RESUMO
<b>Background and Objective:</b> The negative effects of preservatives, such as sodium benzoate, have received increasing global attention. The objective of the study was to investigate the potential protective effects of nano-selenium (nano-Se) on thyroid functions, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine responses of albino rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Thirty-five male rats were divided into five groups, 7 rats in each: GI: A control group, GII: Corn oil, GIII: Nano-selenium, GIV: Sodium benzoate, GV: Selenium nanoparticles followed with sodium benzoate. At the end of study, sera were separated from all rats for estimation of MDA, GSH, GSH-PX, glucose, interleukin-1ß, TSH, T3, FT3, T4 and FT4. All data were statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). <b>Results:</b> Sodium benzoate treatment showed opposite effects as it decreased levels of T3, FT3, F4, FT4, GSH and GSH-PX. On the contrary, it increased serum levels of TSH, MDA, NO, glucose and IL-1β when compared to the control group. Whereas, nano-selenium promoted a significant increase in levels of thyroid hormones T3, T4 and FT4, upgrading GSH and GSH-PX. While it reduced TSH, MDA, NO, glucose and IL-1β levels when compared to the sodium benzoate group. <b>Conclusion:</b> Nano-selenium treatment as a protector showed the ability to reduce lipid peroxidation and restore glutathione peroxidase activity, thus, selenium complex at nano-level can reduce oxidative stress and damage of thyroid hormones caused by sodium benzoate administration.
Assuntos
Selênio , Ratos , Masculino , Animais , Selênio/farmacologia , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Estudos Prospectivos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Hormônios Tireóideos/farmacologia , Tireotropina/farmacologia , GlucoseRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in feeds on digesta pH, urinary pH, and growth performance for nursery pigs. A total of 432 pigs (6.9â ±â 0.9 kg BW) were assigned to eight treatments (6 pigs per pen, replicationâ =â 9) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight (BW) as a block and fed for 41 d in three phases (7/17/17 d, respectively). Treatments were 1) a basal diet (NC), 2) NCâ +â 0.25% bacitracin methylene disalicylate (antibiotic; bacitracin: 250 g/t feed; PC), 3) NCâ +â 0.25% benzoic acid, 4) NCâ +â 0.35% benzoic acid, 5) NCâ +â 0.50% benzoic acid, 6) NCâ +â 0.30% sodium benzoate, 7) NCâ +â 0.40% sodium benzoate, and 8) NCâ +â 0.60% sodium benzoate. Growth performance and fecal scores were measured for each phase. One gilt representing the median BW of each pen was euthanized to collect digesta from the stomach, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, and cecum, and urine. The PC tended to improve average daily gain (ADG) in phase 1 (Pâ =â 0.052) and phase 2 (Pâ =â 0.093) as well as average daily feed intake (ADFI) in phase 2 (Pâ =â 0.052). Overall, increasing supplemental benzoic acid tended to have a quadratic effect on ADG (Pâ =â 0.094), but no difference in ADFI was observed. Increasing supplemental sodium benzoate showed a quadratic effect (Pâ <â 0.05) on ADG and linearly increased (Pâ <â 0.05) ADFI. Urinary pH linearly decreased (Pâ <â 0.05) with increasing supplemental benzoic acid, but was not affected by supplemental sodium benzoate. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid or sodium benzoate linearly increased (Pâ <â 0.05) benzoic acid content in digesta of the stomach. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid or sodium benzoate also linearly increased (Pâ <â 0.05) urinary hippuric acid. However, the PC did not decrease urinary pH or increase urinary benzoic acid and hippuric acid. With slope-ratio assay using ADG and urinary hippuric acid as dependent variables and benzoic acid intake as an independent variable, the relative bioavailability of benzoic acid compared to sodium benzoate was not different. In conclusion, supplementation of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate could improve the growth performance of nursery pigs. The relative bioavailability of sodium benzoate to benzoic acid of nursery pigs did not differ based on BW gain and urinary hippuric acid.
