Reviewing the cardiovascular and other health effects of olive oil: Limitations and future directions of current supplement formulations.

AIMS: We reviewed the literature to date for high-level evidence on the cardiovascular and other health effects of olive oil with a focus on the amount, frequency of use and type of olive oil consumed in prior studies. A total of twelve prospective cohort studies with sample sizes of at least 4000 individuals and one meta-analysis were identified. DATA SYNTHESIS: The majority of cohorts followed individuals aged ≥55 years old, free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline but at high risk, over periods of 4-10 years and with daily consumption amounts of 10-35 g/day. With the exception of the PREDIMED cohort that employed extra virgin olive oil, most remaining studies did not differentiate between different types of olive oil. Taken together, the data suggests an association between greater olive oil consumption and a lower CVD incidence/mortality and stroke risk. We use this information to evaluate the use of commercially available, capsule-based olive oil dietary supplements and suggest future directions. Notably, achieving minimum total daily doses described in the aforementioned studies would be challenging with current market formulations of olive oil supplements dosed at 1-1.25 g/capsule. CONCLUSIONS: Outside of mechanistic studies, little progress has been made in determining the olive oil component(s) underlying the observed health effects given the lack of compositional reporting and consistency across large scale human studies. We propose the use of supplements of varying composition, such as varying total phenolic content, in pragmatic trial designs focused on low-cost methodologies to address this question.

Dietary olive oil intake induces female-specific hepatic lipid accumulation without metabolic impairment in mice.

Olive oil is one of the most widely researched Mediterranean diet components in both experimental models and clinical studies. However, the relationship between dietary olive oil intake and liver function in a healthy state of the body remains unclear. Because men are at a greater risk of developing hepatic diseases than women, and because hepatic metabolism is regulated by sex hormones, we hypothesized that olive oil-induced changes in hepatic metabolism would differ by sex. To test our hypothesis, 12-week-old C57BL/6JJcl male and female mice were fed an olive oil diet for 4 weeks. Blood was collected and serum biochemical components were analyzed. Hepatic lipid accumulation was determined via histological analysis using Sudan III staining. Finally, transcript expression levels of hepatic metabolism-related genes were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We observed significant increased hepatic lipid droplet accumulation in olive oil-fed female mice. Serum biochemical and liver messenger RNA expression analyses revealed that the hepatic lipid accumulation was nonpathological and did not involve inflammation. Moreover, the expression of genes related to triacylglycerol and fatty acid synthesis (Dgat1, Dgat2, Agpat3, and Fasn) was significantly upregulated in the liver of olive oil-fed female mice compared with control female mice. Our study demonstrates female-specific hepatic lipid accumulation without liver impairment in a dietary olive oil-fed mouse model. These findings provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of sex-dependent hepatic lipid metabolism of dietary oils.

