Dietary supplementation with nicotinamide riboside improves fetal growth under hypoglycemia.

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is considered a super-supplement that prevents obesity and diabetes. While NR has been investigated for various effects depending on nutritional conditions, metabolic research on women and pregnant women has rarely been discussed. In this study, we focused on the glycemic control of NR in females and found the protective role of NR in pregnant animals under hypoglycemic conditions. Metabolic-tolerance tests were performed in vivo under progesterone (P4) exposure after ovariectomy (OVX). NR enhanced resistance to energy deprivation and showed a slight increase in gluconeogenesis in naïve control mice. However, NR reduced hyperglycemia and significantly induced gluconeogenesis in OVX mice. While NR reduced hyperglycemia in the P4-treated OVX mice, it reduced insulin response and substantially increased gluconeogenesis. Similar to animal experiments, NR increased gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial respiration in Hep3B cells. The gluconeogenic function of NR is mediated by tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle enrichment, as residual pyruvate could induce gluconeogenesis. NR recovered fetal growth by increasing blood glucose levels when hypoglycemia was induced by diet-restriction during pregnancy. Our study revealed the glucose-metabolic function of NR in hypoglycemic pregnant animals, suggesting NR as a dietary supplement to improve fetal growth. Because diabetic women suffer from hypoglycemia due to insulin therapy, NR has therapeutic potential for use as a glycemic control pill.

Moderate Hyperglycemia-Preventive Effect and Mechanism of Action of Periplaneta americana Oligosaccharides in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Periplaneta americana is a kind of medicinal and edible insect, and its oligosaccharides (PAOS) have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects by regulating immunity, reducing oxidative stress, and meliorating gut microbiota. We hypothesized PAOS might benefit experimental diabetes mellitus (DM), an inflammatory disease coordinated by both innate and adaptive immunity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PAOS on glycemia and its potential mechanisms. Mice model of diabetes was established, and then the potential effects of PAOS was tested in vivo. Here, we found that PAOS triggered a moderate hyperglycemia-preventive effect on DM mice, showing markedly alleviated symptoms of DM, reduced blood glucose, and meliorated functions of liver and pancreas ß cell. Deciphering the underlying mechanism of PAOS-improving diabetes, the results revealed that PAOS downregulated the blood glucose level by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Keap/Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, meanwhile inhibiting TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB, Beclin1/LC3, and NLRP3/caspase1 pathways in vivo. Furthermore, analyses of the microbial community intriguingly exhibited that PAOS promoted the communities of bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), whereas attenuating lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-producing ones that favored inflammatory tolerance. Collectively, balancing the intestinal bacterial communities by PAOS, which favored anabolism but suppressed inflammatory responses, contributed substantially to the glycemia improvement of PAOS in DM mice. Accordingly, PAOS might function as complementary and alternative medicine for DM.

Personalising activity to target peak hyperglycaemia and improve cardiometabolic health in people with type 2 diabetes: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of physical activity for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are well-known. However, whether established glycaemic and cardiovascular benefits can be maximised by exercising at a certain time of day is unknown. Given postprandial glucose peaks contribute to worsening glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and cardiovascular risk factors, and that exercise immediately lowers blood glucose, prescribing exercise at a specific time of day to attenuate peak hyperglycaemia may improve glycaemic control and reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in people with T2D. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A single-centre randomised controlled trial will be conducted by the University of Wollongong, Australia. Individuals with T2D (n=70, aged 40-75 years, body mass index (BMI): 27-40 kg/m2) will be recruited and randomly allocated (1:1), stratified for sex and insulin, to one of three groups: (1) exercise at time of peak hyperglycaemia (ExPeak, personalised), (2) exercise not at time of peak hyperglycaemia (NonPeak) or (3) waitlist control (WLC, standard care). The trial will be 5 months, comprising an 8-week intervention and 3-month follow-up. Primary outcome is the change in HbA1c preintervention to postintervention. Secondary outcomes include vascular function (endothelial function and arterial stiffness), metabolic control (blood lipids and inflammation) and body composition (anthropometrics and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)). Tertiary outcomes will examine adherence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The joint UOW and ISLHD Ethics Committee approved protocol (2019/ETH09856) prospectively registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Written informed consent will be obtained from all eligible individuals prior to commencement of the trial. Study results will be published as peer-reviewed articles, presented at national/international conferences and media reports. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12619001049167.

