RESUMEN
Aromatic oligoamide foldamers were designed using a newly-developed monomer so that helical folding was promoted by both local conformation preferences and solvophobic effects. Solid phase synthesis provided quick access to the desired sequences. Sharp solvent-driven conformational transitions that depended on sequence length were evidenced by both NMR and UV absorption spectroscopies.
RESUMEN
The orchestration of ever larger conformational changes is made possible by the development of increasingly complex foldamers. Aromatic sheets, a rare motif in synthetic foldamer structures, have been designed so as to form discrete stacks of intercalated aromatic strands through the self-assembly of two identical subunits. Ion-mobility ESI-MS confirms the formation of compact dimers. X-ray crystallography reveals the existence of two distinct conformational dimeric states that require large changes to interconvert. Molecular dynamics simulation validates the stability of the two conformations and the possibility of their interconversion.
RESUMEN
The preference of N,N-aryl, alkyl tertiary amides for cis conformations has been exploited through the use of tertiary squaramides as hairpin turn units that promote the folding of aromatic ß-sheets. Head-to-head aromatic arrangements were shown to prevail in sufficiently long bent aromatic sequences.
Asunto(s)
Pliegue de Proteína , Proteínas/química , Quinina/análogos & derivados , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Conformación Proteica en Lámina beta , Quinina/químicaRESUMEN
Dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) are excellent benchmark models to study the stimuli-responsiveness of chemical networks. However, increasingly complex systems are difficult to analyze with simple data analysis methods, because many variables and connections must be considered for their full understanding. Here we propose the use of multivariate data analysis methods to bisect the evolution of a complex synthetic dynamic library of pseudopeptidic macrocycles, containing side chains with charges of different sign. Several stimuli (ionic strength, pH and the presence of a biogenic polyamine) were applied to the same dynamic chemical mixture, and the adaptation of the whole system was characterized by HPLC and analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) methods. Both multivariate data analysis chemometric approaches are an excellent combination to extract both qualitative and semi-quantitative information about the adaptive process of the library upon the action of each stimulus. The resolution of the system with these chemometric tools proved to be especially useful when two inter-connected stimuli were combined in the same dynamic system. Our results demonstrate the utility of these two approaches for the analysis of complex dynamic chemical systems and open the way toward the application of these powerful tools in the emergent field of systems chemistry.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Macrocíclicos/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Disulfuros/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/síntesis química , Concentración Osmolar , Poliaminas/química , Análisis de Componente PrincipalRESUMEN
A dynamic mixture of stereoisomeric macrocycles derived from glutamic acid displayed a homochiral self-selection when increasing the acetonitrile content of the aqueous mixed medium. The homochiral self-sorting required the anionic form of the side chains and increased at higher temperature, implying an entropic origin. Conformational analysis (NMR and MD simulations) allowed us to explain the observed behaviour. The results show that entropy can play a role in the homochiral self-sorting in adaptive bio-inspired chemical systems.
RESUMEN
A straightforward four-step synthesis leads to the preparation of C2-symmetric dithiols containing a central aromatic core and amino acid side chains. These building blocks allow the preparation of dynamic covalent libraries of pseudopeptidic macrocycles in aqueous media that cover a broad range of polarities, functional groups and bulkiness mirroring the diversity found in natural peptides. The versatility of the generated dynamic libraries has been illustrated by the amplification of two different members from the same library upon the action of two biologically relevant templates.
Asunto(s)
Aminoácidos/síntesis química , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/síntesis química , Peptidomiméticos/síntesis química , Aminoácidos/química , Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/química , Oxidación-Reducción , Peptidomiméticos/química , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/síntesis química , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/química , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
The hierarchical self-assembling of complex molecular systems is dictated by the chemical and structural information stored in their components. This information can be expressed through an adaptive process that determines the structurally fittest assembly under given environmental conditions. We have set up complex disulfide-based dynamic covalent libraries of chemically and topologically diverse pseudopeptidic compounds. We show how the reaction evolves from very complex mixtures at short reaction times to the almost exclusive formation of a major compound, through the establishment of intramolecular noncovalent interactions. Our experiments demonstrate that the systems evolve through error-check and error-correction processes. The nature of these interactions, the importance of the folding and the effects of the environment are also discussed.
RESUMEN
Dynamic combinatorial libraries are powerful systems for studying adaptive behaviors and relationships, as models of more complex molecular networks. With this aim, we set up a chemically diverse dynamic library of pseudopeptidic macrocycles containing amino-acid side chains with differently charged residues (negative, positive, and neutral). The responsive ability of this complex library upon the increase of the ionic strength has been thoroughly studied. The families of the macrocyclic members concentrating charges of the same sign showed a large increase in its proportion as the ionic strength increases, whereas those with residues of opposite charges showed the reverse behavior. This observation suggested an electrostatic shielding effect of the salt within the library of macrocycles. The top-down deconvolution of the library allowed us to obtain the fundamental thermodynamic information connecting the library members (exchange equilibrium constants), as well as to parameterize the adaptation to the external stimulus. We also visualized the physicochemical driving forces for the process by structural analysis using NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. This knowledge permitted the full understanding of the whole dynamic library and also the de novo design of dynamic chemical systems with tailored co-adaptive relationships, containing competing or cooperating species. This study highlights the utility of dynamic combinatorial libraries in the emerging field of systems chemistry.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/síntesis química , Péptidos/química , Cloruro de Sodio/química , Evolución Química , Compuestos Macrocíclicos/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Concentración Osmolar , Electricidad EstáticaRESUMEN
We describe the predominant formation of a specific constitution arising from the combination of building blocks with different topologies through disulphide chemistry in a Dynamic Combinatorial Library (DCL). The supramolecular interactions established by a zwitterionic cysteine moiety are responsible for the self-selection of one product from all the virtual members of a large library.
RESUMEN
The increase of the ionic strength amplifies the species bearing acidic side chains from a bio-inspired dynamic combinatorial library of macrocyclic pseudopeptides, in close resemblance to the evolution observed for the proteins of halophilic microorganisms.