[Effectiveness and safety of two lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition in postsurgical critically ill patients: Clinoleic® versus SMOFlipid®]. / Eficacia y seguridad de dos emulsiones lipídicas de nutrición parenteral en pacientes críticos posquirúrgicos: Clinoleic® frente a SMOFlipid®.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: a lipid emulsion (LE) may result in different immunomodulatory effects depending on its fatty acid composition. LEs enriched with fish oil and those based on olive oil (OOBE) have shown advantages over those derived from soybean oil, although very few studies have compared these with each other, and none was performed in critically ill surgical patients. Objectives: to demonstrate non-inferiority for the therapeutic efficacy of SMOFlipid® (enriched with fish oil) versus Clinoleic® (OOBE) in relation to the occurrence of nosocomial infection and other evolutionary parameters. To demonstrate non-inferiority in the safety profile of SMOFlipid® versus Clinoleic® in terms of mortality and adverse events. Material and method: a phase-III, non-inferiority clinical trial performed in critically ill postsurgical patients. The subjects were randomized to receive SMOFlipid® or Clinoleic®. For comparison of qualitative variables case frequencies and percentages were obtained using the Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Means were compared between groups using Student's t-test. A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Farrington-Manning, Miettinen-Nurminen, and Gart-Nam tests were applied in the main non-inferiority analysis of the primary endpoint. Results: during de inclusion period 73 patients were selected, 37 of whom received Clinoleic® and 36 SMOFlipid®. Regarding the variable "decrease in nosocomial infections", SMOFlipid® proved to be non-inferior to Clinoleic®. Regarding the main variable "mortality", SMOFlipid® proved to be non-inferior to Clinoleic®. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of adverse effects either. Conclusions: in our study, SMOFlipid® proved to be non-inferior to Clinoleic® in terms of efficacy and safety.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: las emulsiones lipídicas (EL) pueden asociar distintos efectos inmunomoduladores dependiendo de su composición de ácidos grasos. Las EL enriquecidas con aceite de pescado y las basadas en aceite de oliva (EBAO) han mostrado ventajas frente a las derivados del aceite de soja, aunque son muy escasos los estudios que las comparan entre sí y no existe ninguno en pacientes críticos quirúrgicos. Objetivos: Demostrar la no inferioridad de la eficacia terapéutica de SMOFlipid® (enriquecida con aceite de pescado) frente a Clinoleic® (EBAO) en relación con la aparición de infecciones nosocomiales y otros parámetros evolutivos. Demostrar la no inferioridad de la seguridad de SMOFlipid® frente a Clinoleic® expresada como aparición de mortalidad y acontecimientos adversos. Material y método: ensayo clínico de fase III, de no inferioridad, realizado en pacientes críticos posquirúrgicos. Los sujetos se aleatorizaron para recibir SMOFlipid® o Clinoleic®. Para comparar variables cualitativas se obtuvieron la frecuencia y el porcentaje de casos, realizando la prueba del chi cuadrado o el test de Fisher. Las medias entre dos grupos se compararon empleando el test de la "t" de Student. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de p menor de 0,05. Para el análisis principal de no inferioridad de la variable principal se aplicaron los test de Farrington-Manning, Miettinen-Nurminen y Gart-Nam. Resultados: se incluyeron 73 pacientes, de los cuales 37 recibieron Clinoleic® y 36 SMOFlipid®. En la variable "disminución de infecciones nosocomiales", SMOFlipid® demostró no ser inferior a Clinoleic®. En la variable principal "mortalidad", SMOFlipid® demostró no ser inferior a Clinoleic®. Tampoco existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a la aparición de efectos adversos. Conclusiones: en nuestro estudio, SMOFlipid® demostró no ser inferior a Clinoleic® en términos de eficacia y seguridad.

Does the use of fish oil-based lipid emulsion in the clinical setting of total parenteral nutrition and lipid rescue therapy interfere with common laboratory analytes on Roche Cobas 6000?

BACKGROUND: Lipaemic interference on automated analysers has been widely studied using soy-based emulsion such as Intralipid. Due to the greater adoption of fish oil-based lipid emulsion for total parenteral nutrition in view of improved clinical outcomes, we seek to characterize the optical properties of SMOFlipid 20% (Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany), a fish oil-based emulsion, on the Roche Cobas 6000 chemistry analyser (Roche Diagnostic, Basel, Switzerland). METHOD: Various amounts of SMOFlipid were spiked into pooled serums. We plotted Roche Cobas Serum Index Gen.2 Lipaemia Index (L-index) against the amount of SMOFlipid added. We then studied the interference thresholds for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin and renal panel analytes using SMOFlipid. We subjected five levels of spiked lipaemia to high-speed centrifugation and analysed the specimens pre- and post-centrifugation. To postulate whether fish oil-based lipid emulsion interferes with laboratory results in the clinical setting, we calculated concentrations of SMOFlipid post-lipid rescue therapy and steady-state concentration of a typical total parenteral nutrition regime using pharmacokinetic principles. RESULTS: SMOFlipid optical behaviour is similar to Intralipid using the Serum Index Gen.2 L-index, with 1 mg/dL of SMOFlipid representing 1 unit of L-index. Manufacturer-stated interference thresholds are accurate for alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, urea and creatinine. High-speed centrifugation at 60 min 21,100g facilitates the removal of fish oil-based SMOFlipid. CONCLUSION: Based on the interference thresholds we verified and pharmacokinetics parameters provided by SMOFlipid manufacturer, total parenteral nutrition may not interfere with chemistry analytes given sufficient clearance, but lipid rescue therapy will interfere. Further studies assessing lipaemic interference on immunoassays are needed.

