Microbiology and antibiotic sensitivity of head and neck space infections of odontogenic origin. Differences in inpatient and outpatient management.

INTRODUCTION: The microbial flora of infections of the orofacial region of odontogenic origin is typically polymicrobial. Shortly after mass production of the first antibiotics, antibiotic resistant microorganisms were observed. METHODS: A 28-months retrospective study evaluated hospital records of 107 patients that were treated for head and neck infections of odontogenic origin. All patients underwent surgical incision and drainage. RESULTS: There were 65 male (61%) and 42 female (39%) patients ranging in age from 5 to 91 years, with a mean age of 48 years (SD = 21). 52 patients underwent outpatient management and 55 patients inpatient management. A total of 92 bacterial strains were isolated from 107 patients, accounting for 0.86 isolates per patient. Overall 46 bacterial strains were isolated from patients that underwent outpatient and 34 bacterial strains that underwent inpatient treatment. 32.6% of the strains, isolated from outpatient treated individuals showed resistances against one or more of the tested antibiotics. Isolated strains of inpatient treated individuals showed resistances in 52.9%. DISCUSSION: According to this study's data, penicillin continues to be a highly effective antibiotic to be used against viridans streptococci, group C Streptococci and prevotella, whereas clindamycin was not shown to be effective as an empirical drug of choice for most odontogenic infections. CONCLUSION: Microorganisms that show low susceptibility to one or more of the standard antibiotic therapy regimes have a significantly higher chance of causing serious health problems, a tendency of spreading and are more likely to require an inpatient management with admission of IV antibiotics. Penicillin continues to be a highly effective antibiotic to be used against viridans streptococci, group C Streptococci and prevotella, whereas clindamycin could not be shown to be effective as an empirical drug of choice for a high number of odontogenic infections.

Use of metronidazole as part of an empirical antibiotic regimen after incision and drainage of infections of the odontogenic spaces.

The combination of amoxicillin/clavulanate and metronidazole is a widely-accepted empirical regimen for infections of the odontogenic spaces. Once adequate drainage has been established micro-organisms are less likely to grow and multiply, particularly anaerobes. This may obviate the need for anaerobic coverage after drainage in healthy hosts. We studied 60 patients in this randomised prospective study, the objective of which was to evaluate metronidazole as part of an empirical antibiotic regimen after drainage of infections of the odontogenic spaces. Samples of pus were sent for culture and testing for sensitivity. Amoxicillin/clavulanate and metronidazole were given to all patients. After incision and drainage the patients were randomly allocated to two groups. In the first group both antibiotics were continued, and in the second metronidazole was withdrawn. The groups were compared both clinically and microbiologically. There were no significant differences between the groups in the resolution of infection. Thirteen patients (n=6 in the 2-antimicrobial group, and n=7 in the amoxicillin/clavulanate group) showed no improvement during the 48 h postoperatively. Overall there was need to substitute another antibiotic for amoxicillin/clavulanate in only 6 cases. Six patients in the amoxicillin/clavulanate group required the addition of metronidazole after drainage. We conclude that in healthy subjects metronidazole is not necessary in the period after drainage, but its prescription should be based on assessment of clinical and laboratory markers of infection.

Celulitis facial odontogénica / Odontogenic facial cellulitis

Fundamento: la celulitis facial odontogénica es un proceso inflamatorio agudo que se manifiesta de formas muy diferentes, con una escala variable del cuadro clínico que va desde los procesos inocuos bien delimitados, hasta los progresivos y difusos que pueden desarrollar complicaciones que lleven al paciente a un estado crítico con peligro para la vida.Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la celulitis facial odontogénica.Métodos: estudio descriptivo de serie de casos realizado en la clínica estomatológica de Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos, desde septiembre de 2010 hasta marzo de 2011, sobre 56 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se analizaron las variables: sexo, edad, dientes y regiones afectadas, causas de la celulitis, así como tratamiento indicado.Resultados: no se obsevó predilección por el sexo, los molares inferiores y la región anatómica submandibular fueron los más afectados (50 por ciento y 30, 4 por ciento respectivamente), la caries dental fue la causa principal de esta afección (51, 7 por ciento). El acceso cameral no se le realizó a la totalidad de los pacientes en la consulta de cuerpo de guardia. Por lo general la exodoncia del diente causal no se efectuó precozmente, según el grupo de antibiótico prescrito. La termoterapia con colutorios salinos y fomentos tibios fue la más indicada y el grupo de antibióticos más utilizado fue el de las penincilinas.Conclusiones: la caries dental fue la principal causa de celulitis odontogénica. Aún existen dificultades con la realización del acceso cameral(AU)

Background: odontogenic facial cellulitis is an acute inflammatory process manifested in very different ways, with a variable scale in clinical presentation ranging from harmless well defined processes, to diffuse and progressive that may develop complications leading the patient to a critical condition, even risking their lives.Objective: To characterize the behavior of odontogenic facial cellulitis.Methods: A descriptive case series study was conducted at the dental clinic of Aguada de Pasajeros, Cienfuegos, from September 2010 to March 2011. It included 56 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Variables analyzed included: sex, age, teeth and regions affected, causes of cellulite and prescribed treatment.Results: no sex predilection was observed, lower molars and submandibular anatomical region were the most affected (50 percent and 30, 4 percent respectively) being tooth decay the main cause for this condition (51, 7 percent). The opening access was not performed to all the patients in the emergency service. The causal tooth extraction was not commonly done early, according to the prescribed antibiotic group. Thermotherapy with warm fomentation and saline mouthwash was the most prescribed and the most widely used group of antibiotics was the penicillin.Conclusions: dental caries were the major cause of odontogenic cellulite. There are still difficulties with the implementation of opening access(AU)

Utilización de antimicrobianos en las infecciones odontogénicas en niños y adolescentes: análisis farmacocinético/farmacodinámico (PK/PD) / Antibiotic therapy in odontogenic infections in children and adolescents: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis

INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la eficacia de los tratamientos más utilizados en infecciones odontogénicas en niños y adolescentes aplicando criterios farmacocinéticos/farmacodinámicos (PK/PD).MÉTODOS. Se han simulado las curvas de concentración plasmática libre-tiempo a partir de parámetros farmacocinéticos medios de amoxicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico, cefuroxima axetilo, espiramicina, clindamicina, azitromicina y metronidazol. Para los antibióticos con actividad dependiente del tiempo, se ha calculado el tiempo durante el cual las concentraciones permanecen por encima de la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM90)de los microorganismos (T > CIM). Para los antimicrobianos con actividad dependiente de la concentración, se ha calculado el cociente entre el área bajo la curva y la CIM90 (ABC/CIM90).RESULTADOS. Con amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico(80 mg/kg/día) se han obtenido índices de eficacia adecuados frente a los microorganismos estudiados(T > CIM > 40%), excepto para Veillonella spp. Clindamicina (40 mg/kg/día) también ha presentado índices PK/PD adecuados frente a la mayoría de los patógenos, excepto Lactobacillus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Peptostreptococcus resistente a penicilina y Eikenellacorrodens. Con dosis altas de amoxicilina los resultados nohan sido satisfactorios frente a varias especies bacterianas. Con azitromicina y metronidazol no se han alcanzado valores adecuados frente a la mayoría de patógenos (ABC/CIM90 < 25).CONCLUSIÓN. El tratamiento empírico más adecuado en infecciones odontogénicas en niños y adolescentes esamoxicilina-ácido clavulánico en altas dosis de amoxicilina, aunque se puede utilizar como alternativa clindamicina. Sería conveniente confirmar estos resultados mediante ensayos clínicos, para cuyo diseño y evaluación podría serde gran utilidad la aplicación de estudios PK/PD(AU)

INTRODUCTION. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the most commonly used antimicrobial treatments in odontogenic infections in children and adolescents on the basis of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) criteria. METHODS. Unbound drug plasma concentration-time curves were simulated with mean population pharmacokinetic parameters of amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav, cefuroxime axetil, spiramycin, clindamycin, azithromycin, and metronidazole. For drugs showing time-dependent antibacterial killing, the time above MIC90 of the pathogens studied was calculated (T > MIC). For drugs with concentration dependent bactericidal activity, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC90 ratio was calculated. RESULTS. Adequate efficacy indexes (T > MIC > 40%) against all the microorganisms examined with the exception of Veillonella spp. were obtained with co-amoxiclav(80 mg/kg/day). Clindamycin (40 mg/kg/day) obtained ad equate PK/PD indexes except for Lactobacillus, Actinobacillus actinomy cetemcomitans, penicillin-resistant Peptostreptococcus, and Eikenella corrodens. High-dose amoxicillin yielded unsatisfactory results against many bacterial species. Azithromycin and metronidazole showed inadequate efficacy indexes against the majority of pathogens studied (AUC/MIC90 < 25).CONCLUSION. When antibiotic therapy is needed for odontogenic infections in children and adolescents, the most active empirical therapeutic choice is co-amoxiclav with high doses of amoxicillin. Clindamycin can be used as an alternative option. These results should be confirmed inclinical trials, in which the PK/PD approach could be useful for the design and assessment of results (AU)

Treatment options in odontogenic infection.

Most infections of the oral cavity are primary, odontogenic infections, with dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis the most common. Treating these infections will encompass odontologic, antimicrobial, surgical or combined treatment. Antimicrobial treatment includes the use of betalactams, macrolydes, tetracyclins, metronidazole, clindamycin, or combined treatment. The most commonly used ones are administered orally. PK/ PD parameters predict THE clinical and microbiological efficacy of the antibiotic. The three indices that are generally used to measure clinical efficacy are: T >MIC (time during which the concentration is above the minimum inhibitory concentration), Cmax/ MIC (ratio between peak concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration) and AUC/ MIC (ratio between the area under the curve and the minimum inhibitory concentration). Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid is one of the antibiotics recommended for the treatment of odontogenic infections due to its wide spectrum, low incidence of resistance, pharmacokinetic profile, tolerance and dosage.

Opciones terapéuticas en la infección de origen odontogénico / Treatment options in odontogenic infection

La mayor parte de las infecciones de la cavidad oral son odontógenas y primarias, siendo las más frecuentes la caries dental, la gingivitis y la periodontitis. El manejo terapéutico de estas infecciones comprenderá el tratamiento odontológico, antimicrobiano, quirúrgico o combinado. En el tratamiento antimicrobiano disponemos de los betalactámicos, macrólidos, tetraciclinas, metronidazol y clindamicina o su utilización combinada. Los más utilizados son los administrados por vía oral. Los parámetros FC/FD predicen la eficacia clínica y microbiológica de un antibiótico. Los tres índices que se suelen utilizar para medir la eficacia clínica son: T >CMI (tiempo que la concentración se encuentra por encima de la concentración mínima inhibitoria), Cmax/CMI (cociente entre la concentración pico y la concentración mínima inhibitoria) y ABC/CMI (cociente entre el área bajo la curva y la concentración mínima inhibitoria). Amoxicilina/clavulánico, es uno de los antibióticos recomendados para el tratamiento de infecciones odontógenas por su amplio espectro, escasez de resistencias, perfil farmacocinético, tolerancia y posología (AU)

Most infections of the oral cavity are primary, odontogenic infections, with dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis the most common. Treating these infections will encompass odontologic, antimicrobial, surgical or combined treatment. Antimicrobial treatment includes the use of betalactams, macrolydes, tetracyclins, metronidazole, clindamycin, or combined treatment. The most commonly used ones are administered orally. PK/ PD parameters predict THE clinical and microbiological efficacy of the antibiotic. The three indices that are generally used to measure clinical efficacy are: T > MIC (time during which the concentration is above the minimum inhibitory concentration), Cmax/ MIC (ratio between peak concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration) and AUC/ MIC (ratio between the area under the curve and the minimum inhibitory concentration). Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid is one of the antibiotics recommended for the treatment of odontogenic infections due to its wide spectrum, low incidence of resistance, pharmacokinetic profile, tolerance and dosage (AU)

[Level of lysozyme in saliva of patients suffering from dental infection and treated with herbal drugs]. / Ocena stezenia lizozymu w slinie w przebiegu terapii zapalen zebopochodnych lekiem naturalnym.

The aim of this study was to examine the level of lysozyme in saliva of the 17 patients with dental infections treated with herbal drug applied locally. Mixed, unstimulated saliva samples were taken tree times; group 1--before treatment, group 2--3-4 days and group 3--14 days after the treatment had been started. The data were compared with 30 healthy controls. The level of lysozyme was measured according to ELISA method. The statistical analysis (t-Student test) showed differences between examined groups and the control with no significance. Statistically significant differences were between men and women, depending on age. The results suggested that the stimulation of immunological system can be observed in course of the treatment with herbal drug.

Qué antibióticos prescribimos los dentistas? / Which antibiotics do dentists prescribe?

Las infecciones odontogénicas son comunes en la práctica del cirujano dentista, el tratamiento consiste en el establecimiento de un drenaje y en la eliminación de la fuente de infección que en ocasiones puede ser acompañado por la prescripción de antibióticos. Para conocer qué antibióticos prescriben los cirujanos dentistas, se circuló un cuestionario entre 303 dentistas de tres ciudades de la república mexicana. El antibiótico más prescripto fue la ampicilina (23 por ciento), seguido de la eritromicina (11 por ciento) y la penicilina V con un 10 por ciento. La duración del tratamiento también fue variable, siendo el esquema de 7 días (50.87 por ciento) el más frecuente, seguido de menos de 7 días (35.19 por ciento) y de más de 7 días, 13,93 por ciento. Actualmente sabemos que las infecciones odontogénicas son polimicrobianas, con un 65 por ciento de microorganismos anaerobios y que la ampicilina tiene poca actividad contra anaerobios. Los resultaods de la encuesta sugieren, de manera indirecta, que en la mayor parte de los dentistas entrevistados no existe el conocimiento adecuado del tipo de microorganismo invlucrado en las infecciones odontogénicas y de la sensibilidad y resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos necesarios para poder prescribir antimicrobianos

[The use of nitatsid and gipozol'-N in the combined treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area]. / Primenenie nitatsida i gipozolia-N v kompleksnom lechenii ostrykh vospalitel'nykh zabolevanii cheliustno-litsevoi oblasti.

Combined drugs with a hydrophilic base, nitacide and hyposol-n, were used in combined therapy of acute purulent inflammations of the maxillofacial area. Time course of clinical parameters and changes in microflora were studied in patients administered different local treatments with different inflammatory reactions. The data indicate a high efficiency of the drugs, which optimized local therapy of suppurative wounds and are recommended for wide practical use.

[A microbiological evaluation of the use of roxithromycin in oral odontogenic infections]. / Valutazione microbiologica dell'uso di roxitromicina in infezioni orali odontogeniche.

Odontogenic infections are the primary infections caused by indigenous oral bacteria, when a factor changes their perfect equilibrium. We studied 30 samples from patients with odontogenic infections that were submitted to therapy with roxithromycin. Our results showed that 79% of aerobic and 71% of anaerobic bacteria, responsible for odontogenic infections, were sensitive to roxithromycin.

Organisms isolated from severe odontogenic soft tissue infections: their sensitivities to cefotetan and seven other antibiotics, and implications for therapy and prophylaxis.

Cefotetan is a new cephamycin antibiotic characterised by excellent B-lactamase stability and anti-anaerobe activity, coupled with a long half life of 3-4 h which permits twice daily dosage. A clinical trial of cefotetan in the treatment of severe oro-facial infections is presented, together with a detailed analysis of the causative organisms and their sensitivities to eight antibiotics. 50/50 patients achieved clinical cure with a treatment regime comprising cefotetan therapy and incision and drainage, with patients being transferred to oral cephradine for the final phase of therapy. Side effects were minimal and there were no instances of relapse. Significant resistance among alpha-haemolytic streptococci and bacteroides organisms to penicillin was observed. The streptococci were resistant due to mechanisms other than beta-lactamase production. In the light of these findings and the reports of other workers it is suggested that penicillin V may no longer be the most appropriate drug for endocarditis prophylaxis, despite the most recent recommendations of the American Heart Association. Furthermore, if penicillin V is used for this purpose, a penicillin free interval of 6-8 weeks may be inadequate before this drug is used. Cefotetan is not suitable for prophylaxis against endocarditis.