Using Innovative Teaching Strategies to Improve Outcomes in a Pharmacology Course.

It is often difficult to engage nursing students and keep their interest when teaching pharmacology. This article reports on an effective change from a lecture-only approach to teaching with the use of games and case studies in a baccalaureate nursing education program. Improvements have been noted in standardized test scores and student evaluations, and students are more engaged in the learning process. Learning has been shifted from the instructor, as in the traditional classroom, and is now student focused.

Helping Students Process a Simulated Death Experience: Integration of an NLN ACE.S Evolving Case Study and the ELNEC Curriculum.

The nursing literature supports the need for end-of-life (EOL) education, but the ability to provide quality clinical experience in this area is limited by the availability of patients and nursing instructors' and preceptors' comfort and expertise in teaching EOL care. Clinical simulation allows faculty to provide the same quality EOL experience to all students. This article discusses an effective teaching strategy integrating End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium core content with National League for Nursing ACE.S unfolding case studies, clinical simulation, and social media.

[Supplementing the international acupuncture and moxibustion in bilingual teaching of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Science].

Bilingual teaching is a innovative method of higher education of China to gear the need of the world. Acupuncture and Moxibustion, a higher international TCM course, has been the model of bilingual teaching in many colleges and universities of TCM successively. To meet the aim and original intention of bilingual education in China, we have supplemented international acupuncture and moxibustion in teaching program for many years. The related contents about acupuncture and moxibustion of World Health Organization (WHO) and International Standardization Organization(ISO) have been added into the chapters of introduction, meridians and acupoints, the technology of acupuncture and moxibustion, the therapy of acupuncture and moxibustion. Teaching international acupuncture and moxibustion not only enlarges the international perspective of students, but also makes them more interested in learning Acupuncture and Moxibustion with a bigger sense of mission.

[PRAGMATIC TURN IN HEALTHCARE ETHICS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRAINING]. / LE TOURNANT PRAGMATIQUE DE L'ÉTHIQUE EN SANTÉ: ENJEUX ET PERSPECTIVES POUR LA FORMATION.

The complexity of health care practices has given rise to a new need for ethics. Ethics is indeed less mobilized to produce a moral discourse on practices, then as a resource for action, a skill, for the development, by the actors, of autonomous, responsible and critical acting. This pragmatic approach to ethics requires changes in teaching practices, in a more experiential, reflexive and situational perspective. However, an epistemological rereading of the notion of competence will lead us to question its use in ethics. Just focusing on the capacity of actors to re-mobilize predetermined resources of action does not guarantee the effective capacity of the actors to initiate a new situated action, according to the singularity of the context. This text will propose to go beyond an ethical competence approach, revisiting the latter through the prism of capacitation. In this context, the educational line of sight of ethics is no longer "knowing how to do ", but developping "power to do".

[SUPPORT, CO-OPERATIVE EDUCATION PROGRAMMES, PRAGMATIC CODE OF ETHICS: A CLINICAL APPROACH OF EXECUTIVE TRAINING]. / ACCOMPAGNEMENT, ALTERNANCE ET ÉTHIQUE PRAGMATIQUE: VERS UNE DÉMARCHE CLINIQUE DE FORMATION.

This article aims at introducing an educational sequence completed at l'Institut de Formation des Cadres de Santé (IFCS) at the CHRU in Lille in France, entitled "training project and educational project" present in the "training duties" module whose goal is to generate students'knowledge through co-operative education programmes. By creating this innovative sequence, the educational aim is to use the Institut ground as a ground of learning, associated with the various internship grounds, in order to get the most of co-operative education programmes. Besides, in a pragmatic code of ethics in training, the teaching staff draw their inspiration from a clinical approach of executive training: they regard students as true protagonists in a co-operative plan created for them, wishing to design it with them using their words. Thus, students are brought to criticize the IFCS educational project and debate it with the trainers who have built it. Each partner tries to understand the Other, being aware of their being different. By contributing every year to rewriting the educational project which directly concerns them, students build their professional positions as health executives. They play an active role in co-operative education programmes just like IFCS outside partners.

[CODESIGN METHODOLOGIES: A ENABLING RESOURCE?]. / LES MÉTHODES DE CODESIGN: UNE RESSOURCE CAPACITANTE?

To reflect on the learning of the relationship in the care, seventeen people were mobilized to participate in a day of codesign. This methodology is to foster the creativity of a group with a succession creativity exercises. This article is primarily intended to reflect on the conditions by which such a methodology can become a resource for thinking learning ethics. The role of affectivity in the success of a codesign day is questioned. This work highlights include its central place in the construction of the innovative climate and the divergent thinking mechanism. The article aims to open new questions on the articulation exercises, affectivity, the role of the animator or that of the patient. The research perspectives invite disciplinary dialogue.

[ICT'S AND ETHICS: AN E-LEARNING EXPERIENCE AT THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE]. / LES-TICS ET L'ÉTHIQUE: UNE EXPÉRIENCE D'E-LEARNING EN FACULTE DE MÉDECINE.

