Adhesive performance of silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy and component metals bonded with organic sulfur-based priming agents and a tri-n-butylborane initiated luting material.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of thione-based metal priming agents on the adhesive behavior of a Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy and component metals bonded with an acrylic resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disk specimens (10 mm in diameter by 3 mm thick) were prepared from a silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) alloy (Castwell M.C.12), high-purity silver, palladium, copper and gold. Four single-liquid priming agents containing organic sulfur compound (Alloy Primer, Metaltite, M.L. Primer and V-Primer) and three acidic priming agents (All Bond II Primer B, Estenia Opaque Primer and Super-Bond Liquid) were assessed. The metal specimens were flat-ground with abrasive papers, primed with one of the agents and bonded with a tri-n-butylborane initiated resin. The shear bond strengths were determined both before and after repeated thermocycling (5°C and 55°C, 1 min each, 20,000 cycles). The results were statistically analyzed with a non-parametric procedure (p = 0.05 level). RESULTS: The post-thermocycling bond strengths in MPa (median; n = 11) associated with the Alloy Primer, Metaltite, M.L. Primer and V-Primer materials were, respectively, 20.8, 22.8, 17.8 and 18.4 for the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy; 19.6, 21.9, 14.4 and 20.1 for silver; 5.4, 4.5, 12.8 and 5.3 for palladium; 17.1, 19.2, 0.7 and 6.6 for copper; and 18.5, 17.7, 22.8 and 15.4 for gold. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the use of the four priming agents, which are based on organic sulfur compounds, effectively enhanced bonding to the Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy and the component metals, although the bonding performance varied among the priming agents and metal elements. The priming agents appeared to have more of an effect on the alloy, silver and gold than on the palladium and copper.

Effects of metal primers on the bonding of an adhesive resin cement to noble metal ceramic alloys after thermal cycling.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although the effectiveness of primers for resin bonding to noble alloys has been demonstrated, no effective clinical technique for bonding to noble metal ceramic alloys has been established. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metal primers on the shear bond strength of an adhesive resin to noble metal ceramic alloys after thermal cycling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-three disk-shaped specimens (10 × 2.5 mm) were cast from high-gold-content alloys (Super Metal W-85: W85 or IFK88 GR: IFK88), a high-palladium-content alloy (Super Metal N-40: N40), and an Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy (Castwell M.C.12: MC12). Smaller-sized disk-shaped specimens (8 × 2.5 mm) were fabricated with MC12. Bonding surfaces were finished with 600-grit SiC-paper and airborne-particle abraded with 50-µm alumina. Pairs of disks were primed (V-Primer: VP; ML Primer: ML; or Metaltite: MT) and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B). The bond strengths were determined before and after 20,000 and 50,000 thermal cycles (n=7). Data were analyzed by using a 3-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (α=.05). Failure modes were determined by optical microscope and SEM observation. RESULTS: Bond strengths to high-gold-content alloys with VP and MT significantly decreased after the thermal cycling (P<.001). Bond strengths to W85 (35.27 ±4.25 MPa) and IFK88 (33.57 ±3.56 MPa) after 50,000 thermal cycles obtained by ML were the highest (P<.001), and these groups showed combination failures. Bond strengths to N40 significantly decreased after 50,000 thermal cycles (P<.001), regardless of primers. CONCLUSIONS: Shear bond strengths (SBS) to high-gold-content alloys were not degraded up to 50,000 thermal cycles when primed with ML. None of the primers evaluated was effective for high-palladium-content alloy.

Effects of metal primers on bonding of adhesive resin cement to noble alloys for porcelain fusing.

This study evaluated the effects of metal primers on the bonding of adhesive resin to four pure metals (Au, Pd, Ag, Cu) and two noble alloys for porcelain fusing (high-gold and high-palladium content alloys). Bonding surface was polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and primed with one of the three metal primers (V-Primer, Metaltite, and M.L. Primer). Bonded specimens were fabricated by applying adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B) on the primed surface. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined both before and after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C for 2,000 cycles). The highest SBS values to each pure metal after thermocycling were 33.5 MPa for Au by M.L. Primer, 35.0 MPa for Ag by V-Primer, and 34.4 MPa for Cu by Metaltite. SBS to high-gold content alloy after thermocycling was 33.3 MPa by M.L. Primer. None of the primers was effective for pure Pd and high-palladium content alloy after thermocycling.

Bond strength of resin cements to a zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments.

