Effect of Nonpharmacological Methods on Pruritus in Patients with Liver Disease and Liver Cirrhosis: Systematic Review.

Background: Pruritus is a symptom that greatly affects the quality of life in patients with liver disease and liver cirrhosis. Since most pharmacological methods for itching have limited efficacy, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of nonpharmacological methods. Purpose: This systematic review aims to examine the effects of nonpharmacological methods on itching in individuals with liver disease and liver cirrhosis. Methods: PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) criteria were used as the basis for creating the systematic review protocol and writing the article. Studies were searched in "Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL" databases, and studies from January 1, 2016, to January 1, 2024, were included in this systematic review. Studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PICOS method, and these studies included in the review were evaluated using the revised Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical evaluation lists according to their types. Results: Five randomized controlled trials with a total of 257 participants were included in this systematic review. While one of the studies was published in 2016, the others were published after 2016. The nonpharmacological interventions used in the studies consisted of baby oil, peppermint oil, clove oil, curcumin capsules, and ultraviolet light. In all five studies included in the review, it was found that nonpharmacological methods significantly reduced itching, with advantages such as being non-invasive, easy application, cheap, and very low toxicity and side effects. Conclusions: Based on the findings, nonpharmacological methods have a positive effect on itching in individuals with liver disease and liver cirrhosis. It is recommended to conduct more studies with higher methodological quality, using larger sample groups, different interventions, randomization, and blinding methods, to examine the effectiveness of nonpharmacological methods in patients with liver disease and liver cirrhosis.

Is mean platelet volume related to disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus?

INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a connective tissue disease that is chronic, recurrent and multisystem with unknown aetiology. There is still no single biomarker that is pathognomonic for the disease. We know that platelets are the main part of haemostasis and thrombosis. We aimed to investigate whether there is a connection between MPV with SLE and inflammatory markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have included 39 female patients with SLE and 45 controls in this study. In both groups, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and MPV levels were investigated. Clinical findings and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) were evaluated in patients. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic data. The MPV was 8.1 ± 0.5 (mean ± SD) in the patient's group and 7.6 ± 0.3 in the control group. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of MPV (P < .001). The ESR level was 30.7 ± 29 in the patient's group and 16.7 ± 10 in the control group. In the patient's group, the CRP levels were higher compared with that of the control group (8.2 ± 13, 4.5 ± 4, respectively). We found a statistically significant positive correlation between MPV with arthritis (r = .310,P = .004), nephritis (r = .446,P < .001), central nervous system involvement (r = .241,P = .027), vasculitis (r = .228,P = .037) and SLEDAI (r = .329,P = .002). In our study, we found increased levels of MPV in patients with SLE. Also, we observed a positive correlation among MPV with sedimentation, CRP, clinical manifestations and SLEDAI. CONCLUSION: We consider that MPV may be a new activation indicator for the SLE.

Brief Report: Turkish Validity and Reliability of the HITS Intimate Partner Violence Screening Tool With Women.

The current study examined the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the HITS (Hurt-Insult-Threaten-Scream) tool which was developed to screen for intimate partner violence. 154 Turkish women participated and completed the Turkish version of the HITS (HITS-TR). The validity of the language and factor structure were evaluated. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale was.89. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), revealed a single factor structure consisting of four items that explained 76% of the total variance. A CFA was performed with a modified model upon a second sample indicating high compatibility for the revised model with χ2/df = 1.262, a root mean square error of approximation.036, goodness of fit index of.996, adjusted goodness of fit index.998, root mean square residual of.006 and standardized root mean square residual of.008. It is concluded that the HITS-TR can be used as a valid and reliable screening tool for intimate partner violence in Turkish women.

Serum vitamin D levels in children with recurrent otitis media.

The aims of this study were to evaluate serum vitamin D levels in cases of recurrent otitis media and investigate the effect of vitamin D therapy on the risk of re-occurrence of the disease. This prospective study was performed by comparing serum vitamin D levels in children with recurrent otitis media and healthy children. Eighty-four children between 1 and 5 years of age and diagnosed with recurrent otitis media were enrolled as the study group. One hundred-and-eight healthy children with similar demographic characteristics were enrolled as the control group. Patients were divided into groups according to their serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels. In patients with low initial serum vitamin D levels, vitamin D therapy was administered in addition to conventional treatment for otitis media. Mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D level in the study group was 11.4 ± 9.8 ng/mL Serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels were below 20 ng/mL in 69 % (n = 58) of cases in this group. In the control group, mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D level was 29.2 ± 13.9 ng/mL and was below 20 ng/mL in 30 % (n = 32) of cases. Comparison of serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels and PTH in the study and control groups revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Treatment was initiated in cases diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency, and patients were followed up in due course. The only episodes detected over the course of 1-year follow-up were one attack in five patients and two attacks in two. We believe that co-administration of supplementary vitamin D together with conventional treatments is appropriate in the management of upper respiratory infections such as otitis media.

Effects of oral isotretinoin on lipids and liver enzymes in acne patients.

Isotretinoin has been used to treat severe inflammatory acne that is resistant to antibiotics or topical agents; however, it also may cause alterations in lipids and liver enzymes. In this retrospective study, we evaluated changes in lipids and liver enzymes in 322 acne patients who had been treated with oral isotretinoin at our institution over a 3-year period. Each patient's medical records were evaluated to determine baseline triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared to levels recorded at 3 and 6 months following initiation of treatment with oral isotretinoin. Overall, statistically significant increases in TG and LDL levels were noted following treatment with isotretinoin (P<.001, respectively), while HDL levels were shown to decrease (P=.016). Although ALT levels also increased, the changes were not statistically significant increases in AST levels also were noted (P=.72). In our study, isotretinoin appeared to have a greater effect on lipids than liver enzymes. Dermatologists should not avoid isotretinoin use for appropriate indications, but close follow-up is important.

Vitamin D levels in children diagnosed with acute otitis media.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and acute otitis media infection. METHODS: The randomised, single-blind, case-control study was conducted at the Paediatric Department of Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey, from January to April 2010. It comprised ambulatory children diagnosed with acute otitis media and healthy controls. The subjects were divided into groups according to their serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. SPSS 18 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 169 subjects in the study, 88(52%) were the cases and 81(48%) were controls. The mean age of the cases was 6.21±3.4 years, and 6.18±3.12 years for the controls (p<0.951). Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in the cases and controls were 20.6±10.2 ng/mL and 23.8±10.3 ng/mL (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of parathormone and calcium levels (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels being significantly lower in children diagnosed with acute otitis media compared to the controls in two otherwise similar groups suggests that Vitamin D deficiency plays a role in otitis media infection.

What do trainers think about trainer training courses?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the training-of-trainer courses given to medical school faculty members, and to ensure the standardisation of training.. METHODS: The study comprised faculty members attending seven training-of-trainer courses held at the Ataturk University, Turkey, from November 2010 to May 2011. Tests were administered to the participants evaluating their level of knowledge on course content before and after the five-day course, which covered topics including concepts of teaching/learning, curriculum development, assessment and evaluation, training methods, and training skills. Oral and written feedbacks were obtained from all participants on the last day of each course. Volunteers from among the participants evaluated the impact of training through a questionnaire after at least two months. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 136 faculty members participated in the 7 training-of-trainer courses. The mean scores for the pretest and post-test were 6.6 +/- 2.2 vs. 13.9 +/- 3.7, (p < 0.001). Questions with highest percentage of correct answers in the pre-test were those about learning style 78 (70.9%) and the one about presentation skills (66.4%). CONCLUSION: A structured training-of-trainer course is effective in increasing faculty members' level of knowledge about training. Such programmes are necessary for faculty members who work in the academic field without receiving formal training in teaching as it is the case with medical education in several countries.

Evidence based medicine: teaching, learning and practice: results of a cross-sectional study from Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of understanding related to the significance of evidence-based medicine among physicians. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted between March and October 2012 using an online questionnaire that was sent out to physicians and academics working as faculty at training hospitals across Turkey. The questionnaire consisted of questions about the knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards evidence-based medicine. Seven of the questions pertained to the learning of evidence-based medicine, six were about teaching evidence-based medicine, and six were about its practice. SPSS 20 was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The questionnaire was returned duly filled by 79 physicians. Of them, 41 (51.9%) were males; and 57 (72.2%) were part of the faculty. Only 1(1.2%) participant had attended a course about evidence-based medicine during undergraduate education, while 19 (24.05)had attended one after graduation. Besides, 26 (32.9%) academics were teaching some concepts of evidence-based medicine, and 21 (26.6%) were giving some information about clinical guidelines. CONCLUSION: The study found that levels of learning and teaching of evidence-based medicine among physicians were inadequate. They should be emphasised at both pre- and post-graduate tiers.