A long-distance training course was implemented to the academic program which teaches ethics to future doctors. Its main objective was to develop students' individual patient care skills to carry out an analysis on ethically problematic situations. Such procedures may seem paradoxical in a training course which aims to develop one's sensitivity to others; it does however help to accommodate the geographical constraints linked to students accessing their practical training (in a country's different hospitals or abroad) and provides students with a introductory course on e-learning organised by their university's learning centre. Said course provided a rigorous structure in view of preparing for this procedure, alternating meetings with work hours via a digital platform: precise and measurable objectives, scripted sequences, clear guidelines, diverse activities. Organising work around 4 progress reports provided students with some reassurance but also a degree of autonomy, reflecting what they will be able to offer their future patients. All interactions suggested by the teacher were successfully carried out via the platform (individually on one hand, in the context of a forum on the other hand) but also using collective supervision for certain students. The advantages of such a procedure have been highlighted by evaluating students' levels of satisfaction (via an online questionnaire), but also levels of personal involvement in their work. One dimension in particular deserves further attention: the place occupied by writing in the study of ethics, as well as patient care in general.

Outcomes of a four-year specialist-taught physical education program on physical activity: a cluster randomized controlled trial, the LOOK study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a 4-year specialist-taught Physical Education (PE) program on physical activity (PA) among primary school children. METHODS: A 4-year cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in children (initially aged 8 years) from 29 primary schools (13 Intervention, 16 Control). Intervention students (N = 457) received 2 × 45 min PE lessons per week from specialist-trained PE teachers (68 lessons per year, 272 lessons over 4 years). Control group students (N = 396) received usual practice PE from generalist classroom teachers. PA during PE lessons was examined using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). Pedometers (steps/day) were worn for 7 days each year, and accelerometers were worn concurrently in the final two years to assess moderate to vigorous (MVPA) and sedentary activity. Linear and generalized mixed models were used to determine differences in Intervention and Control student PA and the proportion of students meeting PA guidelines. RESULTS: The intervention increased SOFIT-observed student MVPA during PE lessons by 6.5 mins (16.7 v 10.2, p < 0.001). Within intervention schools, participants increased their whole-day step counts (boys = 449 [CI,140 to 756]; girls = 424 [CI,222 to 626]) and minutes of MVPA (boys = 8.0 [CI,6.8 to 9.2]; girls = 3.5 [CI,1.7 to 5.4]) on PE days. However, compared to the Control group the Intervention did not: increase habitual steps/day or MVPA when averaged over 7 days; elicit greater improvements in these measures over time; or increase the odds of meeting step/day or MVPA recommendations. At age 11 years Intervention group boys were 20 mins less sedentary per day (380 [CI,369 to 391] vs 360 [CI,350 to 369]) and this effect was sustained at age 12 years. CONCLUSIONS: Well-designed specialist-taught PE can improve student PA during PE lessons. However for PE to be a significant contributor to improving habitual PA in pre-adolescent children, daily classes are likely to be required, and even this would need to be supplemented with a wider multicomponent strategy. Our finding of a reduction in sedentary time among Intervention boys warrants further investigation into the potential role PE could play in influencing sedentary behaviour.

Being an Effective Teacher Five Tips for Busy Clinicians.

Teaching is challenging, and most clinicians have little-to-no formal training on how to teach. For many, the extent of their experience has been limited to teaching medical students during residency. Many clinicians would benefit from learning about effective teaching practices. This article offers practical tips to help busy clinicians who teach medical trainees of all levels.

[THE DISCUSSION CONCERNING THE PLACE OF LECTURES AND COMPULSORY LECTURE ATTENDANCE IN MEDICAL EDUCATION].

Luder shows that there is a lack of correlation between lecture attendance in medical school and examination performance, and thus draws attention to a discourse concerning the place of lectures and lecture attendance enforcement in 2015 and beyond. The paper addresses 4 questions: First, what is the current place of the traditional lecture in the education of medical students? Second, are there alternatives to this format of teaching? Third, what are the educational consequences of mandating lecture attendance; and fourth, should there be such enforcement? The author discusses these questions and concludes that lectures should be used sparingly, after a careful evaluation that they have an added value over learning away from the classroom. Furthermore, that there are clear guidelines on how to make the traditional lecture enhanced and educationally effective, as well as alternatives such as the "flipped classroom", e-learning and more to lectures. In addition, that lectures frequently drive learning negatively and enforcing attendance in Israel entails serious unintended consequences such as a need to monitor attendance, and a host of disciplinary adverse reactions. Finally, that besides lecture efficiency and economy (when having added value) one reason to consider compulsory attendance, may be when poor attendance negatively influences teachers morale.

[Science of Acupuncture and Moxibustion should include standards related to acupuncture and moxibustion].

The development of Science of Acupuncture and Moxibustion should be in accord with the trend of standardization and internationalization of the science of acupuncture and moxibustion. Based on the arrangement of chapters and sections in the textbook, 29 national standards, 6 standards or guidelines made by World Health Or- ganization(WHO) and 1 standard out of International Standardization Organization (ISO) are classified and intro- duced. It is suggested that the above contents should be considered as the evidence when the textbook is reedited. Also, it is proposed that humanization should be supplemented and the newest research findings should be traced.

