Curriculum mapping of dental physiology curriculum: The path towards outcome-based education.

INTRODUCTION: Curriculum mapping provides a clear picture of curriculum content, learning opportunities and assessment methods employed to measure the achievement of learning outcomes with their interrelationships. It facilitates educators and teachers to examine the extent to which the curricular components are linked and hence to find out gaps in the curriculum. The objective of the study was, therefore, to evaluate the physiology curriculum of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) programme through curriculum mapping. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, mapping of the physiology curriculum of three batches of BDS programme was conducted retrospectively. The components of the curriculum used for mapping were expected learning outcomes, curriculum content, learning opportunities, assessments and learning resources. The data were gathered by reviewing office records. RESULTS: Descriptive analysis of the data revealed reasonable alignment between the curriculum content and questions asked in examinations for all three batches. It was found that all the expected learning outcomes were addressed in the curriculum and assessed in different assessments. Moreover, the study revealed that the physiology curriculum was contributing to majority of the programme outcomes. Nevertheless, the study could identify some gaps in the curriculum, as well. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that majority of the components of the curriculum were linked and contributed to attaining the expected learning outcomes. It also showed that curriculum mapping was feasible and could be used as a tool to evaluate the curriculum.

Oral Microbiota in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Dental and Periodontal Disease.

The oral microbiota can be influenced by multiple factors, but only a few studies have focused on the role of glycemic control in determining early alterations of oral microbiota and their association with pathogenesis of both periodontitis and caries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the interplay between bacteria composition, oral hygiene, and glycemic control in a cohort of children with T1D. A total of 89 T1D children were enrolled (62% males, mean age: 12.6 ± 2.2 years). Physical and clinical characteristics, glucometabolic parameters, insulin treatment, and oral hygiene habits data were collected. Microbiological analysis was performed from saliva samples. A high prevalence of cariogenic and periodontopathogens bacteria in our cohort was detected. In particular, in all subjects Actinomyces spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Lactobacillus spp. were isolated. S. mutans was found in about half of the analyzed sample (49.4%), in particular in patients with imbalance values of glycemic control. Moreover, a higher presence of both S. mutans and Veillonella spp. was detected in subjects with poorer glycemic control, in terms of HbA1c, %TIR and %TAR, even adjusting for age, sex, and hygiene habits as covariates. Virtuous oral hygiene habits, such as frequency of toothbrush changes and professional oral hygiene, negatively correlated with the simultaneous presence of Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, red complex bacteria. Our study shows it is crucial to pay attention to glycemic control and regular oral hygiene to prevent the establishment of an oral microbiota predisposing to dental and periodontal pathology in subjects with T1D since childhood.

Expression of CaV3.1 T-type Calcium Channels in Acutely Isolated Adult Rat Odontoblasts.

OBJECTIVE: Odontoblasts, which consist the outermost compartment of the dental pulp, are primarily engaged in dentin formation. Earlier evidence suggests that voltage-gated calcium channels, such as the high voltage-activated L-type calcium channels, serve as a calcium entry route to mediate dentin formation in odontoblasts. However, the involvement of other voltage-gated calcium channels in regulating intracellular Ca2+ remain unanswered. DESIGN: The expression of voltage-gated calcium channel subtypes of the P/Q- (CaV2.1), N-(CaV2.2), R- (CaV2.3), and T- (CaV3.1-3.3) type were screened in adult rat odontoblasts by single cell RT-PCR. Among these candidates, immunopositivity against CaV3.1 was examined in the odontoblastic layer in teeth sections and dissociated odontoblasts. To confirm the functional expression of CaV3.1 in odontoblasts, intracellular Ca2+ increase in response to membrane depolarization was monitored with Fura-2-based ratiometric calcium imaging. RESULTS: Among the candidate calcium channels, we found that mRNA for CaV3.1 is mainly detected in odontoblasts, with its expression being detected in the odontoblastic layer and dissociated odontoblasts. High extracellular K+-induced membrane depolarization was inhibited by pharmacological blockers for T-type calcium channels such as amiloride or ML218. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that among P/Q-, N-, R-, and T-type calcium channels, CaV3.1 is mainly expressed in odontoblasts to mediate intracellular Ca2+ signaling in response to membrane depolarization. These findings suggest that CaV3.1 may facilitate intracellular Ca2+ dynamics especially in the range of subliminal depolarizations near resting membrane potentials where other high voltage-gated calcium channels such as the L-type are likely to be inactive.

TRPM7 Mediates Mechanosensitivity in Adult Rat Odontoblasts.