The impact of a novel Chinese yam-derived polysaccharide on blood glucose control in HFD and STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice.

Chinese yam, as a kind of traditional "medicine and food homologous food" in Asia, could assistance to digestion, nourish the lungs and relieve cough. Some research also suggested that Chinese yam could prevention of hyperglycemia, but the specific mechanism of action was not clear. In this paper, an acidic polysaccharide (CYPB) was isolated from Chinese yam with the molecular weight of 1.55 × 102 kDa. The determination of the monosaccharide composition of CYPB with ion chromatography showed that CYPB was composed of rhamnose, glucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and glucuronic acid with the ratio of 6 : 3.73 : 7.31 : 10.95 : 4.56 : 1. The structural analysis indicated that the CYPB contain 1 → 3, 1 → 4, 1 → 2, 1 → 6 and 1 → 3, 6 glycoside bonds. The experimental results of diabetic mice model induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozocin (STZ) indicated that CYPB could improve clinical symptoms and alleviate the glucose tolerance damage symptoms effectively. The underlying mechanism of regulate blood glucose of CYPB may be related to improve the ability of synthesize glycogen, insulin resistance and reduce gluconeogenesis by regulating the expression of InsR, PI3K, Akt and FoxO3, GLUT4 proteins in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in T2DM mice.

Evaluating the effects of Juglans regia L. extract on hyperglycaemia and insulin sensitivity in experimental type 2 diabetes in rat.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Juglans regia (JR) extract on hyperglycaemia and insulin sensitivity. METHODS: Forty rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (C), Diabetes Control (DC), Diabetes + Juglans regia (D + JR) and Diabetes + Metformin (D + M). RESULTS: In the D + JR group, Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels decreased from day 14 onwards. There was a significant decrease in plasma levels of Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5 (FNDC5) and adiponectin (ADP) in the DC group compared to the C group (p < .01, p < .001 respectively). In the D + JR group, there was a significant increase in plasma FNDC5 and ADP (p < .05), while the plasma Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were decreased compared to the DC group (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the present study found that JR and its bioactive components alleviated insulin resistance by increasing ADP and FNDC5 and decreasing FBG in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ) + nicotinamide (NAD)-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D).HighlightsJuglans regia extract increased insulin sensitivity.Juglans regia extract significantly reduced the level of fasting blood glucose.Juglans regia extract reduced TNF-α levels in rats with type 2 diabetes.Juglans regia extract prevent weight loss in type 2 diabetes.

Nutritional therapy in critically ill patients with diabetes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There has been a significant increase in nutrition therapy related studies within the critical care cohort in recent years. Management of patients with both diabetes and stress hyperglycaemia through targeted nutrition interventions is no exception. The aim of this review is to outline current available diabetes specific nutrition formula, its impact on gastric emptying and subsequently glycaemic control as well as explore recent literature on the efficacy of utilizing nutrition support to optimize glycaemic control in critically ill patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies explored within this review were similar in terms of outcomes measures, focusing primarily on insulin use and glycaemic control. Although there were promising results in terms of the impact of diabetes-specific nutrition formula on these outcome measures, there were no significant associations with clinical outcomes. SUMMARY: The use of diabetes-specific formulae in critically ill patients with pre-existing diabetes and stress hyperglycaemia can be considered a logical approach to minimize the risks associated with high doses of insulin. Additional research is required to address the effects of these formulae on the dysglycaemia, nursing workload, safety of glycaemic control and cost-effectiveness.