This study evaluated the influence of surface treatments and metal primers on the bond strength of resin cements to a yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramic. Two-hundred and forty plates of Y-TZP ceramic were randomly assigned to 24 groups (n = 10) according to the combination of surface treatment (none, air abrasion with Al2O3 particles, Er:YAG laser irradiation), metal primer (none, Alloy Primer, Metal Primer II or Metaltite) and resin cement (Calibra [Bis-GMA-based] or Panavia F2.0 [MDP-based]). Fragments of dentin with a cylindrical edge (0.8 mm in diameter) were fixed to ceramic surfaces with the resin cements. The micro-shear bond test was carried out at a 1 mm/minute speed until failure, and the ceramic surfaces were examined after debonding. Bond strengths were analyzed through three-way ANOVA/Tukey test with a 5% significance level. Changes in topography after surface treatments were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy. Surface treatments significantly modified the topography of the Y-TZP ceramic. Air abrasion resulted in increased bond strength for both resin cements. However, air abraded and laser irradiated specimens presented higher bond strength with the Bis-GMA-based resin cement than with the MDP-based cement. Both cements presented similar behavior on untreated surfaces. The three metal primers yielded a significant increase in bond strength, regardless of the surface treatment and resin cement. Adhesive failures were the most prevalent. Air abrasion with Al2O3 particles and the application of metal primers increased bond strength to Y-TZP surfaces for both resin cements.

Influence of storage conditions and effect of metal priming agents on bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomers to gold alloy.

This study evaluated the influence of water storage conditions and the effect of metal priming agents on bond strength and durability of four luting agents joined to gold alloy. Disk specimens were cast from a gold alloy (Degudent U), and the surfaces were ground flat with abrasive paper. Three surface conditions employed were: unprimed, primed with Alloy Primer, and primed with Metaltite. Three resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs; Vitremer Luting Cement, Fuji Lute, and Xeno Cem Plus) and a resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B) were used for bonding the gold alloy. Unprimed specimens bonded either with Fuji Lute or with Super-Bond C&B were immersed in water at 5, 37, and 55 degrees C for 7 days, or subjected to thermocycling (5,000 cycles; 5 degrees C, 1 min and 55 degrees C, 1 min). In addition, specimens were bonded with 12 combinations comprising three surface conditions and four luting agents, and thermocycled for 20,000 cycles. Shear bond strengths were then determined and analyzed statistically. Thermocycling was useful for evaluation of the bonding durability of RMGIs. Application of two metal priming agents combined with RMGIs considerably enhanced the bond strength to the gold alloy.

Effects of primers containing sulfur and phosphate monomers on bonding type IV gold alloy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of five primers (two sulfur, one phosphate, and two sulfur-phosphate dual-function primers) on the bond strength between a self-curing luting agent and gold-copper-silver (Au-Cu-Ag) alloy. METHODS: The primers used were two sulfur primers (V-Primer and Metaltite), one phosphate primer (Epricord), and two primers which contained a sulfur monomer and a phosphate monomer (Alloy Primer and Metaltite/Epricord). The surface of Au-Cu-Ag specimens were blasted with alumina, and then bonded with acrylic rods using a tri-n-butylborane-initiated self-curing luting agent. Shear bond strengths were determined after 5000 thermocycles. An additional alumina-blasted Au-Cu-Ag alloy specimen was subjected to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. RESULTS: The maximum shear bond strengths were obtained with Metaltite/Epricord (29.6+/-2.3 MPa) and Alloy Primer (23.0+/-1.6 MPa), followed by Metaltite (10.3+/-4.2 MPa), V-Primer (8.9+/-0.6 MPa), Epricord (6.4+/-1.5 MPa), and No primer control (2.0+/-0.5 MPa). The XPS analysis detected six chemical elements (Au, Cu, Ag, Al, O, and C) on the Au-Cu-Ag alloy. In addition to pure Au element, the metal oxide-states of Ag2O, AgO, Cu2O, and CuO were suggested. CONCLUSION: The combined use of a sulfur monomer and a phosphate monomer significantly improved the bond strength of resin to Au-Cu-Ag alloy which should be especially significant to clinicians.

Effects of primers containing thiouracil and phosphate monomers on bonding of resin to Ag-Pd-Au alloy.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of four experimental primers on bond strength between a self-curing luting agent and silver-palladium-gold alloy. The experimental primers were in mixed solutions of a thiouracil primer (Metaltite) and a phosphate primer (Epricord, PM, PE, or PP), which were designated as Metaltite/Epricord, Metaltite/PM, Metaltite/PE, and Metaltite/PP respectively. Three primers (Metal Primer II, V-Primer, and Alloy Primer) were also prepared as controls. Alumina-blasted metal alloys were bonded with acrylic rods. After 5,000 thermocycles, the maximum shear bond strength was obtained with Metaltite/PE (27.8+/-2.4 MPa) and Metaltite/Epricord (27.6+/-5.9 MPa), followed by Metaltite/PP, Alloy Primer, Metaltite, Metaltite/PM, Metal Primer II, V-Primer, and Epricord. PE, PM, and PP showed the lowest bond strength. Results of this study revealed that the combined use of a thiouracil monomer and a phosphate monomer improved adhesive bonding. In this light, clinicians should pay attention to the types of functional monomers dissolved in a primer when fabricating resin-bonded prostheses.