Evaluation the validity and reliability of the perceived medical school stress scale in Turkish medical students.

Medical education can be a challenging and stressful process. Additional stressors can make the medical education process even more complex and impair a student's attention and concentration. To the authors' knowledge, there is no valid and reliable scale to measure medical school stress in Turkish medical students. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Perceived Medical School Stress (PMSS) Scale in Turkish medical students. The Perceived Medical School Stress Scale is a self-assessment tool developed to measure medical school-induced stress in medical students. It consists of 13 items divided into two subdimensions. Scale items are answered using a four-point (0-4) Likert system The total score that can be obtained from the PMSS ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating higher levels of perceived stress. First, the scale was applied as a pilot to 52 students by performing the scale's back-and-forth translation into Turkish. Then, the scale was applied to 612 volunteer medical students to ensure validity. Convergent validity and confirmatory factor analysis are used to assess the construct validity of a scale. Test-retest, item correlations, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients are used to evaluate the reliability of a scale. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the two-factor structure of the original scale was confirmed. The fit indices of the model obtained showed excellent fit. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale was used for convergent validity. The GAD-7 is a self-assessment tool that measures the level of generalized anxiety. It is answered with a four-point Likert scale for the last two weeks. The score that can be obtained from the scale is between 0-21. A score of ten or more indicates possible anxiety disorder. The students' mean perceived medical school stress score was 39.80±8.09, and their GAD-7 score was 11.0±5.5. A significant positive relationship was found between the total scores of the scales (r = .48, P < .001). The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was .81, and test-retest reliability was significant for all scale items (P < .001 for all). No item was deleted according to Cronbach's alpha values and item-total correlations. There was no significant relationship between Turkish version of the PMSS and GAD-7 scores and age, sex, income status, tobacco use, or exercise (P>.05). The Turkish version of the Perceived Medical School Stress Scale is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to investigate the medical school-specific stress of students.

Effectiveness of acupuncture on pregnancy success rates for women undergoing in vitro fertilization: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of acupuncture on pregnancy success rates applied before and after embryo transfer (ET) among women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 72 infertile women undergoing IVF were randomized to acupuncture (AG; n = 36) and control group (CG; n = 36). Three sessions of acupuncture were applied to AG, the first was one week before ET, the second was 30 min before ET, and the third was 30 min after ET. CG received no acupuncture. The primary outcome was pregnancy success rate (Beta-HCG level, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, live birth). Secondary outcome was anxiety level (STAI-1 state anxiety scale). Beta-HCG levels were assessed for conception 12 days after ET. Additionally, STAI-1 state anxiety scale was administered 30 min before and after ET to measure anxiety levels in both groups. RESULTS: The mean age was 30.9 ± 3.7 years. Positive Beta HCG was detected in 63.9% (n = 23) of the AG and 33.3% (n = 12) of CG (p = 0.009). Clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, and live birth rates were higher in AG (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the groups concerning anxiety scores before ET (p > 0.05). The mean STAI-1 score was decreasing from 57.3 ± 9.8 to 28.8 ± 3.3 in AG, while it was decreasing from 57.0 ± 8.0 to 41,1 ± 6,8 in CG after ET (p < 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that three sessions of acupuncture before and after ET significantly increased the pregnancy rates in women with unexplained infertility. It was also found that acupuncture significantly reduced anxiety levels that occurred before ET.

Predictors of Blood Culture Positivity in Pediatric Brucellosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictors of blood culture positivity in children with brucellosis. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases in Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Turkey, from January to December 2015. METHODOLOGY: Eighty-six children under 16 years of age, with brucellosis, were retrospectively evaluated. Compatible clinical findings plus presence of positivity at titers of >1:160 in serum and/or Coombs agglutination tests in a single serum sample and/or a minimum fourfold increase within a 2-3 week interval were diagnostic for brucellosis. Only patients with blood cultures were included. Patients' demographical, clinical, and laboratory risk factors, such as age, gender, presence and duration of symptoms, and laboratory characteristics were analysed. RESULTS: Brucella spp. grew in blood cultures of 24 (27.9%) patients. Children with blood culture positivity had shorter symptom duration than those with negative blood cultures (p=0.03). Absence of personal and household histories of brucellosis (p=0.02 and p=0.04, respectively), lower hemoglobin, iron, and vitamin D (p<0.001, p=0.006, and p=0.006, respectively), and higher leukocyte, CRP, and ferritin (p<0.001, p=0.001, and p<0.001, respectively) levels were associated with isolation of Brucella spp. in blood culture. Children with positive blood cultures had higher serum tube and Coombs agglutination test results (p=0.001 and p<0.001). ROC analysis showed that ferritin at a cut-off level of 122 ng/mL (CI 95% 0.86-0.97, p<0.001) and Brucella Coombs agglutination test at a cut-off level of 1/480 (CI 95% 0.84-0.96, p<0.001) were the most sensitive and specific predictors of bacteremia. CONCLUSION: Serum hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, vitamin D, and C-reactive protein levels, Brucellar tube and Coombs agglutination tests, and leukocyte count could help to predict definitive diagnosis in pediatric brucellosis when molecular techniques are not feasible, such as in source-limited countries.