Total Sesquiterpene Glycosides from Loquat Leaves Ameliorate HFD-Induced Insulin Resistance by Modulating IRS-1/GLUT4, TRPV1, and SIRT6/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways.

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), a subtropical fruit tree native to Asia, is not only known to be nutritive but also beneficial for the treatment of diabetes in the south of China. To expand its development, this study was undertaken concerning the potential therapeutic role of total sesquiterpene glycosides (TSGs) from loquat leaves in insulin resistance (IR), the major causative factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed on high-fat diet (HFD) to induce IR and then were given TSG by oral administration at 25 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively. TSG notably improved metabolic parameters including body weight, serum glucose, and insulin levels and prevented hepatic injury. Moreover, inflammatory response and oxidative stress were found to be remarkably alleviated in IR mice with TSG supplement. Further research in liver of IR mice demonstrated that TSG repaired the signalings of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/glucose transporter member 4 (GLUT4) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which improved glucose and lipid metabolism and prevented lipid accumulation in liver. It was also observed that TSG suppressed the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), whereas the signaling pathway of sirtuin-6 (SIRT6)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was significantly promoted. Based on the results, the current study demonstrated that TSG from loquat leaves potentially ameliorated IR in vivo by enhancing IRS-1/GLUT4 signaling and AMPK activation and modulating TRPV1 and SIRT6/Nrf2 signaling pathways.

Functional Profiling and Future Research Direction of Rice Bran Oil in Bangladesh.

Rice bran oil (RBO) has been demonstrated to affect complex malfunctioned conditions such as oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammation, abnormal cell growth (cancer), ulceration, immune and cognitive modulation. This unique effect of RBO is due to the presence of well-balanced fatty acid composition and several bioactive compounds, γ- oryzanol (cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesterol ferulate, and ß-sitosteryl ferulate), vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol), phytosterols (ß-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol) and other nutrients. The RBO composition of bioactive compounds varied geographically, thus the clear-cut mechanisms of action on complex disease cascades are still required. This review article summarized the RBO compositional profiling and compared it with other edible oils. This article also summarized Bangladesh RBO profiling and their proposed mechanism of action as well as the first line of defense in the prevention, management, and control of complex disease conditions. This review indicates how Bangladesh RBO increase their opportunity to be functional food for 21st century's ailment.

Beneficial impacts of fermented celery (Apium graveolens L.) juice on obesity prevention and gut microbiota modulation in high-fat diet fed mice.

Metabolic syndrome caused obesity has long been recognized as a risk of health. Celery and celery extracts have various medicinal properties, such as anti-diabetes and anti-inflammatory properties and blood glucose and serum lipid reduction. However, the effect of probiotic fermentation on celery juice and the association between fermented celery juice (FCJ) and obesity were unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of FCJ on high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity and related metabolic syndromes. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 15 per group) fed either a normal diet (ND) or HFD with or without CJ/FCJ (10 g kg-1 day-1) by oral gavage for 12 weeks. Here we demonstrated that the probiotic fermentation of celery juice (CJ) could enhance the active ingredients in celery, such as total polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin C and SOD. Compared to the slight improvement induced by CJ ingestion, FCJ intake significantly inhibited body weight gain, prevented dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, and suppressed visceral fat accumulation. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that FCJ intake altered the composition of gut microbiota, increasing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Faecalibaculum and Blautia), and decreasing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria (Alloprevotella and Helicobacter). These findings suggest that FCJ can prevent HFD-induced obesity and become a novel gut microbiota modulator to prevent HFD-induced gut dysbiosis and obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Lecithin Inclusion by α-Cyclodextrin Activates SREBP2 Signaling in the Gut and Ameliorates Postprandial Hyperglycemia.