Anti-Inflammatory Local Effect of Hydroxytyrosol Combined with Pectin-Alginate and Olive Oil on Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Wistar Rats.

Purpose: Evaluate the efficacy of hydroxytyrosol in the local treatment of inflammatory colitis. Currently, the existing treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases does not cure the disease and it is associated with high rates of side effects and complications. Hydroxytyrosol is a phenyl-ethyl-alcohol derived from the hydrolysis of oleuropein and present in olive oil, previous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of dietary hydroxytyrosol supplement, with no toxicity. Materials & Methods: Colitis has been induced by using Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid at 40 rats. They were divided into four groups randomly: 10 rats without treatment; 10 rats with pectin/alginate mixture; 10 rats treated with pectin/alginate + olive oil; 10 rats treated with pectin/alginate + olive oil + hydroxytyrosol. Animals were sacrificed 10 days after induction of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, receiving 5 days of continuous treatment. Samples of the rectal area were studied and observed under a microscope to determine the damage by Hunter scoring modified, assessing inflammatory infiltration, number of intestinal walls involved, damage to the mucosal architecture, and edema. Results: When the rectum was analyzed in a global way, nonsignificant differences were observed; however, when performing an individualized analysis, statistically significant differences in the inflammatory infiltrate are present in the samples, which were evaluated using the ANOVA and Student-T statistics. Conclusions: Local treatment with the natural antioxidant hydroxytyrosol combined with pectin/alginate and olive oil of inflammatory bowel disease has been shown to be effective against inflammatory infiltration of TNBS-induced colitis.

Oxygenic metabolism in nutritional obesity induced by olive oil. The influence of vitamin C.

Obesity is a medical and sociological problem of great importance due to the high percentage of people affected and the important health consequences that it involves. Most cases of obesity are related to an inadequate diet, rich in fats, which could lead to changes in the patient's oxygenic metabolism. That is why this study has been proposed to evaluate how some aspects of oxygenic metabolism are affected in a nutritional experimental model, with a controlled hyperlipidic liquid diet based on olive oil, and the effect of the antioxidant vitamin C on these conditions. Wistar rats were divided into four groups which received a control and hyperlipidic liquid diet for 30 days, with or without a vitamin C supplement (CO, COC, HO and HOC). First of all the body and fat tissue development was measured in the four groups. Our results showed that the excessive intake of nutritional and healthy fat such as olive oil did not prevent the appearance of obesity and the supplementation with vitamin C did not have a protective effect on body and fat development. The study of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in total liver, liver cytosol, abdominal white fat, brown fat and blood cells showed that vitamin C could have different selectivities and affinities for different enzymes and compartments/tissues of the body. Finally, the effect of vitamin C on various metabolic parameters (glucose, pyruvate, lactate, LDH, ATP, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) provided positive protection against oxidative stress especially under hyperlipidic conditions. All things considered, the present study concludes that vitamin C treatment could protect Wistar rats from the oxidative stress impairment induced by obesity generated by an excessive intake of fats.

Saturated fatty acid attenuates anti-obesity effect of green tea.