Effectiveness of breathing exercises during the second stage of labor on labor pain and duration: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Some research exists on the effect of non-pharmacological approaches for labor pain relief. However, there is limited information about effectiveness of breathing exercises in pregnant women to reduce maternal pain during labor. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breathing exercises for pregnant women during the second stage of labor have beneficial effects on maternal pain, duration of labor, and the first-minute Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration (APGAR) scores. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: This randomized clinical trial involved 250 pregnant women, who were randomly divided into two groups: intervention group (IG; n = 125) and control group (CG; n = 125). IG received one session breathing exercise training and performed breathing exercises during the second stage of labor versus the CG that did not receive any breathing exercise training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effects of breathing exercises on maternal pain were determined by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), duration of the second stage of labor, and the first-minute APGAR scores. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was (23.2 ± 4.2) (range: 18 to 42) years. Both IG and CG had similar baseline characteristics in terms of age, education level, occupation, and smoking (P > 0.05). The mean VAS scores of IG and CG were (88.2 ± 6.3) and (90.5 ± 7.0), respectively (P < 0.001). The duration of the second stage of labor was (369.6 ± 92.0) s for IG and (440.7 ± 142.5) s for CG (P < 0.001). The mean first-minute APGAR scores were (8.84 ± 0.50) for IG and (8.73 ± 0.89) for CG (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on this study, breathing exercises with deep inhalation and exhalation in pregnant women are effective in reducing the perception of labor pain and shortening the duration of the second stage of delivery. Therefore, we recommend breathing exercises as an effective modality for labor pain management and shortening the duration of labor. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered on the website of ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) with the number of NCT03066973.

Peer teaching experience of the first year medical students from Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To document peer teaching activity performed by first-year medical students and their views on the teaching activity. STUDY DESIGN: Survey. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Medical Education Department, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey, in the 2012 - 2013 academic year. METHODOLOGY: Volunteer students were selected for peer teaching model by an academician from the Medical Education Department. Students were taught subjects selected from classes such as biochemistry and microbiology in the same way as the academicians do. Following each class activity, the teaching student was assessed by the other students on a 5-point rating scale. Written and verbal feedback was also obtained from both teaching students and participated students. Verbal feedbacks were noted by a faculty member and similar opinions were categorized. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 statistical program. RESULTS: Eleven students took part in the program. Feedback was received from students 171 times. The mean number of students participated was 24.4 ± 14.3 in each program. Statistical analysis revealed that mean value for teaching materials, peer instructors and teaching environment were 4.62 ± 0.49, 4.63 ± 0.47 and 3.88 ± 1. 27 respectively. CONCLUSION: Peer teaching method is a pretty good way of teaching for medical students. It is a practicable technique that can be used in medical training. Taking part in this program as a lecturer, student increased students' self-confidence in the learning and teaching activities. Quite positive feedbacks were received.

The effect of pedometer use on physical activity and body weight in obese women.

Physical activity and healthy eating are of the utmost importance in treatment of obesity. However obese generally tend to have a sedentary lifestyle. Walking is a form of physical activity that is both simple and can be performed by everyone, but it requires an objective measurement. Number of steps taken during tracking can be recorded with the pedometer, a device used to measure the level of physical activity. We aimed to investigate whether or not using pedometers as a motivational technique to increase the level of physical activity in obese women has an impact on weight loss. Eighty-four obese women who are similar age referring to Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine Healthy Living Clinic, Turkey were randomly divided into two groups. Intervention group were given pedometers, and control group were prescribed similar diet and physical activity with a three-month follow-up plan without pedometers. Mean weight in pedometer group initially was 88.9 ± 8.4 kg, which decreased to 80.2 ± 8.7 kg after the programme. Mean weight in control group was 86.1 ± 9.2 kg at the beginning, and it decreased to 84.7 ± 8.8 kg after three months. It was observed in pedometer group that the mean number of steps 8817 ± 2725 steps/day at the beginning increased to mean 9716 ± 2811 steps/day at the end of the study. Weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and waist circumference measurements decreased more greatly in the pedometer when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Pedometers may be recommended to obese patients to monitor and increase the level of physical activity and to promote weight loss.