BACKGROUND: α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) is one of the dietary fibers that may have a beneficial effect on cholesterol and/or glucose metabolism, but its efficacy and mode of action remain unclear. METHODS: In the present study, we examined the anti-hyperglycemic effect of α-CD after oral loading of glucose and liquid meal in mice. RESULTS: Administration of 2 g/kg α-CD suppressed hyperglycemia after glucose loading, which was associated with increased glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and enhanced hepatic glucose sequestration. By contrast, 1 g/kg α-CD similarly suppressed hyperglycemia, but without increasing secretions of GLP-1 and insulin. Furthermore, oral α-CD administration disrupts lipid micelle formation through its inclusion of lecithin in the gut luminal fluid. Importantly, prior inclusion of α-CD with lecithin in vitro nullified the anti-hyperglycemic effect of α-CD in vivo, which was associated with increased intestinal mRNA expressions of SREBP2-target genes (Ldlr, Hmgcr, Pcsk9, and Srebp2). CONCLUSIONS: α-CD elicits its anti-hyperglycemic effect after glucose loading by inducing lecithin inclusion in the gut lumen and activating SREBP2, which is known to induce cholecystokinin secretion to suppress hepatic glucose production via a gut/brain/liver axis.

Whey protein preload enhances the active GLP-1 response and reduces circulating glucose in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increases risk for development of type 2 diabetes. Whey protein ingestion before a carbohydrate load attenuates blood glucose. For our exploratory, case-control study design, we hypothesized that 35 g whey protein isolate (WPI) preloading would increase postprandial incretins and reduce hyperglycemia in women with PCOS. Twenty-nine age-matched women (PCO = 14 and CON = 15) completed oral glycemic tolerance tests (OGTT) following baseline (Day 0) as well as 35 g WPI acute (Day 1) and short-term supplementation (Day 7). Eight venous samples were collected during each test for quantification of glucose, and enteropancreatic hormones and to calculate area under the curve (AUC). Data was analyzed via repeated measures ANCOVA with significance set at P< .05. "Day x time x group" significantly influenced glucose (P = .01) and insulin changes (P = .03). In both groups, AUCglu were significantly lower on Day 7 than Day 0 (P< .05). Postprandial glucose excursions were lower on Days 1 and 7 than Day 0 in PCO and CON. Both, PCO and CON exhibited greater insulin changes on Days 1 and 7 compared to Day 0 (P< .05). AUCglucagon were higher on Days 1 and 7 than on Day 0 (P< .05). Changes in active GLP-1 were higher on Day 1 than Day 0 (P= .03). Overall, we showed that WPI preloading augmented insulin release and consequently lowered circulating glucose in women with and without PCOS. This insulinogenic effect can be attributed to enhanced active GLP-1 levels. We concluded that the incretin-mimetic effect of WPI may aid women with PCOS in achieving glycemic homeostasis.

Effects of Totum-63 on glucose homeostasis and postprandial glycemia: a translational study.

Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rising and may affect 700 million people by 2045. Totum-63 is a polyphenol-rich natural composition developed to reduce the risk of T2D. We first investigated the effects of Totum-63 supplementation in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice for up to 16 wk and thereafter assessed its safety and efficacy (2.5 g or 5 g per day) in 14 overweight men [mean age 51.5 yr, body mass index (BMI) 27.6 kg·m-2] for 4 wk. In HFD-fed mice, Totum-63 reduced body weight and fat mass gain, whereas lean mass was unchanged. Moreover, fecal energy excretion was higher in Totum-63-supplemented mice, suggesting a reduction of calorie absorption in the digestive tract. In the gut, metagenomic analyses of fecal microbiota revealed a partial restoration of HFD-induced microbial imbalance, as shown by principal coordinate analysis of microbiota composition. HFD-induced increase in HOMA-IR score was delayed in supplemented mice, and insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test was significantly reduced, suggesting that Totum-63 may prevent HFD-related impairments in glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, these improvements could be linked to restored insulin signaling in subcutaneous adipose tissue and soleus muscle. In the liver, HFD-induced steatosis was reduced by 40% (as shown by triglyceride content). In the subsequent study in men, Totum-63 (5 g·day-1) improved glucose and insulin responses to a high-carbohydrate breakfast test (84% kcal carbohydrates). It was well tolerated, with no clinically significant adverse events reported. Collectively, these data suggest that Totum-63 could improve glucose homeostasis in both HFD-fed mice and overweight individuals, presumably through a multitargeted action on different metabolic organs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Totum-63 is a novel polyphenol-rich natural composition developed to reduce the risk of T2D. Totum-63 showed beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed mice, presumably through a multitargeted action on different metabolic organs. Totum-63 was well tolerated in humans and improved postprandial glucose and insulin responses to a high-carbohydrate breakfast test.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Proprieties of LC-MS/MS Identified Polyphenols from Coriander Seeds.