Newly weaned pigs are exposed to various challenges during the postweaning period, resulting in retarded growth performance. Dietary antibiotics have been used to reduce the negative impacts of weaning stress. However, use of antibiotics in feeds has been phased out in response to concerns associated with microbial resistance. In this study, dietary benzoic acid was supplemented to promote growth performance and increase urinary hippuric acid of nursery pigs. The sodium benzoate may show similar effects with benzoic acid on growth performance and urinary hippuric acid, as sodium benzoate can be highly converted to benzoic acid via the action of gastric acid in stomach. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of increasing benzoic acid and sodium benzoate supplementation on growth performance and acidification of digesta and urine, and to investigate the comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate supplemented in diets for nursery pigs. Dietary benzoic acid and sodium benzoate improved body weight gain and increased urinary hippuric acid of nursery pigs. Both sodium benzoate and benzoic acid had similar effects when fed to nursery pigs for their body weight gain and metabolism. Benzoic acid, however, had a stronger effect acidifying urine compared with sodium benzoate.
Assuntos
Bacitracina , Ácido Benzoico , Suínos , Animais , Feminino , Ácido Benzoico/farmacologia , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Dieta/veterinária , Sus scrofa , Sódio , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
Sodium benzoate (SB) is a commonly-used food preservative, with a controversial report to its neurological benefit and toxicity. Zinc (Zn) is a trace element that plays a crucial role in memory, inflammation and oxidative stress. This study was to investigate the effect of SB on rat cognition and memory and the possible modulatory effect of Zn supplement. Twenty four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six animals each. Animals in groups 1-4 were treated with normal saline 1 ml/kg, SB 200 mg/kg, zinc sulphate 10 ml/kg and SB 200 mg/kg + zinc sulphate 10 ml/kg/day daily respectively for three weeks. After treatment, the animals were subjected to different behavioural tests, and then sacrificed. Their blood samples were collected for catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and interleukin-1B(IL-1B) assay. Brain samples were also collected for nuclear factor-erythroid-related factor 2(Nrf2), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) mRNA gene expression. The serum levels of CAT and SOD were (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001) reduced in the SB only-treated group compared to the other groups. Nrf2 gene expression was totally shut down in the SB only-treated group but, up-regulated in the Zn-treated groups (p < 0.0001). The serum level of IL-1B was higher in the SB only-treated group compared to the other groups. SB-treated group spent longer time in the close arm (p = <0.0001), shorter time in the open arm (p = <0.0001) and had higher anxiety index (p = 0.0045) than the Zn-treated groups. Conclusively, Zinc improves memory deficit, has anxiolytic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Assuntos
Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2 , Síndromes Neurotóxicas , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Sulfato de Zinco , Memória de Curto Prazo , Regulação para Cima , Estresse Oxidativo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Zinco/farmacologia , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
This study evaluated preservatives to stabilize sodium chloride (NaCl)-free-cucumber fermentations. The brining of air-purged laboratory cucumber fermentations with 100.0 mM calcium chloride (CaCl2 ) and 25.0 mM acetic acid resulted in immediate rises in pH, the chemical reduction of the medium, and malodors. Supplementation with 3.0 mM sodium benzoate or 3.0 mM potassium sorbate enabled a decline in pH, a continuous oxidative state of the medium, and delayed rising pH spoilage. However, lactic and acetic acids eventually disappeared in fermentations supplemented with preservatives. The amount of preservatives needed to suppress growth of brined-cucumber-spoilage microbes was determined in Fermented Cucumber Juice Medium (FCJM). Supplementation of FCJM with 10.0 mM sodium benzoate was inhibitory for the spoilage yeasts, Issatchenkia occidentalis and Pichia manshurica, and the lactobacilli, Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lentilactobacillus parafarraginis, but not of Zygosaccharomyces globiformis. Potassium sorbate inhibited the spoilage yeasts at 15.0 mM in FCJM but not the lactobacilli. Supplementation of FCJM with 20.0 mM fumaric acid had a bactericidal effect on the spoilage-associated lactobacilli. As expected, NaCl-free-commercial cucumber fermentations brined with 100 mM CaCl2 , no acetic acid, and 6 mM potassium sorbate resulted in complete fermentations, but supported rising pH, microbially induced spoilage during long-term storage. Post-fermentation supplementation with 12 mM sodium benzoate, 10 mM fumaric acid, a combination of the two, or 10 mM fumaric acid and 2 mM AITC prevented microbial activity during long-term bulk storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Several preservative-based strategies for stabilizing NaCl-free cucumber fermentation in a commercial production setting were developed, enabling the implementation of a processing technology that reduces wastewater volumes and environmental impact.
Assuntos
Cucumis sativus , Fermentação , Cloreto de Sódio/análise , Cloreto de Cálcio/análise , Ácido Sórbico/farmacologia , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Leveduras , Ácido Acético , Sódio , Microbiologia de AlimentosRESUMO
Sodium benzoate (SB) as an additive in various food products prevents the growth of microbes. Although SB is considered safe, many studies have reported adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dandelion extract on cell damage and hematological and biochemical disorders induced by SB in male albino rats. Different doses of SB (200 and 600 mg/kg) and ethanolic dandelion root extract (D) (40 mg/kg) were used in a 2-week treatment of rats. Rat mortality and a higher frequency of behavioral alterations such as apathy, anxiety, and aggression have been reported at a higher dose of SB. Changes in urine pH, proteinuria, nitrituria, and bilirubinemia caused by SB were regulated by adding dandelion extract. Analysis of specific serum and urine parameters, as well as microscopic analysis of hepatocytes, showed liver and kidney failure. Anemia associated with hemolytic disorder due to erythrocyte impaired the presence of acanthocytes, and decreased values of erythrocyte blood count, hemoglobin concentration, average red blood cell size, hemoglobin amount per red blood cell, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were caused by SB treatment. As a dietary supplement, dandelion extract can be useful in the prevention of SB-induced liver and kidney injury, and also a remedy against induced anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperproteinemia, hyperglycemia, and reduction of inflammatory responses.
Assuntos
Anemia , Benzoato de Sódio , Masculino , Ratos , Anemia/induzido quimicamente , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/metabolismo , Membrana Celular , Fígado/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Benzoato de Sódio/metabolismo , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , AnimaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sodium benzoate (SB) is a widely used food preservative. However, excessive intake of a high dose of SB poses a risk of neurotoxicity. Ascorbic acid (AA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in fruits with reported neuroprotective properties. The present study investigated the neurobehavioral and biochemical alterations in SB-treated rats and the ameliorative effect of AA in rats. METHODS: Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 7). Group 1 (vehicle, 10 ml/kg), Groups 2-4 rats SB (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg), Group 5 AA (100 mg/kg) and Group 6 (SB 600 mg/kg + AA 100 mg/kg). Treatment was daily administered for 28 days by oral route. Anxiogenic behavior, locomotor, and exploratory activities were evaluated in the open field monitored with a camera, and memory performance in Y-maze. Brain oxidative stress, inflammatory, apoptosis, and cholinergic markers were determined. The cortico-hippocampal tissues were examined histologically. RESULTS: SB-treated rats showed significant anxiogenic-like behavior and impairment in locomotor, exploratory, and memory performance. This was reversed in SB (600 mg/kg)-treated rats coadministered with AA. SB-treated rats showed a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities, increase malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, caspase-3, and acetylcholinesterase activity in the striatum, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum. These biochemical changes were reversed in AA-treated rats. Reduced cortico-hippocampal neuronal cell count and the pyknotic index were found in SB-treated rats, which was also reversed in AA-treated rats. CONCLUSION: Conclusively, sodium-benzoate-induced neurobehavioral deficits and brain biochemical changes were ameliorated by ascorbic acid probably via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic mechanisms.
Assuntos
Ácido Ascórbico , Encefalite , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologiaRESUMO
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of mutant huntingtin protein and significant loss of neurons in striatum and cortex. Along with motor difficulties, the HD patients also manifest anxiety and loss of cognition. Unfortunately, the clinically approved drugs only offer symptomatic relief and are not free from side effects. This study underlines the importance of glyceryl tribenzoate (GTB), an FDA-approved food flavoring ingredient, in alleviating HD pathology in transgenic N171-82Q mouse model. Oral administration of GTB significantly reduced mutant huntingtin level in striatum, motor cortex as well as hippocampus and increased the integrity of viable neurons. Furthermore, we found the presence of sodium benzoate (NaB), a FDA-approved drug for urea cycle disorders and glycine encephalopathy, in the brain of GTB-fed HD mice. Accordingly, NaB administration also markedly decreased huntingtin level in striatum and cortex. Glial activation is found to coincide with neuronal death in affected regions of HD brains. Interestingly, both GTB and NaB treatment suppressed activation of glial cells and inflammation in the brain. Finally, neuroprotective effect of GTB and NaB resulted in improved motor performance of HD mice. Collectively, these results suggest that GTB and NaB may be repurposed for HD.
Assuntos
Benzoatos/administração & dosagem , Aromatizantes/farmacologia , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacologia , Proteína Huntingtina/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença de Huntington/metabolismo , Córtex Motor/efeitos dos fármacos , Neostriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Benzoatos/farmacologia , Ácido Benzoico/farmacologia , Análise da Marcha , Força da Mão , Humanos , Proteína Huntingtina/genética , Proteína Huntingtina/metabolismo , Doença de Huntington/genética , Doença de Huntington/fisiopatologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Córtex Motor/metabolismo , Neostriado/metabolismo , Teste de Campo Aberto , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , Benzoato de Sódio/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of ethanolic extract from Morus alba L. leaves (MLEE) in preserving chilled pork under retail conditions. The four treatments were 5 mg/mL sodium benzoate solution (SB), 1 mg/mL MLEE solution (high-concentration MLEE; HM), 0.5 mg/mL MLEE solution (low-concentration MLEE; LM), and 0 mg/mL MLEE solution (C). The quality characteristics, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, metmyoglobin, total volatile basic nitrogen, and number of microbes of MLEE-treated chilled pork stored at 4 °C for 9 days were consistent with those obtained by the SB treatment and lower than those obtained by the C treatment. Sensory analyses showed that treatment of pork with MLEE did not have a negative impact on its sensory characteristics. MLEE can extend the shelf life of chilled pork from 3 days to 6 days (9 days) in first-class (second-class) fresh meat. Results suggest that MLEE could be a candidate resource in the preservation of chilled pork.
Assuntos
Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacologia , Morus/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Carne de Porco/análise , Animais , Humanos , Metamioglobina/análise , Odorantes , Folhas de Planta/química , Carne de Porco/microbiologia , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Suínos , Paladar , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análiseRESUMO
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has potent neurotrophic effects and is known to promote the dopaminergic (DA) neuronal survival in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term ectopic GDNF delivery is associated with long lasting adverse side effects in PD patients. Therefore, finding safer and effective ways to elevate endogenous GDNF levels is an active area of research. This study underlines the importance of sodium benzoate (NaB), a metabolite of commonly-used spice cinnamon, a food-additive and an FDA-approved drug against hyperammonemia, in stimulating GDNF in primary mouse and human astrocytes. Presence of cAMP response element (CRE) in the Gdnf gene promoter, recruitment of CREB to the Gdnf promoter by NaB and abrogation of NaB-mediated GDNF expression by siRNA knockdown of CREB suggest that NaB induces the transcription of Gdnf via CREB. Finally, oral administration of NaB and cinnamon itself increased the level of GDNF in vivo in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of normal as well as MPTP-intoxicated mice. Accordingly, cinnamon and NaB treatment protected tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the SNpc and fibers in the striatum, normalized striatal neurotransmitters, and improved locomotor activities in MPTP-intoxicated Gfapcre mice, but not GdnfΔastro mice lacking GDNF in astrocytes. These findings highlight the importance of astroglial GDNF in cinnamon- and NaB-mediated protection of the nigrostriatum in MPTP mouse model of PD and suggest possible therapeutic potential of cinnamon and NaB in PD patients. Graphical abstract Cinnamon metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB) activates cAMP-response element-binding (CREB) via protein kinase A (PKA) in astrocytes. Activated CREB then binds to cAMP-response element (CRE) present in GDNF gene promoter to stimulate the transcription of GDNF in astrocytes. This astrocytic GDNF leads to nigral trophism and protects dopaminergic neurons from MPTP insult.
Assuntos
Antiparkinsonianos/uso terapêutico , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Cinnamomum zeylanicum/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/fisiologia , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/tratamento farmacológico , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Substância Negra/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antiparkinsonianos/farmacologia , Biotransformação , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Comportamento Exploratório , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/biossíntese , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/genética , Humanos , Intoxicação por MPTP/tratamento farmacológico , Intoxicação por MPTP/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/patologia , Parte Compacta da Substância Negra/efeitos dos fármacos , Parte Compacta da Substância Negra/metabolismo , Parte Compacta da Substância Negra/patologia , Casca de Planta , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , Substância Negra/metabolismo , Substância Negra/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
It has been reported that some of the food additives may cause sensitization, inflammation of tissues, and potentially risk factors in the development of several chronic diseases. Thus, we hypothesized that expressions of common inflammatory molecules - known to be involved in the development of various inflammatory conditions and cancers - are affected by these food additives. We investigated the effects of commonly used food preservatives and artificial food colorants based on the expressions of NFκB, GADD45α, and MAPK8 (JNK1) from the tissues of liver. RNA was isolated based on Trizol protocol and the activation levels were compared between the treated and the control groups. Tartrazine alone could elicit effects on the expressions of NFκB (p = 0.013) and MAPK8 (p = 0.022). Azorubine also resulted in apoptosis according to MAPK8 expression (p = 0.009). Preservatives were anti-apoptotic in high dose. Sodium benzoate (from low to high doses) dose-dependently silenced MAPK8 expression (p = 0.004 to p = 0.002). Addition of the two preservatives together elicited significantly greater expression of MAPK8 at half-fold dose (p = 0.002) and at fivefold dose (p = 0.008). This study suggests that some of the food preservatives and colorants can contribute to the activation of inflammatory pathways.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Aditivos Alimentares/farmacologia , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Quinase 8 Ativada por Mitógeno/genética , NF-kappa B/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Feminino , Corantes de Alimentos/farmacologia , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Proteína Quinase 8 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Naftalenossulfonatos/farmacologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Ácido Sórbico/farmacologia , Tartrazina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Edible active coatings (EACs) based on pectin, pullulan, and chitosan incorporated with sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate were employed to improve the quality and shelf life of strawberries. Fruits were washed, disinfected, coated by dipping, packed, and stored at 4 °C for 15 d. Application of EACs reduced (P < 0.05) weight loss and fruit softening and delayed alteration of color (redness) and total soluble solids content. In contrast, pH and titratable acidity were not affected (P > 0.05) throughout storage, and ascorbic acid content was maintained in pectin-EAC coated strawberries. Microbiological analyses showed that application of EACs reduced (P < 0.05) microbial growth (total aerobic counts, molds, and yeasts) on strawberries. Chitosan-EAC coated strawberries presented the best results in microbial growth assays. Sensory quality (color, flavor, texture, and acceptance) improved and decay rate decreased (P < 0.05) in pectin-EAC, pullulan-EAC, and chitosan-EAC coated strawberries. In conclusion, EACs based on polysaccharides improved the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics, increasing the shelf life of strawberries from 6 (control) to 15 d (coated fruits).