Green tea and its major polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) have suppressive effect on dietary obesity. However, it remains unsolved what type of diet on which they exhibit high or low anti-obesity effect. In the present study, we investigated whether anti-obesity effect of green tea differs depending on composition of fats or fatty acids that consist high-fat (HF) diet in mouse model. Green tea extract (GTE) intake dramatically suppressed weight gain and fat accumulation induced by olive oil-based HF diet, whereas the effects on those induced by beef tallow-based HF diet were weak. GTE also effectively suppressed obesity induced by unsaturated fatty acid-enriched HF diet with the stronger effect compared with that induced by saturated fatty acid-enriched HF diet. These differences would be associated with the increasing action of GTE on expression of PPARδ signaling pathway-related genes in the white adipose tissue. Expressions of genes relating to EGCG signaling pathway that is critical for exhibition of physiological effects of EGCG were also associated with the different effects of GTE. Here, we show that anti-obesity effect of GTE differs depending on types of fats or fatty acids that consist HF diet and could be attenuated by saturated fatty acid.

Olive Oil and Soybean Oil Based Intravenous Lipid Emulsions, Liver Biochemistry and Clinical Outcomes.

Intravenous lipid emulsions are an essential component of parenteral nutrition (PN). Omega-6 reducing strategies may improve outcomes, including reduced PN associated liver disease, however evidence to support this recommendation is insufficient. The primary objective was to compare serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), among patients provided with either soybean oil (Intralipid) or predominantly olive oil (Clinoleic) lipid emulsions. In this quasi-experimental study, we reviewed the medical records of surgical and medical adult patients who received lipid emulsions for at least seven consecutive days. Among the 206 patients (110-Intralipid, 96-Clinoleic) there was no significant difference in ALP and remaining liver function tests within 2 weeks of PN therapy initiation between groups, even after control for lipid doses. Macronutrient dosing was similar. Triglyceride level was higher by 0.7 mmol/L in the Clinoleic group; confidence interval 0.21 to 1.1; p = 0.004. The 30-day mortality, length of hospital stay, and proportion of patients admitted to intensive care were not significantly different. The Clinoleic group had a higher infection rate (36% vs. 22%, p = 0.031) and longer intensive care stays (p = 0.045). Well-designed randomized clinical trials comparing these lipid emulsions are necessary to confirm Intralipid superiority over Clinoleic in relation to infections and serum triglycerides.

n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease.

BACKGROUND: Dry eye disease is a common chronic condition that is characterized by ocular discomfort and visual disturbances that decrease quality of life. Many clinicians recommend the use of supplements of n-3 fatty acids (often called omega-3 fatty acids) to relieve symptoms. METHODS: In a multicenter, double-blind clinical trial, we randomly assigned patients with moderate-to-severe dry eye disease to receive a daily oral dose of 3000 mg of fish-derived n-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (active supplement group) or an olive oil placebo (placebo group). The primary outcome was the mean change from baseline in the score on the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI; scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity), which was based on the mean of scores obtained at 6 and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included mean changes per eye in the conjunctival staining score (ranging from 0 to 6) and the corneal staining score (ranging from 0 to 15), with higher scores indicating more severe damage to the ocular surface, as well as mean changes in the tear break-up time (seconds between a blink and gaps in the tear film) and the result on Schirmer's test (length of wetting of paper strips placed on the lower eyelid), with lower values indicating more severe signs. RESULTS: A total of 349 patients were assigned to the active supplement group and 186 to the placebo group; the primary analysis included 329 and 170 patients, respectively. The mean change in the OSDI score was not significantly different between the active supplement group and the placebo group (-13.9 points and -12.5 points, respectively; mean difference in change after imputation of missing data, -1.9 points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -5.0 to 1.1; P=0.21). This result was consistent across prespecified subgroups. There were no significant differences between the active supplement group and the placebo group in mean changes from baseline in the conjunctival staining score (mean difference in change, 0.0 points; 95% CI, -0.2 to 0.1), corneal staining score (0.1 point; 95% CI, -0.2 to 0.4), tear break-up time (0.2 seconds; 95% CI, -0.1 to 0.5), and result on Schirmer's test (0.0 mm; 95% CI, -0.8 to 0.9). At 12 months, the rate of adherence to treatment in the active supplement group was 85.2%, according to the level of n-3 fatty acids in red cells. Rates of adverse events were similar in the two trial groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with dry eye disease, those who were randomly assigned to receive supplements containing 3000 mg of n-3 fatty acids for 12 months did not have significantly better outcomes than those who were assigned to receive placebo. (Funded by the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health; DREAM ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02128763 .).

Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women.

INTRODUCTION: High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), an established risk factor for coronary heart disease. However, there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results. We aimed to compare changes in blood lipid profile, weight, fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats, extra virgin coconut oil, butter or extra virgin olive oil, in healthy men and women in the general population. DESIGN: Randomised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017. SETTING: General community in Cambridgeshire, UK. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites. Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50-75 years, with no known history of cancer, cardiovascular disease or diabetes, not on lipid lowering medication, no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be randomised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks. Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility, 96 were randomised to one of three interventions; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment. Their mean age was 60 years, 67% were women and 98% were European Caucasian. Of these, 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomised to extra virgin coconut oil, extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks, which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC and HDL-C), TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C; change in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, per cent body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein. RESULTS: LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil (+0.42, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L, P<0.0001) and with olive oil (+0.38, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L, P<0.0001), with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil (-0.04, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L, P=0.74). Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter (+0.18, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L) or olive oil (+0.16, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L). Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight, BMI, central adiposity, fasting blood glucose, systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Two different dietary fats (butter and coconut oil) which are predominantly saturated fats, appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil, a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles, metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids, processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns. These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03105947; Results.

Supplementary choline attenuates olive oil lipid emulsion-induced enterocyte apoptosis through suppression of CELF1/AIF pathway.

Enterocyte apoptosis induced by lipid emulsions is a key cause of intestinal atrophy under total parenteral nutrition (TPN) support, and our previous work demonstrated that olive oil lipid emulsion (OOLE) could induce enterocyte apoptosis via CUGBP, Elav-like family member 1 (CELF1)/ apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) pathway. As TPN-associated complications are partially related to choline deficiency, we aimed to address whether choline supplementation could attenuate OOLE-induced enterocyte apoptosis. Herein we present evidence that supplementary choline exhibits protective effect against OOLE-induced enterocyte apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. In a rat model of TPN, substantial reduction in apoptotic rate along with decreased expression of CELF1 was observed when supplementary choline was added to OOLE. In cultured Caco-2 cells, supplementary choline attenuated OOLE-induced apoptosis and mitochondria dysfunction by suppressing CELF1/AIF pathway. Compared to OOLE alone, the expression of CELF1 and AIF was significantly decreased by supplementary choline, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was evidently increased. No obvious alterations were observed in Bax expression and caspase-3 activation. Mechanistically, supplementary choline repressed the expression of CELF1 by increasing the recruitment of CELF1 mRNA to processing bodies, thus resulting in suppression of its protein translation. Taken together, our data suggest that supplementary choline exhibits effective protection against OOLE-induced enterocyte apoptosis, and thus, it has the potential to be used for the prevention and treatment of TPN-induced intestinal atrophy.

Good Fats versus Bad Fats: A Comparison of Fatty Acids in the Promotion of Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Obesity.

Recently, debate has erupted in both the scientific community and throughout the lay public around whether a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet is better for weight loss. In other words, is it better to cut fat or cut carbohydrate for weight loss. However, going beyond this debate (fat versus carbohydrate), are questions around whether certain fatty acids are worse for promoting insulin resistance, inflammation, and obesity. The overall evidence in the literature suggests that medium-chain saturated fats (such as lauric acid, found in coconut oil) and monounsaturated fat (oleic acid, found in olive oil) are less likely to promote insulin resistance, inflammation, and fat storage compared to long-chain saturated fatty acids (such as stearic acid found in large quantities in butter, but particularly palmitic acid found in palm oil) especially when consumed on top of a diet moderate in refined carbohydrates. Compared to long-chain saturated fats, lauric acid and oleic acid have an increased fatty acid oxidation rate, are more likely to be burned for energy and less likely to be stored in adipose tissue, and thus promote increased energy expenditure. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as linoleic acid, as found in vegetable oils may contribute to obesity, whereas omega-3 PUFA may be protective. Importantly, both olive oil as part of a Mediterranean diet, and omega-3 from fish and fish oil have been proven to reduce risk of cardiovascular (CV) events.