Odontoblasts, with their strategic arrangement along the outermost compartment of the dentin-pulp complex, have been suggested to have sensory function. In addition to their primary role in dentin formation, growing evidence shows that odontoblasts are capable of sensing mechanical stimulation. Previously, we found that most odontoblasts express TRPM7, the nonselective mechanosensitive ion channel reported to be critical in Mg2+ homeostasis and dentin mineralization. In line with this finding, we sought to elucidate the functional expression of TRPM7 in odontoblasts by pharmacological approaches and mechanical stimulation. Naltriben, a TRPM7-specific agonist, induced calcium transient in the majority of odontoblasts, which was blocked by TRPM7 blockers such as extracellular Mg2+ and FTY720 in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanical stretch of the odontoblastic membrane with hypotonic solution also induced calcium transient, which was blocked by Gd3+, a nonselective mechanosensitive channel blocker. Calcium transient induced by hypotonic solution was also blocked by high extracellular Mg2+ or FTY720. When TRPM7-mediated calcium transients in odontoblasts were analyzed on the subcellular level, remarkably larger transients were detected in the distal odontoblastic process compared with the soma, which was further verified with comparable immunocytochemical analysis. Our results demonstrate that TRPM7 in odontoblasts can serve as a mechanical sensor, with its distribution to facilitate intracellular Ca2+ signaling in the odontoblastic process. These findings suggest TRPM7 as a mechanical transducer in odontoblasts to mediate intracellular calcium dynamics under diverse pathophysiological conditions of the dentin.

Enseñanza de bioética en la carrera de odontología. reflexiones y prospectivas / Teaching bioethics in odontology. considerations and prospects / Ensino de bioética no curso de odontologia. reflexões e prospectivas

Resumen La conciencia de los formadores del área de la salud para promover la conducta ética en la formación de estudiantes de odontología se constata en los planes de estudio de pregrado. El presente estudio busca develar las diferentes formas utilizadas para enseñar estas materias. Para ello, se revisa manualmente la literatura publicada en bases de datos indexadas en SciELO en los años 1999-2014, que se encuentran bajo el título ciencias de la salud, humanidades, ciencias sociales aplicadas, a las que se puede acceder on-line, a texto completo, gratuito, en forma anónima y también en las siguientes revistas especializadas de educación en salud: Journal of Dental Education (ADEA), Journal of Medical Education (AMM), con los mismos títulos, durante el mismo periodo y a través del motor de búsqueda PubMed vía Medline. Los resultados arrojan 43 artículos de pertinencia temática. Se concluye que la enseñanza de bioética en los planes de estudio de pregrado en las escuelas de odontología es creciente y se diferencia según los entornos educativos y culturales en que se desarrolla; las formas de enseñanza mencionadas como más eficientes son el aprendizaje basado en casos y el aprendizaje basado en problemas; la formación de odontólogos íntegros requiere que la enseñanza de estas materias esté a cargo de equipos profesionales interdisciplinarios suficientemente preparados.

Abstract The awareness of educators in the health sciences with respect to promoting ethical conduct when instructing dental students is reflected in the undergraduate curriculum. This study is intended to discover the different ways these subjects are taught. A manual review of the literature published in databases indexed in SciELO during the years from 1999 to 2014 was done to that end, under the heading health sciences, humanities, applied social sciences, specifically literature that can be accessed in full, free of charge and anonymously. Also reviewed was the literature in two specialized journals in the area of health education; namely, the Journal of Dental Education (ADEA) and the Journal of Medical Education (AMM), with the same titles, during the same period, and through the PubMed search engine, via Medline. The results show 43 articles of thematic relevance. The conclusion is that education in bioethics, as part of the undergraduate curriculum at dental schools, is increasing and differs according to the educational and cultural environment where it is imparted. Case-based learning and problem-based learning are mentioned as being the most efficient methods of instruction. Training dentists to be well-rounded professionals requires these subjects to be taught by interdisciplinary teams that are sufficiently prepared to do so.

Resumo A consciência dos formadores da área da saúde para promover a conduta ética na formação de estudantes de odontologia constata-se nos planos de estudo de graduação. O presente estudo procura revelar as diferentes formas utilizadas para ensinar essas matérias. Para isso, revisa-se manualmente a literatura publicada em bancos de dados indexados em SciELO nos anos 1999-2014, que se encontram sob o título ciências da saúde, humanidades, ciências sociais aplicadas, às quais pode se acessar on-line, a texto completo, gratuito, em forma anônima e também nas seguintes revistas especializadas de educação em saúde: Journal of Dental Education (ADEA), Journal of Medical Education (AMM), com os mesmos títulos, durante o mesmo período e por meio do motor de busca PubMed via Medline. Os resultados mostram 43 artigos de pertinência temática. Conclui-se que o ensino de bioética nos planos de estudo de pós-graduação nas Escolas de Odontologia é crescente e se diferencia segundo os meios educativos e culturais em que se desenvolve; as formas de ensino mencionadas como mais eficientes são a aprendizagem baseada em casos e a aprendizagem baseada em problemas; a formação de odontólogos íntegros requer que o ensino dessas matérias esteja a cargo de equipes profissionais interdisciplinares suficientemente preparadas.