Assuntos
Quitosana/química , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Fragaria/química , Frutas , Glucanos/química , Pectinas/química , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/química , Fenômenos Químicos , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/química , Cor , Contaminação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Conservantes de Alimentos/química , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Benzoato de Sódio/química , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Ácido Sórbico/química , Ácido Sórbico/farmacologia , PaladarRESUMO
In this study, cranberry and lingonberry concentrates were added to commercial sugar-reduced fruit spreads (raspberry-Aloe vera, strawberry-guava, and strawberry-lime), and tested for their antifungal activities. Selected strains of the species Absidia glauca, Penicillium brevicompactum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, as well as xerophilic environmental isolates of the genera Penicillium and Eurotium were used for challenge testing. Initially, varying concentrations of synthetic antifungal agents, such as sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate were tested against these fungi on wort agar containing 31% fructose at different pH values. Subsequently, the experiments were conducted in fruit spreads containing different concentrations of cranberry and lingonberry concentrates. The results of this study demonstrate that these concentrates were able to inhibit growth of visible colonies of xerophilic and non-xerophilic fungi. Cranberry and lingonberry concentrates are interesting candidates for natural preservation against fungal growth in sugar reduced fruit spreads.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vaccinium macrocarpon/metabolismo , Vaccinium vitis-Idaea/metabolismo , Absidia/efeitos dos fármacos , Aloe/microbiologia , Carboidratos/análise , Citrus aurantiifolia/microbiologia , Fragaria/microbiologia , Frutas/química , Frutas/microbiologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Parabenos/farmacologia , Penicillium/efeitos dos fármacos , Psidium/microbiologia , Rubus/microbiologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Ácido Sórbico/farmacologia , Estados Unidos , Zygosaccharomyces/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Streptococcus mutans is an important bacterial species implicated in dental caries. This laboratory study compared the antimicrobial activity of a number of fluoride containing and herbal dentifrices and their components against S. mutans. METHODS: An agar diffusion method was used with Mueller-Hinton agar. Wells were filled with either 10 commercial fluoride or 6 herbal dentifrices, or with solutions of various fluoride compounds, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium benzoate, chlorhexidine digluconate or triclosan. Diameters of zones of bacterial growth inhibition surrounding the wells were measured using a micrometer. RESULTS: Significant differences were found for growth inhibition between the 10 fluoridated dentifrices (p < 0.0001), with Colgate Total having the greatest effect. There was not a direct correlation with fluoride type or fluoride concentration. The antibacterial activities of the 6 herbal toothpastes varied, with Herbal Fresh being the strongest. Sodium lauryl sulphate showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. mutans at the levels used in dentifrices. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial activity of commercial dentifrices against S. mutans may be exerted by components other than fluoride. Ingredients such as triclosan and sodium lauryl sulphate have larger antimicrobial effects than fluorides in this model.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Fluoretos/farmacologia , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cremes Dentais/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Clorexidina/análogos & derivados , Clorexidina/farmacologia , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Humanos , Teste de Materiais , Fosfatos/farmacologia , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/farmacologia , Fluoreto de Sódio/farmacologia , Tensoativos/farmacologia , Fluoretos de Estanho/farmacologia , Triclosan/farmacologiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: This study evaluated the use of sodium benzoate (SB) and licorice root extract (LRE) as heat-sensitizing additives against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in mildly heated young coconut liquid endosperm. Consumer acceptance scoring showed that maximum permissible supplementation (MPS) levels for SB and LRE were at 300 and 250 ppm, respectively. The MPS values were considered in the generation of a 2-factor rotatable central composite design for the tested SB and LRE concentration combinations. Liquid endosperm with various SB and LRE supplementation combinations was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and heated to 55°C. The susceptibility of the cells towards heating was expressed in terms of the decimal reduction time (D55 ). Response surface analysis showed that only the individual linear effect of benzoate significantly influenced D55 value, where increasing supplementation level resulted in increasing susceptibility. The results reported could serve as baseline information in further investigating other additives that could be used as heat-sensitizing agents against pathogens in heat-labile food systems. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Fruit juice products have been linked to outbreaks of microbial infection, where unpasteurized products were proven vectors of diseases. Processors often opt not to apply heat process to juice products as the preservation technique often compromises the sensorial quality. This work evaluated two common additives for their heat-sensitizing effects against E. coli O157:H7 in coconut liquid endosperm, the results of which may serve as baseline information to small- and medium-scale processors, and researchers in the establishment of mild heat process schedule for the test commodity and other similar products.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bebidas/microbiologia , Cocos/química , Endosperma/química , Escherichia coli O157/efeitos dos fármacos , Glycyrrhiza/química , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cocos/microbiologia , Endosperma/microbiologia , Escherichia coli O157/fisiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Temperatura Alta , Viabilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study underlines the importance of cinnamon, a widely-used food spice and flavoring material, and its metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB), a widely-used food preservative and a FDA-approved drug against urea cycle disorders in humans, in increasing the levels of neurotrophic factors [e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)] in the CNS. NaB, but not sodium formate (NaFO), dose-dependently induced the expression of BDNF and NT-3 in primary human neurons and astrocytes. Interestingly, oral administration of ground cinnamon increased the level of NaB in serum and brain and upregulated the levels of these neurotrophic factors in vivo in mouse CNS. Accordingly, oral feeding of NaB, but not NaFO, also increased the level of these neurotrophic factors in vivo in the CNS of mice. NaB induced the activation of protein kinase A (PKA), but not protein kinase C (PKC), and H-89, an inhibitor of PKA, abrogated NaB-induced increase in neurotrophic factors. Furthermore, activation of cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein, but not NF-κB, by NaB, abrogation of NaB-induced expression of neurotrophic factors by siRNA knockdown of CREB and the recruitment of CREB and CREB-binding protein to the BDNF promoter by NaB suggest that NaB exerts its neurotrophic effect through the activation of CREB. Accordingly, cinnamon feeding also increased the activity of PKA and the level of phospho-CREB in vivo in the CNS. These results highlight a novel neutrophic property of cinnamon and its metabolite NaB via PKA - CREB pathway, which may be of benefit for various neurodegenerative disorders.
Assuntos
Cinnamomum zeylanicum/metabolismo , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/biossíntese , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Benzoato de Sódio/uso terapêutico , Regulação para Cima/fisiologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feto , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Pseudomonas nitroreducens TSB.MJ10 exhibiting growth and bioemulsifier production with 0.5% sodium benzoate as the sole carbon source was isolated from a mangrove ecosystem in the vicinity of a petroleum pump. The bioemulsifier is a lipopeptide that is stable over a pH range of 5-11 and a temperature range of 20-90°C and showed emulsifying activity in the presence of relatively high NaCl concentrations (up to 25%). The bioemulsifier formed stable emulsions with aliphatic (hexadecane, n-heptane, cyclohexane), aromatic (xylene, benzene, toluene) and petroleum (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, crude oil) compounds. It exhibited a maximum emulsification activity with weathered crude oil (97%) and was capable of transforming the rheological behavior of the pseudoplastic to a Newtonian fluid. The results reveal the potential of the bioemulsifier for use in bioremediation of hydrocarbons in marine environments and in enhanced oil recovery.
Assuntos
Avicennia/microbiologia , Ecossistema , Emulsificantes/isolamento & purificação , Lipopeptídeos/biossíntese , Lipopeptídeos/isolamento & purificação , Pseudomonas/isolamento & purificação , Pseudomonas/metabolismo , Carbono/farmacologia , Hidrocarbonetos/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Petróleo , Pseudomonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reologia/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Cloreto de Sódio/farmacologia , TemperaturaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of sodium-benzoate (NaB) with those of benzoic acid (BAc) on growth performance of piglets as well as nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and mineral balance, urinary pH, and the urinary excretion of BAc and hippuric acid (HAc). The study was conducted with 120 weaning piglets (6.5 kg body weight), divided in four groups (15 replicates of two piglets each), which received (1) a basal diet (Control), or the basal diet supplemented with (2) 4 g NaB per kg (Group 4NaB), (3) 3.5 g BAc per kg (Group 3.5BAc) or (4) 5 g BAc per kg (Group 5BAc). Performance data were monitored over a 42-day period. Urine and faeces were collected from day 28-33 in metabolic cages with five piglets per treatment. Piglets of Groups 3.5BAc and 5BAc had similarly a considerably improved average daily gain and feed intake (p < 0.05). Performance of Group 4NaB was not significantly different from the other groups. Compared to the Control, the nitrogen retention was only improved in Group 5BAc (p < 0.05); the other groups showed intermediate values. In the supplemented groups, most of the BAc was excreted as HAc in urine, but only Groups 3.5BAc and 5BAc had reduced urinary pH (p < 0.05). Daily intake and faecal and urinary excretion of P and Ca were not affected by the treatment. The molar excess of Na in Group 4NaB was reflected by higher renal excretion of Na compared to the other groups (p < 0.05).