Efficacy of phytosterols and fish-oil supplemented high-oleic-sunflower oil rich diets in hypercholesterolemic growing rats.

Phytosterols (P) and fish-oil (F) efficacy on high-oleic-sunflower oil (HOSO) diets were assessed in hypercholesterolemic growing rats. Controls (C) received a standard diet for 8 weeks; experimental rats were fed an atherogenic diet (AT) for 3 weeks, thereafter were divided into four groups fed for 5 weeks a monounsaturated fatty acid diet (MUFA) containing either: extra virgin olive oil (OO), HOSO or HOSO supplemented with P or F. The diets did not alter body weight or growth. HOSO-P and HOSO-F rats showed reduced total cholesterol (T-chol), non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-chol) and triglycerides and increased HDL-chol levels, comparably to the OO rats. Total body fat (%) was similar among all rats; but HOSO-F showed the lowest intestinal, epididymal and perirenal fat. However, bone mineral content and density, and bone yield stress and modulus of elasticity were unchanged. Growing hypercholesterolemic rats fed HOSO with P or F improved serum lipids and fat distribution, but did not influence material bone quality.

Comparison of Formulas Based on Lipid Emulsions of Olive Oil, Soybean Oil, or Several Oils for Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Many studies have reported that olive oil-based lipid emulsion (LE) formulas of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF) may be a viable alternative for parenteral nutrition. However, some randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have raised concerns regarding the nutritional benefits and safety of SMOFs. We searched principally the MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from inception to March 2014 for the relevant literature and conducted a meta-analysis of 15 selected RCTs that 1) compared either olive oil- or SMOF-based LEs with soybean oil-based LEs and 2) reported plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol, oleic acid, and ω-6 (n-6) and ω-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and liver concentrations of total bilirubin and the enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase. The meta-analysis suggested that SMOF-based LEs were associated with higher plasma concentrations of plasma α-tocopherol, oleic acid, and the ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid. Olive oil- and SMOF-based LEs correlated with lower plasma concentrations of long-chain ω-6 PUFAs and were similar to soybean oil-based LEs with regard to their effects on liver function indicators. In summary, olive oil- and SMOF-based LEs have nutritional advantages over soybean oil-based LEs and are similarly safe. However, their performance in clinical settings requires further investigation.

Olive Oil, Sunflower Oil or no Oil for Baby Dry Skin or Massage: A Pilot, Assessor-blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial (the Oil in Baby SkincaRE [OBSeRvE] Study).

Topical oils on baby skin may contribute to development of childhood atopic eczema. A pilot, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial assessed feasibility of a definitive trial investigating their impact in neonates. One-hundred and fifteen healthy, full-term neonates were randomly assigned to olive oil, sunflower oil or no oil, twice daily for 4 weeks, stratified by family history of atopic eczema. We measured spectral profile of lipid lamellae, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration and pH and recorded clinical observations, at baseline, and 4 weeks post-birth. Recruitment was challenging (recruitment 11.1%; retention 80%), protocol adherence reasonable (79-100%). Both oil groups had significantly improved hydration but significantly less improvement in lipid lamellae structure compared to the no oil group. There were no significant differences in TEWL, pH or erythema/skin scores. The study was not powered for clinical significance, but until further research is conducted, caution should be exercised when recommending oils for neonatal skin.

