Creation of a S1P Lyase bacterial surrogate for structure-based drug design.

S1P Lyase (SPL) has been described as a drug target in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. It plays an important role in maintaining intracellular levels of S1P thereby affecting T cell egress from lymphoid tissues. Several groups have already published approaches to inhibit S1P Lyase with small molecules, which in turn increase endogenous S1P concentrations resulting in immunosuppression. The use of structural biology has previously aided SPL inhibitor design. Novel construct design is at times necessary to provide a reagent for protein crystallography. Here we present a chimeric bacterial protein scaffold used for protein X-ray structures in the presence of early small molecule inhibitors. Mutations were introduced to the bacterial SPL from Symbiobacterium thermophilum which mimic the human enzyme. As a result, two mutant StSPL crystal structures resolved to 2.8Å and 2.2Å resolutions were solved and provide initial structural hypotheses for an isoxazole chemical series, whose optimization is discussed in the accompanying paper.

Hit-to-lead evaluation of a novel class of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase inhibitors.

Inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase has recently been proposed as a potential treatment option for inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this report we describe our hit-to-lead evaluation of the isoxazolecarboxamide 6, a high-throughput screening hit (in vitro IC50=1.0 µM, cell IC50=1.8 µM), as a novel S1P lyase inhibitor. We were able to establish basic structure-activity relationships around 6 and succeeded in obtaining X-ray structural information which enabled structure-based design. With the discovery of 28, enzyme activity was quickly improved to IC50=120 nM and cell potency to IC50=230 nM. The main liability in the established isoxazolecarboxamide hit series was determined to be metabolic stability. In particular we identified that future lead-optimization efforts to overcome this problem should focus on blocking the N-dealkylation on the secondary amine.

1,4-Dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles with acetylenic side chains as novel and potent multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors with low affinity for the hERG ion channel.

The synthesis of a novel series of 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles with acetylene-type side chains is described. Optimization of those compounds as KDR kinase inhibitors identified 8, which displayed an oral activity in an estradiol-induced murine uterine edema model (ED50 = 3 mg/kg) superior to Sutent (ED50 = 9 mg/kg) and showed potent antitumor efficacy in an MX-1 human breast carcinoma xenograft tumor growth model (tumor growth inhibition = 90% at 25 mg/kg.day po). The compound was docked into a homology model of the homo-tetrameric pore domain of the hERG potassium channel to identify strategies to improve its cardiac safety profile. Systematic interruption of key binding interactions between 8 and Phe656, Tyr652, and Ser624 yielded 90, which only showed an IC50 of 11.6 microM in the hERG patch clamp assay. The selectivity profile for 8 and 90 revealed that both compounds are multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors with low nanomolar potencies against the members of the VEGFR and PDGFR kinase subfamilies.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-substituted 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles as multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-substituted 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles as multitargeted kinase inhibitors. Initial efforts focused on the development of selective KDR inhibitors, while later strategies involved the improvement of potency toward multiple kinase targets. Thus, several compounds were identified as potent KDR, Flt1, Flt3, and c-Kit inhibitors.

Discovery of adamantane ethers as inhibitors of 11beta-HSD-1: Synthesis and biological evaluation.

A novel class of adamantane ethers 11beta-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase type I inhibitors has been discovered. These compounds have excellent HSD-1 potency and selectivity against HSD-2. The structure-activity relationships, selectivity, metabolism, PK, ex vivo pharmacodynamic data, and an X-ray crystal structure of one of these inhibitors bound to h-HSD-1 are discussed.

1,4-Dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles as novel multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

A series of 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles with a 3-thiophene substituent carrying a urea-type side chain were identified as potent multitargeted (VEGFR and PDGFR families) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. A KDR homology model suggested that the urea moiety is able to interact with a recognition motif in the hydrophobic specificity pocket of the enzyme.

Hit-to-lead optimization of 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles as a novel class of KDR kinase inhibitors.