[ACADEMIC SURGICAL SERVICES IN A TERTIARY MEDICAL CENTER IN THE NEGEV-DESERT, PERIPHERY OF ISRAEL: IS IT A HYBRID?].

Soroka Medical Center, a major affiliated hospital of the Faculty of Health Sciences in Ben Gurion University of the Negev, serving 1,000,000 citizens in the south part of Israel and is designated as a "peripheral hospital". Herein, we address the factors that influence our high level academic surgical training program with its broad base surgical experience, which focused on the "spirit of Beer Sheba". Should we call our program a hybrid?

Perspectives From the Field: Bringing Nurse Leaders Into the Classroom.

Leadership is a vital component of nurses' careers and baccalaureate nursing programs are required to include leadership competencies in undergraduate nursing education. To design learning experiences that emphasize professional identity formation, nurse leaders were invited as guest speakers in a senior-level didactic leadership course, but scheduling often interfered with participation. To inspire students and maximize nurse leaders' time, recorded video was investigated as a solution. Following videotaped interviews with nurse leaders, a 10-minute video was produced and shown to students in a nursing leadership course. The video project was evaluated for feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and usefulness as an instructional tool for empowering nursing students.

The eNutrition Academy: Supporting a New Generation of Nutritional Scientists around the World.

Nutrition training and building capacity to provide a competent workforce to support national and regional efforts to combat malnutrition remain a major challenge in Africa and other developing regions of the world. The capacity to provide the necessary intellectual drive for nutrition research, policy, and practice in countries lacking in readiness for nutrition actions is imperative to improve the health of their people. To help address this need, the eNutrition Academy (eNA) was formed as a global partnership organization by the African Nutrition Society, the Federation of African Nutrition Societies, the Nutrition Society of the United Kingdom and Ireland, the ASN, and the International Union of Nutritional Sciences, supported by Cambridge University Press. The primary objective of this partnership is to provide an online learning platform that is free to access, enabling users to benefit from a wide range of learning materials from basic tools to more-advanced learning materials for teachers and researchers in developing countries. The goal of this article was to summarize the findings of a symposium held at the ASN Scientific Sessions and Annual Meeting at Experimental Biology 2015, which explored the themes of international capacity development, with a particular focus on the African continent, online learning, and the eNA e-learning platform. Given the vast human capacity present in Africa that is poised to create new solutions to address the public health needs of the continent, now is an opportune time to establish South-North and South-South partnerships to develop the next generation of African nutritional scientists.

An Investigation into Dental Local Anaesthesia Teaching in United Kingdom Dental Schools.

AIM: To review the current teaching of the use and administration of local anaesthesia in United Kingdom dental schools, along with their local guidelines and protocols. METHODS: A qualitative and quantitative questionnaire was sent to sixteen UK dental schools to probe the methods of local anaesthetic teaching within each school. RESULTS: 14 of the 16 schools replied and the responses show a variety of practices being taught in the dental schools. 2% Lidocaine 1:80,000 Adrenaline is the first choice local anaesthetic solution for the majority of clinical situations. CONCLUSION: 2% Lidocaine with 1:80,000 Adrenaline remains the gold standard dental local anaesthetic with teaching about its safety and uses in all but a few situations. Most are taught the use of additional aids such as safety syringes and topical anaesthesia. There is variation with regards to the use of alternative anaesthetic agents.

A New Kind of Heterogeneity: What We Can Learn From d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing Multilingual Learners.

The present article introduces a special issue of the American Annals of the Deaf. Students who are d/Deaf or hard of hearing and come from homes where a language other than English or American Sign Language is used constitute 19.4%-35.0% of the U.S. d/Dhh population (Gallaudet Research Institute, 2013). The authors propose moving beyond the standardized use of the designation English Language Learners to embrace terminology encompassing these learners as diverse and rich in language: d/Dhh Multilingual Learners (DMLs). The authors present (a) a discussion of terminology, (b) an overview of available demographic data, (c) a synopsis of the special issue, (d) themes across three case study vignettes, and (e) overall recommendations to advance curriculum design and pedagogy for DMLs. Questions are posed challenging researchers and practitioners to investigate theory, research, and pedagogy that can enhance practice with DMLs and their families.

d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing Multilingual Learners: The Development of Communication and Language.

The author examines the theory and research relevant to educating d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing Multilingual Learners (DMLs). There is minimal research on this population, yet a synthesis of related theory, research, and practice on spoken-language bilinguals can be used to add to the body of knowledge on these learners. Specifically, the author reports on three major areas: (a) population characteristics of DMLs, (b) theories relevant to understanding the language development of DMLs, and (c) considerations for programs in designing and implementing educational services for DMLs. In the interest of ensuring that children receive the foundation for linguistic success, aspects of linguistically responsive teaching (Lucas & Villegas, 2013) are addressed, with a focus on adopting an asset-based perspective on educating DMLs that honors all of a child's language, identity, and cultural memberships.