Coriandrum sativum L. seeds are traditionally used to treat diabetes and its complications (inflammation and formation of reactive oxygen species) around the world. The present study investigates the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of the polyphenol fraction of Coriandrum sativum seeds (PCS). Diabetic mice were orally administered with PCS (25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days. Oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) was also evaluated along with the anti-inflammatory effect, assessed by measuring paw edema development induced with carrageenan in Wistar rat and the antioxidant activity assessed using two tests (ß-carotene discoloration and DPPH). Treatment of diabetic mice with PCS for four weeks managed their high fasting blood glucose levels, improved their overall health, also revealed an excellent antihyperlipidemic activity. The OGTT result showed a potent antihyperglycemic activity, and following the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, the PCS exhibited a perfect activity. LC-MS/MS result revealed the presence of 9 polyphenols. This modest work indicates that the PCS have an important antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effect that can be well established treatment of diabetes and its complications.

Probiotics supplementation improves hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update of meta-analysis.

Background: Although many studies have shown that consumption of probiotics is relevant to diabetes, the effects of probiotics improves clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes have yielded conflicting results. The aim of this meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of probiotics supplementation on glycemic, blood lipids, pressure and inflammatory control in type 2 diabetes.Methods: PubMed, Web of science, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant studies from February 2015 up to Janurary 2020, with no language restrictions. The pooled results were calculated with the use of a random-effects model to assess the impact of supplemental probiotics on glycemic, blood lipids, pressure and inflammatory control in type 2 diabetes. Additionally, subgroup analysis was conducted based on patients age, body mass index (BMI), country and duration of the probiotics supplement, respectively.Results: 13 studies were included in this meta-analysis, involving a total of 818 participants in 8 countries. Overall, compared with control groups, the subjects who received multiple species of probiotics had a statistically significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α [standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.89 mg/Dl, 95% CI: -1.66, -0.12 mg/dL; SMD: -0.43, 95% CI: -0.63, -0.23; SMD: -0.19 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.01 mg/dL; SMD: -0.23 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.40, -0.05 mg/dL; SMD: -5.61 mmHg, 95% CI: -9.78, -1.45 mmHg; SMD: -3.41 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.12, -0.69 mmHg; and SMD: 6.92 pg/ml, 95% CI: 5.95, 7.89 pg/ml, respectively]. However, the subjects who received single-species of probiotic or probiotic with co-supplements in food only changed FBS, HOMA-IR, DBP and TG levels. Moreover, subgroup analyses revealed that the effects of probiotics supplementation on FBS, HMOA-IR, SBP and DBP are significantly influenced by patients age, body mass index (BMI), country and duration of the probiotics supplement.Conclusion: Our analysis revealed that glycemic, lipids, blood pressure and inflammation indicators are significantly improved by probiotic supplementation, particularly the subjects who ages ≤ 55, baseline BMI< 30 kg/m2, duration of intervention more than 8 weeks, and received multiple species probiotic.

Aqueous extract of Solanum macrocarpon Linn leaves abates hyperglycaemia and expression of glucose transporters gene in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

PURPOSE: In this study, antihyperglycaemic and level of gene expression of glucose transporters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats administered aqueous extract of S. macrocarpon leaves were assessed. METHOD AND RESULTS: Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (I.P) injection of freshly prepared alloxan. The animals were divided into six groups, euthanized on the fourteenth day of the experiment and different hyperglycaemic parameters were evaluated. Administration of different doses of the plant extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fasting blood glucose level, glycated haemoglobin, serum lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation, and glucose-6-phosphatase. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in liver glycogen content, antioxidant enzyme activities, hexokinase activity, and expression of glucose transporter genes (GLUT-2 and GLUT-4) in diabetic rats administered different doses of S. macrocarpon. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of S. macrocarpon leaves could be helpful in the management of diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications.

14-Day Ketone Supplementation Lowers Glucose and Improves Vascular Function in Obesity: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

CONTEXT: Postprandial hyperglycemia increases systemic inflammation and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A ketone monoester (KME) drink containing ß-hydroxybutyrate (ß-OHB) rapidly lowers plasma glucose, which may be a strategy protecting against postprandial hyperglycemia. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that KME would attenuate 2-hour postprandial glucose, lower systemic inflammation, and improve vascular function in adults with obesity. METHODS: In a randomized crossover design, 14 participants with obesity (age = 56 ±â€…12 years; body mass index = 32.8 ±â€…7.7 kg/m2) consumed KME (12 g ß-OHB) or placebo 15 minutes prior to each meal for 14 days with all meals provided and matched between conditions. Postprandial glycemia was assessed by continuous glucose monitoring. Vascular function and inflammation were assessed before and after treatment periods. RESULTS: Postprandial glucose was 8.0% lower in KME versus placebo (g = 0.735; P = 0.011) and 24-hour average glucose reduced by 7.8% (g = 0.686; P = 0.0001). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation increased from 6.2  ±â€… 1.5% to 8.9 ±â€…3.3% in KME (g = 1.05; P = 0.0004) with no changes in placebo (condition × time interaction, P = 0.004). There were no changes in plasma cytokines; however, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocyte caspase-1 activation was lower following KME supplementation versus placebo (stimulation × condition × time interaction; P = 0.004). The KME supplement was well tolerated by participants and adherence to the supplementation regimen was very high. CONCLUSIONS: In adults with obesity, 14 days of premeal KME supplementation improves glucose control, enhances vascular function, and may reduce cellular inflammation. KME supplementation may be a viable, nonpharmacological approach to improving and protecting vascular health in people with heightened cardiometabolic risk.

Dose-Dependent Suppression of Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Improvement of Blood Glucose Parameters by Salacia chinensis Extract: Two Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Studies.

The number of diabetes mellitus and borderline diabetes cases is increasing and poses a serious problem worldwide. Plants of the genus Salacia are known to have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and to lower postprandial hyperglycemia. Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Salacia chinensis extract. Study 1 was a single-dose crossover study of 150, 300, or 600 mg of Salacia extract or placebo to determine the dose dependency of the effect on postprandial hyperglycemia. The duration of the washout period between each experimental day was a minimum of 6 days. Study 2 was a 12-week, multiple-dose, parallel-group study to evaluate the effects of 600 mg/day of Salacia extract on blood glucose parameters. In Study 1, Salacia induced significant dose-dependent suppression of postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and their incremental area under the curve values. The dose of 600 mg appeared to have the most significant effect. In Study 2, Salacia significantly improved several blood glucose-related parameters, such as hemoglobin A1c, and glucose tolerance after glucose challenge. These results suggest that S. chinensis extract may have beneficial effects in patients with diabetes.

Therapeutic effects of açaí seed extract on hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-induced obesity in male mice: a comparative effect with rosuvastatin.