Evaluation of 2 thione primers and 3 resin adhesives for silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy bonding.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate 2 thione primers and 3 resin adhesives for enhancement of bonding strength to a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Two different sized disk specimens (10- and 8-mm diameter by 2.5-mm thick) were prepared from a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy (Castwell M.C. 12, GC). The specimens were airborne-particle abraded with 50-microm-grain alumina, conditioned either with a thiouracil primer (Metaltite, Tokuyama Dental) or with a triazine dithione primer (V-Primer, Sun Medical), and then bonded with 1 of 3 acrylic resins: a benzoyl peroxide-amine redox-initiated resin adhesive (Multi-Bond, Tokuyama Dental) or a tri-nbutylborane-initiated resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B and Super-Bond Quick, Sun Medical). For each adhesive, unprimed specimens were prepared as experimental controls. Shear bond strength was determined after thermocycling (100,000 cycles). RESULTS: Use of primers significantly (P < .05) enhanced the bond strength of specimens in all adhesives. Irrespective of the type of primer, the strength of Multi-Bond adhesive was significantly (P < .05) lower than that of Super-Bond C&B and Super-Bond Quick adhesives. The strength of the 2 tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesives did not differ significantly (P > .05). The mean strength of the Super-Bond C&B adhesive was 40.4 MPa with Metaltite and 37.8 MPa with V-Primer; that of Super-Bond Quick adhesive was 40.9 MPa with Metaltite and 36.5 MPa with V-Primer. CONCLUSION: Use of thione primers effectively enhanced the strength of the bond to the silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy. Furthermore, the combinations of primers and tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesives were found to be more efficient for bonding.

Effect of thione primers on bonding of noble metal alloys with an adhesive resin.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of two metal conditioners on the bond durability of an adhesive resin joined to noble metal alloys by comparing pre- and post-thermocycling bond strengths. METHODS: Two different sizes of disk specimens (10 and 8mm in diameter by 2.5mm thickness) were prepared from silver-indium (Ag-In-Zn, Salivan), silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu, Castwell M.C.12), metal-ceramic gold (Au-Pt-Pd, Degudent-Universal), metal-ceramic palladium (Pd-Ga-Co, PTM 88), type IV gold (type IV, Casting Gold) alloys, and pure silver (pure Ag). The specimens were air-abraded with 50-microm grain sized alumina, conditioned either with a thiouracil primer (Metaltite) or with a thione-phosphate primer (Alloy Primer), then bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond Opaque). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after repeated thermocycling (4 degrees C and 60 degrees C, 1min each, 100, 000cycles). The results were compared by analysis of variance and post-hoc multiple comparison intervals. RESULTS: The average post-thermocycling bond strengths in MPa (n=8) generated with the thiouracil primed and thione-phosphate primed groups, respectively, were: 3.4 and 5.8 for the Ag-In-Zn alloy, 40.4 and 37.7 for the Ag-Pd-Cu alloy, 26.4 and 33.5 for the Au-Pt-Pd alloy, 27.4 and 36.6 for the Pd-Ga-Co alloy, 40.2 and 40.3 for the type IV alloy, and 37.3 and 32.4 for the pure Ag. The Ag-In-Zn alloy exhibited significantly lower bond strength than the other alloys, whereas the Ag-Pd-Cu and type IV alloys exhibited the greatest magnitude of bond strength for both primers (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the combined use of either of the two thione primers and the adhesive resin is effective for bonding the metal/alloys examined, with the exception of the Ag-In-Zn alloy.

Evaluation of thiouracil-based adhesive systems for bonding cast silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adhesive systems based on a thiouracil monomer on bonding to silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) alloy (Castwell M.C.12). Disk specimens were cast from the alloy and then air-abraded with alumina. The disks were bonded using six bonding systems selected from four primers and three luting materials. Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling. Bond strength varied from 2.7 MPa to 32.0 MPa. Three systems based on a thiouracil monomer (MTU-6) showed durable bonding to the alloy, with post-thermocycling bond strengths of 22.4 MPa for the Metaltite (MTU-6) primer and Super-Bond, a tri-n-butylborane (TBB) initiated resin, 9.0 MPa for the Multi-Bond II resin, and 8.1 MPa for the Metaltite and Bistite II system. It can be concluded that a combination of thiouracil-based primer and TBB initiated resin is effective for bonding Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy.