More future synergies and less trade-offs between forest ecosystem services with natural climate solutions instead of bioeconomy solutions.

To reach the Paris Agreement, societies need to increase the global terrestrial carbon sink. There are many climate change mitigation solutions (CCMS) for forests, including increasing bioenergy, bioeconomy, and protection. Bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions use climate-smart, intensive management to generate high quantities of bioenergy and bioproducts. Protection of (semi-)natural forests is a major component of "natural climate solution" (NCS) since forests store carbon in standing biomass and soil. Furthermore, protected forests provide more habitat for biodiversity and non-wood ecosystem services (ES). We investigated the impacts of different CCMS and climate scenarios, jointly or in isolation, on future wood ES, non-wood ES, and regulating ES for a major wood provider for the international market. Specifically, we projected future ES given by three CCMS scenarios for Sweden 2020-2100. In the long term, fulfilling the increasing wood demand through bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions will decrease ES multifunctionality, but the increased stand age and wood stocks induced by rising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations will partially offset these negative effects. Adopting bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions will have a greater negative impact on ES supply than adopting NCS. Bioenergy or bioeconomy solutions, as well as increasing GHG emissions, will reduce synergies and increase trade-offs in ES. NCS, by contrast, increases the supply of multiple ES in synergy, even transforming current ES trade-offs into future synergies. Moreover, NCS can be considered an adaptation measure to offset negative climate change effects on the future supplies of non-wood ES. In boreal countries around the world, forestry strategies that integrate NCS more deeply are crucial to ensure a synergistic supply of multiple ES.

Clinical profile, risk factors, and clinical outcomes in patients of venous thromboembolism at a tertiary care center.

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) commonly presents as either deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). Despite rapid advances in its diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, it still leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives: Our study predominantly aims at studying the clinical profile, risk factors, and the clinical outcomes in VTE patients presenting to a single tertiary care center to rapidly detect the disease and use appropriate thrombo-prophylaxis. Materials and Methods: This was an prospective observational study involving 40 patients of confirmed cases of VTE who presented to this tertiary care hospital during a period from June 2017 to May 2019. Data collected included the age, sex, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and their clinical outcomes. Descriptive analysis was carried out by mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables; frequency and proportion for the categorical variables. Results: Among the study groups, 30 (74%) had DVT, 4 (11%) had PE, and 6 (15%) had both. Major risk factors detected included smoking history (44%), recent surgery (15%), malignancy (11%), history of immobility (10%), and past history of DVT (15%). The clinical presentation mainly included leg pain (62%) and leg swelling (87%).The outcomes were predominantly re-canalization (31%), recurrent DVT (21%), recurrent PE (1%), chronic DVT (27%), chronic venous insufficiency (36%), chronic venous ulcer (7%), pulmonary hypertension (16%), and death (5%). In our study population, the most common pro-thrombotic state was found to be hyperhomocysteinemia. Conclusions: In our study of VTE patients, we have highlighted the possible risk factors, clinical presentation, and clinical outcomes to identify the disease early and help us initiate appropriate thromboprophylaxis to reduce morbidity.

Résumé Contexte: Thromboembolie veineuse (TEV) se présente généralement comme une thrombose veineuse profonde (TVP) ou embolie pulmonaire (PE). Malgré les progrès rapides de ses modalités diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, il entraîne toujours une morbidité et une mortalité importantes. Objectifs: Notre étude vise principalement à étudier le profil clinique, les facteurs de risque et les résultats cliniques chez les patients TEV se présentant dans un seul centre de soins tertiaires.afin de détecter rapidement la maladie et d'utiliser une thrombo-prophylaxie appropriée. Matériels et méthodes: Il s'agissaitun descriptifd'observationétude impliquant40 patients de cas confirmés de TEV qui se sont présentés àHôpital de commandement de l'armée de l'air de Bangalorependant une période allant de juin 2017 à mai 2019. Les données recueillies comprenaient l'âge, le sexe, la présentation clinique, les facteurs de risque, les modalités de diagnostic et leurs résultats cliniques.L'analyse descriptive a été effectuée par moyenne et écart-type pour les variables quantitatives;fréquence et proportion pour les variables catégorielles. Résultats: Parmi le groupe d'étude30 (74 %) avaient une TVP,4(11 %) avaient une EP et 6 (15 %) avaient les deux. R majeurles facteurs de risque détectés comprenaient les antécédents de tabagisme(44 %), chirurgie récente (15 %), malignité (11 %), antécédents d'immobilité (10 %) et antécédents de TVP (15 %). La présentation clinique comprenait des douleurs aux jambes (62 %) et un gonflement des jambes (87 %). Les critères de jugement étaient principalement la recanalisation (31 %), la TVP récurrente (21 %), l'EP récurrente (1 %), la TVP chronique (27 %) , insuffisance veineuse chronique (36 %), ulcère veineux chronique (7 %), hypertension pulmonaire (16 %) et décès (5 %). Dans notre population d'étude, l'état pro-thrombotique le plus courant était l'hyper-homocystéinémie. Conclusions: Dans notre étude sur les patients atteints de TEV, nous avons mis en évidence les facteurs de risque possibles, la présentation clinique et les résultats cliniques afin d'identifier la maladie de manière précoce et de nous aider à initier une thrombo-prophylaxie appropriée pour réduire la morbidité. Mots-clés: Thromboembolie veineuse, Profil clinique, Facteurs de risque, Résultats cliniques.

Ion chromatographic determination of residual phase transfer catalyst in active pharmaceutical ingredient.

A new ion chromatography method with non-suppressed conductivity detection has been developed for the quantification of residual phase transfer catalyst-tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) in an active pharmaceutical drug, Levetiracetam. Separation conditions are optimized to get a clear separation of TBAB from drug impurities using a Metrosep Cation C2-150 column. Conditions are also optimized to separate tetramethylammonium bromide, tetraethylammonium bromide, and tetrapropylammonium bromide, which are also used as phase transfer catalysts in several syntheses. Method performance was checked for selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification, limit of detection, accuracy, and precision. The method has superior performance with linearity r(2) > or = 0.9999, recovery from 94.7% to 96.5%, precision < or = 0.74%. In-line preconcentration is used to achieve limits of detection and quantification of 39 ng and 118 ng of TBAB, which corresponds to 1.56 and 4.72 microg/g of TBAB with respect to sample weight. The proposed method can be used for routine quality assurance analysis in the pharmaceutical industry.

Matrix elimination ion chromatography method for trace level azide determination in irbesartan drug.

Ultra-trace analysis of azide in complicated Irbesartan sample matrix is achieved by the in-line sample preparation technique. Sodium azide is the precursor of Irbesartan, which is used as an anti-hypertensive drug. Due to the toxic nature of sodium azide, reliable determination of azide in Irbesartan is necessary. Irbesartan when analyzed for sodium azide, as per the USP 31-NF26 method, gets adsorbed to the analytical column, leading to reduction in column capacity and irreproducible retention time. The retained drug has to be removed with special rinsing solution, followed by re-equilibration with the mobile phase. This process takes at least 3 to 4 h for each sample analysis. The new method developed overcomes the limitations of the USP 31-NF26 method. This method is validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, sample solution stability, and robustness as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The relationship between peak response and concentration is found to be linear between 5 to 80 ng/mL of sodium azide, with the correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.9995. The limits of detection and quantification for sodium azide are 0.532 and 1.61 microg/gm with respect to the sample weight.

An improved ion chromatographic method for fast and sensitive determination of N-methylpyrrolidine in cefepime hydrochloride.

An alternative ion chromatographic method to the existing USP method for the determination of N-methylpyrrolidine (NMP) in cefepime hydrochloride is developed. The cefepime in solution behaves as a strong cation and gets retained in the analytical column, leading to reduction in column capacity and irreproducible retention time. The retained drug has to be removed with a special rinsing solution, followed by re-equilibration with the mobile phase. This process takes at least 3 to 4 h time for sample analysis. We used a silica-based cation exchange column with poly-butadiene-maleic acid functional group attached with an optimized mobile phase composition. The characteristic feature of this method is the short analysis time with a clear separation of NMP and the cationic drug molecule within a run-time of 30 min. The developed method overcomes the limitations of the USP method. This method describes the matrix elimination by choosing appropriate column and eluent condition. The method is tested for selectivity, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy, and precision and is suitable for continuous sample analysis.