A series of 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles was prepared and evaluated for their enzymatic inhibition of KDR kinase. Computer modeling studies revealed the importance of attaching a basic side chain in predicting the binding mode of those compounds. Further investigation of structure-activity relationships led to 19, a lead compound with an acceptable selectivity profile, activity in whole cells, and good oral efficacy in an estradiol-induced murine uterine edema model of VEGF activity.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 3,4'-bispyridinylethylenes: discovery of a potent 3-isoquinolinylpyridine inhibitor of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) for the treatment of cancer.

Structure-based design and synthesis of the 3,4'-bispyridinylethylene series led to the discovery of 3-isoquinolinylpyridine 13a as a potent PKB/Akt inhibitor with an IC(50) of 1.3nM against Akt1. Compound 13a shows excellent selectivity against distinct families of kinases such as tyrosine kinases and CAMK, and displays poor to marginal selectivity against closely related kinases in the AGC and CMGC families. Moreover, 13a demonstrates potent cellular activity comparable to staurosporine, with IC(50) values of 0.42 and 0.59microM against MiaPaCa-2 and the Akt1 overexpressing FL5.12-Akt1, respectively. Inhibition of phosphorylation of the Akt downstream target GSK3 was also observed in FL5.12-Akt1 cells with an EC(50) of 1.5microM. The X-ray structures of 12 and 13a in complex with PKA in the ATP-binding site were determined.

Discovery of a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL from NMR and parallel synthesis.

The antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-2 play key roles in the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis. However, their overexpression can lead to oncogenic transformation and is responsible for drug resistance in certain types of cancer. This makes Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-2 attractive targets for the development of potential anticancer agents. Here we describe the structure-based discovery of a potent Bcl-x(L) inhibitor directed at a hydrophobic groove on the surface of the protein. This groove represents the binding site for BH3 peptides from proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as Bak and Bad. Application of NMR-based screening yielded an initial biaryl acid with an affinity (K(d)) of approximately 300 microM for the protein. Following the classical "SAR by NMR" approach, a second-site ligand was identified that bound proximal to the first-site ligand in the hydrophobic groove. From NMR-based structural studies and parallel synthesis, a potent ligand was obtained, which binds to Bcl-x(L) with an inhibition constant (K(i)) of 36 +/- 2 nM.

An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours.

Proteins in the Bcl-2 family are central regulators of programmed cell death, and members that inhibit apoptosis, such as Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2, are overexpressed in many cancers and contribute to tumour initiation, progression and resistance to therapy. Bcl-X(L) expression correlates with chemo-resistance of tumour cell lines, and reductions in Bcl-2 increase sensitivity to anticancer drugs and enhance in vivo survival. The development of inhibitors of these proteins as potential anti-cancer therapeutics has been previously explored, but obtaining potent small-molecule inhibitors has proved difficult owing to the necessity of targeting a protein-protein interaction. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based screening, parallel synthesis and structure-based design, we have discovered ABT-737, a small-molecule inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-w, with an affinity two to three orders of magnitude more potent than previously reported compounds. Mechanistic studies reveal that ABT-737 does not directly initiate the apoptotic process, but enhances the effects of death signals, displaying synergistic cytotoxicity with chemotherapeutics and radiation. ABT-737 exhibits single-agent-mechanism-based killing of cells from lymphoma and small-cell lung carcinoma lines, as well as primary patient-derived cells, and in animal models, ABT-737 improves survival, causes regression of established tumours, and produces cures in a high percentage of the mice.

Structure-activity relationships of non-imidazole H(3) receptor ligands. Part 3: 5-Substituted 3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as potent antagonists.

Further SAR studies on novel histamine H(3) receptor antagonists are presented. Compound 14bb is a potent antagonist of both the rat cortical and human clone receptors, and is demonstrated to act functionally as an antagonist in an in vivo mouse dipsogenia model.

Aminoalkoxybiphenylnitriles as histamine-3 receptor ligands.

Biaryl nitrile amines were prepared and found to have high affinity and selectivity for human and rat histamine H(3) receptors.