Self-assessment through videotaping compared with peer and trainer feedback.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare three different types of feedback for presentation skills, self, peer and trainer feedback. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Faculty of Medicine at Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey, from March 2012 to December 2012. METHODOLOGY: Participants were faculty members and instructor nurses. Each participant gave a 10-minute presentation, which was rated by peers, course trainers and the presenter himself/herself using a thirteen-item questionnaire (designed as a 5-point Likert scale). Peers and trainers conducted the assessment during the presentation while the self-assessment was done later by watching a video recording of the presentation. Comparison of the points between the groups was made using the two-way ANOVA. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the mean scores of self-assessment, peer and trainer assessment. RESULTS: Ten faculty members, 27 instructor nurses and 4 trainers participated in the study. A total of 775 feedback reports were collected for 37 participants. There was no significant difference between the feedback scores of the evaluators as well as the occupation groups (p > 0.05). There was a strong positive and statistically significant correlation between trainer and peer (r = 0.73, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Consequently, there were no differences in the evaluations of presentation skills between different stakeholders. Trainers should use the video recording method to self-evaluate their presentation skills, and they should invite their peers from time to time to improve their own personal development by using peer review methods.

Is mean platelet volume a new activity criteria in Behçet's disease?

The aim of this study was to assess mean platelet volume (MPV) and its relationship with disease activity in patients with Behçet's disease. Thirty-six patients with an age of 38.9 ± 11 (mean ± SD) years and 40 controls aged 36.5 ± 12 (mean ± SD) years were enrolled the study. Demographic data, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), MPV, clinical findings such as oral aphthae, genital aphthae, erythema nodosum, acne, central nervous system involvement, uveitis, arthritis and arthralgia were all recorded. The MPV value in patients with Behçet's disease was 8.06 ± 1.0 (mean ± SD) and the MPV value of the control participants was 7.45 ± 0.6 (mean ± SD). MPV was statistically higher in patients with Behçet's disease than in the controls (P = 0.003). There were also significant differences between patients and controls according to ESR and CRP values (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). MPV was positively correlated with arthralgia (P < 0.001, r = 0.438), arthritis (P = 0.008, r = 0.307), erythema nodosum (P = 0.002, r =  0.354), central nervous system involvement (P = 0.002, r = 0.357), acne (P = 0.008, r = 0.312), genital aphthae (P < 0.001, r = 0.401) and oral aphthae (P = 0.001 r = 0.377). MPV can be easily obtained from the patients. It was a cheap and practical method. In the future, MPV may be used as a new marker to detect the activation of BD.

Does bosentan protect diabetic brain alterations in rats? The role of endothelin-1 in the diabetic brain.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major problem all over the world, affecting more people in recent years. Individuals with diabetes are more prone to disease than non-diabetics, especially vascular complications. The aim of this study was to examine the roles of the endothelin (ET)-1 in brain damage formed in a streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model, and the effect of bosentan, which is the non-specific ET1 receptor blocker in the prevention of the diabetes-induced brain damage. To examine the effects of bosentan (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) in this study, the rats were given the drug for 3 months. The rats were divided into four groups: the sham group (n = 10), the diabetic control group (n = 10), the group of diabetic rats given bosentan 50 mg/kg (n = 10) and the group of diabetic rats given bosentan 100 mg/kg (n = 10). Diabetes was induced in the rats by STZ (60 mg/kg i.p.). On day 91, all rats were killed. Brain tissues of the rats were measured by molecular, biochemical and histopathological methods. Antioxidant levels in the therapy groups were observed as quite near to the values in the healthy group. In this study, while the brain eNOS levels in the diabetic groups decreased, the ET1 and iNOS levels were found to be increased. However, in the diabetes group, hippocampus and cerebellum, pericellular oedema and a number of neuronal cytoretraction were increased in neuropiles, whereas these results were decreased in the therapy group. Based on all of these results, ET1 will not be ignored in diabetes-induced cerebral complications.