transport through a human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer model. It showed that three representative phenolic compounds, including gallic acid (GA), 3-O-[6'-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl]kaempferol (K1), and 3-O-[2',6'-di-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl]kaempferol (K2), with contents of 27.7 ± 0.86, 9.88 ± 0.54, and 7.83 ± 0.46 µg/mg in BP-Cs extract, respectively, exerted mutual antagonistic actions interacting with glucose transporters to inhibit glucose uptake and transport based on their combination index (CI) and molecular docking analysis. K1, K2, and GA might compete with d-glucose to form hydrogen bonds with the same active residues including GLU-412, GLY-416, GLN-314, and TRP-420 in GLUT2. These findings provide us a deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-hyperglycemia by bee pollen, which provide a new sight on dietary intervention strategies against diabetes.

Blocking exposed PD-L1 elicited by nanosecond pulsed electric field reverses dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in liver cancer.

As a promising method for local tumor treatment, nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) ablation elicits a potent anti-tumor immune response. However, the mechanism of the nsPEF-mediated anti-tumor immune response and its effects on the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that nsPEF treatment increased the level of membrane PD-L1 in liver cancer cells. Furthermore, nsPEF induced the release of PD-L1-associated extra-cellular vesicles, leading to the dysfunction of CD8+ T cells, which could potentially be reversed by PD-L1 blockade. Biological and functional assays also demonstrated that nsPEF treatment resulted in the increased PD-L1 level and dysfunction of infiltrated CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues in vivo, indicating the long term antitumor efficacy of nsPEF treatment. A combination of nsPEF treatment and PD-L1 blockade effectively inhibited tumor growth and improved the survival of the tumor-bearing mouse. In conclusion, nsPEF treatment induced the translocation and release of PD-L1 and contributed to the dysfunction of infiltrated CD8+ T cells, resulting in tumor progression at later stages. The combination of nsPEF treatment and PD-L1 blockade is a promising therapeutic strategy for liver cancer.

The "pseudo-pathogenic" effect of plant growth-promoting Bacilli on starchy plant storage organs is due to their α-amylase activity which is stimulating endogenous opportunistic pathogens.

Many representatives of the Bacillus subtilis species complex are known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and are widely used in agriculture as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Two bacterial strains, "Korea isolate" and ZL918, taxonomically classified as being Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, isolated from disease-damaged plant organs, were alleged to cause bacterial rot in starchy storage plant organs. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether these findings have consequences for the general use of beneficial Bacilli in agriculture. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the pathogenic ZL918 was a representative of Bacillus velezensis. B. velezensis FZB42 and other representatives of the B. subtilis species complex caused the same symptoms of bacterial rot only when injected inside of potato tubers and onion bulbs, but not when inoculated onto the surface of the storage organs. It seemed that the pathogenic effect was due to starch hydrolyzing activity that likely stimulates propagation of endophytic bacteria inside of starchy tissues. After removing the inherent microbiota via Co60 γ-ray irradiation, the storage organs inoculated by either FZB42 or purified α-amylase did not develop rot symptoms. Two opportunistic pathogens, Pantoea ananatis and Pantoea agglomerans, isolated from the rotted area, were shown to cause bacterial rot in x-ray treated potato tuber and onion starchy tissues when the proteobacteria were applied in high concentration. This suggests that opportunistic pathogenic bacteria residing inside of the starchy storage organ are the causal agents of bacterial soft rot disease in potato tubers and other starchy plant storage organs.

Lipidomics Provides Novel Insights into Understanding the Bee Pollen Lipids Transepithelial Transport and Metabolism in Human Intestinal Cells.

Bee pollen (BP) shows profound gut-protecting potentials. BP lipids (BPLs) mainly composed by phospholipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids might be one of the important contributors, while how BPL exerts gut-protecting effects and is transported through intestinal cell monolayers need to be investigated. Here, we exploited a strategy that combines an UPLC-Q-exactive orbitrap/MS-based lipidomics approach with a human intestinal cell (Caco-2) monolayer transport model, to determine the transepithelial transportation of BPL from Camellia sinensis L. (BPL-Cs), in pathological conditions. The results showed that BPL-Cs protected Caco-2 cells against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by improving cell viability, maintaining membrane integrity, increasing tight junctions (ZO-1 and Claudin-1), and eliciting the expressions of antioxidative-related genes (NQO1, Nrf2, Txnrd1, and GSTA1). Lipidomics analysis revealed that DSS suppressed the transport and uptake of most of BPL-Cs including glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, and glycosylsphingolipids. Pretreatment with BPL-Cs significantly regulated glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolisms, potentially involved in building permeability barriers and alleviating intestinal oxidative stress. Finally, eight classes of lipids were identified as the potential biomarkers for evaluating DSS-induced Caco-2 cell dysfunctions and BPL-intervened modulation. These findings shed light on the development of BPL as gastrointestinal protective food supplements in the future.