OBJECTIVES: Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the açai seed (ASE), rich in proanthocyanidins, has been shown a potential body weight regulator with antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of ASE in obesity-associated NAFLD and compare it with Rosuvastatin. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice received a high-fat diet or standard diet for 12 weeks. The treatments with ASE (300 mg/kg per day) or rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg per day) began in the eighth week until the 12th week. KEY FINDINGS: Our data show that the treatments with ASE and rosuvastatin reduced body weight and hyperglycaemia, improved lipid profile and attenuated hepatic steatosis in HFD mice. ASE and Rosuvastatin reduced HMGCoA-Reductase and SREBP-1C and increased ABGC8 and pAMPK expressions in the liver. Additionally, ASE, but not Rosuvastatin, reduced NPC1L1 and increased ABCG5 and PPAR-α expressions. ASE and rosuvastatin increased SIRT-1 expression and antioxidant defence, although only ASE was able to decrease the oxidative damage in hepatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic effect of ASE was similar to that of rosuvastatin in reducing dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis but was better in reducing oxidative damage and hyperglycaemia.

The Effect of Isoleucine Supplementation on Body Weight Gain and Blood Glucose Response in Lean and Obese Mice.

Chronic isoleucine supplementation prevents diet-induced weight gain in rodents. Acute-isoleucine administration improves glucose tolerance in rodents and reduces postprandial glucose levels in humans. However, the effect of chronic-isoleucine supplementation on body weight and glucose tolerance in obesity is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of chronic isoleucine on body weight gain and glucose tolerance in lean and high-fat-diet (HFD) induced-obese mice. Male C57BL/6-mice, fed a standard-laboratory-diet (SLD) or HFD for 12 weeks, were randomly allocated to: (1) Control: Drinking water; (2) Acute: Drinking water with a gavage of isoleucine (300 mg/kg) prior to the oral-glucose-tolerance-test (OGTT) or gastric-emptying-breath-test (GEBT); (3) Chronic: Drinking water with 1.5% isoleucine, for a further six weeks. At 16 weeks, an OGTT and GEBT was performed and at 17 weeks metabolic monitoring. In SLD- and HFD-mice, there was no difference in body weight, fat mass, and plasma lipid profiles between isoleucine treatment groups. Acute-isoleucine did not improve glucose tolerance in SLD- or HFD-mice. Chronic-isoleucine impaired glucose tolerance in SLD-mice. There was no difference in gastric emptying between any groups. Chronic-isoleucine did not alter energy intake, energy expenditure, or respiratory quotient in SLD- or HFD-mice. In conclusion, chronic isoleucine supplementation may not be an effective treatment for obesity or glucose intolerance.

Select Polyphenol-Rich Berry Consumption to Defer or Deter Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Complications.

Berries are considered "promising functional fruits" due to their distinct and ubiquitous therapeutic contents of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavanols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, hydroxycinnamic, ellagic acid derivatives, and organic acids. These polyphenols are part of berries and the human diet, and evidence suggests that their intake is associated with a reduced risk or the reversal of metabolic pathophysiologies related to diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertension. This work reviewed and summarized both clinical and non-clinical findings that the consumption of berries, berry extracts, purified compounds, juices, jams, jellies, and other berry byproducts aided in the prevention and or otherwise management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related complications. The integration of berries and berries-derived byproducts into high-carbohydrate (HCD) and high-fat (HFD) diets, also reversed/reduced the HCD/HFD-induced alterations in glucose metabolism-related pathways, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid oxidation in healthy/obese/diabetic subjects. The berry polyphenols also modulate the intestinal microflora ecology by opposing the diabetic and obesity rendered symbolic reduction of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction-restoring bacteria, short-chain fatty acids, and organic acid producing microflora. All studies proposed a number of potential mechanisms of action of respective berry bioactive compounds, although further mechanistic and molecular studies are warranted. The metabolic profiling of each berry is also included to provide up-to-date information regarding the potential anti-oxidative/antidiabetic constituents of each berry.