Assuntos
Ácido Benzoico/farmacologia , Hipuratos/metabolismo , Minerais/metabolismo , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Suínos/fisiologia , Ração Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fezes/química , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
In this study, antimicrobial properties and toxicity of extracts from Cirsium spp.: Cirsium arvense, C. oleraceum, C. palustre, C. rivulare and C. vulgare in combination with sodium picolinate (PS) or sodium benzoate (BS), were investigated. Three micro-organisms were used: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts was found at 1.56-50.0 mg mL(-1). Unlike the case of BS, adding PS to extracts from flowers of C. palustre and C. arvense enhanced their antimicrobial effect on S. aureus (MIC from 6.25-12.5 mg mL(-1) to 1.25-5.0 mg mL(-1)). An MTT test was used to study toxicity effects. The extracts from C. palustre or C. arvense mixed with PS had a concentration-dependent, slightly cytotoxic or stimulating effect on the viability of normal human skin fibroblasts. The total phenolic content (TPC) of samples varied from 44 to 178 mg gallic acid equivalent per 1 g of extract. The highest TPC was observed in C. palustre (l) and C. oleraceum (f). Our results did not show any correlation between antimicrobial activities and TPC. Cirsium palustre (f) and C. arvense (f) extracts were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). About 30 compounds were found to be present in extracts from two Cirsium species in amounts of not less than 0.2% of TIC.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cirsium/química , Quelantes de Ferro/farmacologia , Ácidos Picolínicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/análise , Cirsium/toxicidade , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Flores/química , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Plantas Medicinais/toxicidade , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologiaRESUMO
Refrigerated sweet potato puree is a convenient form of sweet potato that can be used as an ingredient in formulated foods. The microbiology of refrigerated sweet potato puree during storage for up to 5 weeks was evaluated. Because the puree was made by comminuting steam-cooked sweet potatoes before refrigeration, no naturally occurring vegetative bacterial cells were detected during a 4-week period of refrigerated storage at 4 degrees C. However, if postprocessing microbial contamination of the puree were to occur, contaminating microorganisms such as Listeria monocytogenes could grow during refrigerated storage. The effects of acidification or the addition of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate on a population of L. monocytogenes inoculated into refrigerated (4 degrees C) sweet potato puree were determined. Inoculation of the refrigerated puree with L. monocytogenes at 10(6) CFU/ml resulted in a 3-log increase after 3 weeks storage of nonsupplemented puree. Supplementation of the sweet potato puree with 0.06% (wt/vol) sorbic acid or benzoic acid plus mild acidification of the sweet potato puree with citric acid to pH 4.2 prevented growth of L. monocytogenes during storage at 4 degrees C.
Assuntos
Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacologia , Ipomoea batatas/microbiologia , Listeria monocytogenes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Refrigeração , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Listeria monocytogenes/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzoato de Sódio/farmacologia , Ácido Sórbico/farmacologia , Temperatura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
(1). We investigated the effects of inhibiting D: -amino-acid oxidase (DAO) activity on nociceptive responses through the use of mutant ddY/DAO(-) mice, which lack DAO activity, and through the application of a selective inhibitor of DAO, sodium benzoate, in the tail flick test, hot-plate test, formalin test, and acetic acid-induced writhing test. (2). Compared with normal ddY/DAO+ mice, ddY/DAO(- )mice showed significantly prolonged tail withdrawal latency in the tail flick test and licking/jumping latency in the hot-plate test, as well as significantly reduced duration of licking/biting in the late phase of the formalin test and the number of abdominal writhing in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. (3). In addition, we investigated the effects of sodium benzoate in Kunming mice having normal DAO activity. (4). Intravenous administration of sodium benzoate (400 mg/kg) significantly inhibited pain responses of the late phase of the formalin test and abdominal writhing responses in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, with no effects on the early phase flinch responses in the formalin test, nociceptive responses in the tail flick test, or hot-plate test. (5). These results suggest that DAO acts as a pro-nociceptive factor in pain, particularly chronic pain, transmission and modulation, and may be a target for pain treatment.