Simultaneous quantification of five biogenic amines based on LC-MS/MS and its application in honeybee venom from different subspecies.

The use of honeybee venom in traditional medicine is increasing due to its unexpected beneficial effects in the treatment of diseases. In this study, a simple and environmentally friendly sample preparation procedure was developed to quantify five biogenic amines-histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline-in honeybee venom using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The instrument and sample preparation method were optimized to achieve stable, sensitive, and accurate quantification of the five biogenic amines. The peak purities of five biogenic amines in bee venom were examined using a diode array detector to ensure that endogenous impurities will not interfere with biogenic amines during the chromatographic separation procedure. The correlation coefficient of each compound was higher than 0.998 in the range of 0.5-1000 ng/mL. The limits of detection and quantification of the developed method ranged between 0.09 and 0.17, and 0.3 and 0.59 µg/g, respectively. The average recoveries of spiked biogenic amines with different concentrations were higher than 70.95%, and the intra- and intermediate-day precisions were lower than 7.51% and 10.17%, respectively. The carry-over between each injection and the stability of the target analytes were also evaluated to ensure the effectiveness of this method. The data obtained are presented in various formats, including boxplot, heat map, and principal component analysis diagram, to visualize the differences in the biogenic amine contents of the honeybee venoms from different subspecies. This method hopes to provide the opportunity to distinguish the bee venom produced by different subspecies.

Protective effects of Bee pollen extract on the Caco-2 intestinal barrier dysfunctions induced by dextran sulfate sodium.

Bee pollen (BP) is a natural medicine from the hive with various potential health-promoting benefits, but until now there is no study to determine its protective roles in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to reveal the in vitro gastrointestinal protective effects of BP against IBD using molecular and metabolic methods. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) challenged Caco-2 cell monolayers were applied to mimic intestinal epithelial cell dysfunctions and metabolic disorders. The pretreatment with BP extract rich in polyphenols ameliorated DSS-induced cell viability losses. It also exerted protective effects against intestinal barrier impairment by strengthening epithelial integrity and tight junction losses induced by DSS. BP up-regulated anti-oxidant (NQO1, Txnrd1, Nrf2) and down-regulated inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6) mRNA expressions, in accompany with MAPK signaling inhibition. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS revealed that BP, and DSS treated Caco-2 cells have different metabolomic profiles, with significant changes on key metabolites involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism. Our results showed that BP has great therapeutic potential throughout the early stages of DSS-induced colitis.

Bee Pollen Extracts Modulate Serum Metabolism in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Mice with Anti-Inflammatory Effects.

Bee pollen (BP) collected from different floras possesses various potential bioactivities, but the mechanism-related research on anti-inflammatory effects is limited. Here, three types of BP originating from Camellia sinensis L. (BP-Cs), Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (BP-Nn), and Brassica campestris L. (BP-Bc) were assessed using molecular and metabolomics methods to determine their anti-inflammatory effects. The differences in polyphenolic abundance of three types of BP extracts were determined by HPLC-DAD/Q-TOF-MS. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of three BP extracts were evaluated in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells model. BP-Cs extract with the most abundant polyphenols was found to be the most effective in reducing inflammation by downregulating inflammatory-related genes expression and blocking the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Polyphenol-rich BP-Cs was further evaluated for their in vivo anti-inflammatory effect in a LPS-induced acute lung injury mouse model. An UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomics approach was applied to analyze metabolite changes in mouse serum. Weshowed that the pretreated BP-Cs extract alleviated inflammation and regulated glycerophospholipid metabolism significantly. Our findings provide a foundation for developing and justifying BP as a potential anti-inflammatory ingredient in functional foods or nutraceutical formulations.

Monofloral honey from a medical plant, Prunella Vulgaris, protected against dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbial populations in rats.

Honeys produced from medicinal plants hold great promise for human health. Herein, we determined the chemical composition and gastrointestinal protective effects of a novel monofloral honey from Prunella vulgaris (PVH). The physicochemical parameters (moisture, sugars, pH, protein content, diastase activity, and hydroxymethylfurfural) of the PVH samples met the criteria specified in European Union regulations and Chinese National Standards. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified and quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector and with time of flight tandem mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-DAD/Q-TOF-MS). Rosmarinic acid was found to be a potential marker for PVH identification. Using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis model, we demonstrated that the administration of PVH (5 g per kg b.w., p.o.) significantly decreased the disease activity index and mitigated colonic histopathological changes in rats. PVH also modulated the gut microbiota composition in the colitic rats, reversing the increase in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and restoring Lactobacillus spp. populations in DSS-challenged rats. The results of this study provide fundamental data on PVH, supporting its future application in the prevention of colitis.