Safety and efficacy of an olive oil-based triple-chamber bag for parenteral nutrition: a prospective, randomized, multi-center clinical trial in China.

BACKGROUND: Small studies suggest differences in efficacy and safety exist between olive oil-based (OLIVE) and soybean oil-based (SOYBEAN) parenteral nutrition regimens in hospitalized adult patients. This large, prospective, randomized (1:1), open-label, multi-center, noninferiority study compared the delivery, efficacy, and safety of OLIVE (N = 226) with SOYBEAN (N = 232) in Chinese adults (≥18 years) admitted to a surgical service for whom parenteral nutrition was required. METHODS: Treatments were administered for a minimum of 5 days up to 14 days (to achieve approximately 25 kcal/kg/day, 0.9 g/kg/day amino acids, 0.8 g/kg/day lipid). Impact of treatment on anabolic/catabolic and serum inflammatory, chemistry, and hematological markers, safety, and ease of use were assessed. The primary efficacy variable was serum prealbumin level at Day 5. RESULTS: OLIVE (n = 219) was not inferior to SOYBEAN (n = 224) based on the prealbumin least square geometric mean [LSGM] ratio [95% CI] 1.12 [1.06, 1.19]; P = 0.002), improved the anabolic/catabolic status of patients enrolled in the study, and was well tolerated compared with SOYBEAN. Improved anabolic status was supported by significantly higher levels of prealbumin at Day 5, albumin at Day 5 and IGF-1 at Day 14 in the OLIVE group, while catabolism was similar between groups. C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, procalcitonin, and oxidation were similar in each group, but infections were significantly lower with OLIVE (3.6% versus 10.4%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: OLIVE provided effective nutrition, was well tolerated, was associated with fewer infections, and conferred greater ease-of-use than SOYBEAN. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NTC 01579097.

Rapid effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on growth and development parameters and transcription of key fatty acid metabolism genes in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer).

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), a catadromous teleost of significant and growing commercial importance, are reported to have limited fatty acid bioconversion capability and therefore require preformed long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) as dietary essential fatty acid (EFA). In this study, the response of juvenile barramundi (47·0 g/fish initial weight) fed isolipidic and isoenergetic diets with 8·2% added oil was tested. The experimental test diets were either devoid of fish oil (FO), and thus with no n-3 LC-PUFA (FO FREE diet), or with a low inclusion of FO (FO LOW diet). These were compared against a control diet containing only FO (FO CTRL diet) as the added lipid source, over an 8-week period. Interim samples and measurements were taken fortnightly during the trial in order to define the aetiology of the onset and progression of EFA deficiency. After 2 weeks, the fish fed the FO FREE and FO LOW diets had significantly lower live-weights, and after 8 weeks significant differences were detected for all performance parameters. The fish fed the FO FREE diet also had a significantly higher incidence of external abnormalities. The transcription of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism was affected after 2 weeks of feeding, showing a rapid nutritional regulation. This experiment documents the aetiology of the onset and the progression of EFA deficiency in juvenile barramundi and demonstrates that such deficiencies can be detected within 2 weeks in juvenile fish.

Migrated phthalate levels into edible oils.

The determination of phthalates in edible oils (virgin olive oil, olive oil, canola oil, hazelnut oil, sunflower oil, corn oil) sold in Turkish markets was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mean phthalate concentrations were between 0.102 and 3.863 mg L(-1) in virgin olive oil; 0.172 and 6.486 mg L(-1) in olive oil; 0.501 and 3.651 mg L(-1) in hazelnut oil; 0.457 and 3.415 mg L(-1) in canola oil; 2.227 and 6.673 mg L(-1) in sunflower oil; and 1.585 and 6.248 mg L(-1) in corn oil. Furthermore, the influence of the types of oil and container to the phthalate migration was investigated. The highest phthalate levels were measured in sunflower oil. The lowest phthalate levels were determined in virgin olive oil and hazelnut oil. The highest phthalate levels were determined in oil samples contained in polyethylene terephthalate.