Promoter analysis and RNA interference of CYP6ab4 in the silkworm Bombyx mori.

In insects, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are involved in the metabolism of endogenous compounds such as steroid hormones and lipids. In this study, we measured the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E)-induced transcriptional level of the CYP6ab4 gene using reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) with a dual spike-in strategy. We then probed possible physiological functions using RNAi experiments in the silkworm Bombyx mori. The activity of the CYP6ab4 promoter in various silkworm tissues was measured by firefly luciferase activity and normalized by Renilla luciferase activity. Our results showed that the activity of the CYP6ab4 promoter was highest in the malpighian tubule, followed by the fat body, the silk gland, the midgut, the epidermis, and the hemocyte. The essential region for basal and 20E-induced transcriptional activity was between -908 and -456 bp from the transcription start site. Through promoter truncation analysis using a dual-luciferase reporter assay in B. mori ovary cells (BmN), we showed that the region between -827 and -722 bp was essential for basal and 20E-induced transcriptional activity. Sequence analysis of this region revealed several potential transcriptional regulatory elements such as Hunchback (Hb) and BR-C Z. Mutation of the core bases of the BR-C Z binding site demonstrated that BR-C Z induces 20E-mediated CYP6ab4 transcription. Further identification of cis- and trans-elements and their roles in the upregulation of CYP6ab4 may be useful for elucidating the contribution of P450 to the response mechanism to 20E.

Expression analysis and RNA interference of BmCarE-10 gene from Bombyx mori.

Carboxylesterase (CarE) is a multifunctional superfamily, and it plays important roles in xenobiotic detoxification, pheromone degradation, neurogenesis and regulating development. In this research, firstly, we measured the rutin-induced transcriptional level of BmCarE-10 gene by using real-time quantitative RT-PCR method, and dual spike-in strategy. Several possible physiological functions were certified preliminarily by RNAi experiments in silkworm. Promoter truncation analysis using a dual-luciferase reporter assay in Bombyx mori ovary cells (BmN) showed that the region -705 to -625 for BmCarE-10 gene was essential for basal and rutin-induced transcriptional activity. Sequence analysis of this region revealed several potential transcriptional regulatory elements such as Croc and Dfd. The activities of the BmCarE-10 promoter in various tissues of silkworm were also measured by firefly luciferase activity and normalized by the Renilla luciferase activity. Results showed that the activity of the BmCarE-10 promoter were highest in the Malpighian tubule, followed by fat body, silk gland, midgut, epidermis, and hemocyte. The essential region for basal and rutin-induced transcriptional activity was also -894 to -502 in Malpighian tubule and fat body of silkworm. The potential core promoters of BmCarE-10 gene in B. mori are reported for the first time in this research. Further identification of cis- and trans-elements and their role in upregulation of BmCarE-10 gene may be useful for elucidating the contribution of CarE protein to the response mechanism to rutin.

Analyzing the promoters of two CYP9A genes in the silkworm Bombyx mori by dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are widespread proteins that interact with exogenous chemicals from the diet or the environment. CYP9A subfamily genes are important in the silkworm Bombyx mori. We previously reported transcriptional levels of two CYP9A genes in different tissues and their responses to sodium fluoride (NaF). In this study, promoter truncation analysis using a dual-luciferase reporter assay in B. mori ovary cells (BmN) showed that the regions -1,496 to -1,102 bp for CYP9A19, and -1,630 to -1,210 bp for CYP9A22 were essential for basal transcriptional activity. Sequence analysis of these regions revealed several transcriptional regulatory elements but no typical promoter elements. Promoter activities were regulated after NaF induction and with an obvious dose effect. Although the dual-luciferase assay has been widely used to determine the activity of a given promoter in cell lines, problems with it still exist. Our results indicate that both plasmid size and construct protocols affect the experimental results.

Surface plasmon resonance analysis to evaluate the importance of heparin sulfate groups' binding with human aFGF and bFGF.

Human acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) are classic and well characterized members of the heparin-binding growth factor family. Heparin is generally thought to play an extremely important role in regulating aFGF and bFGF bioactivities through its strong binding with them. In order to unravel the mechanism of the interactions between heparin and FGFs, and evaluate the importance of heparin sulfate groups' binding with FGFs, surface plasmon resonance analyses were performed using IAsys Cuvettes System. Heparin and its regioselectively desulfated derivatives were immobilized on the cuvettes. aFGF and bFGF solutions with different concentrations were pipetted into the cuvettes and the progress of the interaction was monitored in real-time by Windows-based software, yielding kinetic and equilibrium constants for these interactions. In addition, in order to reduce the delicate difference among the cuvettes, inhibition analyses of mixture of FGFs and immobilized native heparin by modified heparins were also done. The data from these two methods were similar, indicating that all sulfate groups at 2-O, 6-O and N- in heparin were required for the binding to aFGF; and that their contribution to the binding was in the order 2-O, N- and 6-O-sulfate group. In contrast, definite contribution of the 6-O-sulfate group to the binding with bFGF was most apparent, while the other two sulfate groups appeared to be necessary in the order 2-O and N-sulfate group. These methods established here can be used for analysing the effect of sulfate groups in heparin on the binding with other human FGF members or other heparin-binding proteins.

S-1-based combination therapy vs S-1 monotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a meta-analysis.

AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of combination therapy based on S-1, a novel oral fluoropyrimidine, vs S-1 monotherapy in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for eligible studies published before March 2013. Our analysis identified four randomized controlled trials involving 790 participants with AGC. The outcome measures were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR) and grade 3-4 adverse events. RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed that S-1-based combination therapy significantly improved OS (HR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.66-0.91, P = 0.002), PFS (HR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.46-0.72, P = 0.000) and ORR (OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.54-3.21, P = 0.000). Sensitivity analysis further confirmed this association. Lower incidence of grade 3-4 leucopenia (OR = 4.06, 95%CI: 2.11-7.81), neutropenia (OR = 3.94, 95%CI: 2.1-7.81) and diarrhea (OR = 2.41, 95%CI: 1.31-4.44) was observed in patients with S-1 monotherapy. CONCLUSION: S-1-based combination therapy is superior to S-1 monotherapy in terms of OS, PFS and ORR. S-1 monotherapy is associated with less toxicity.

[The expression of VP19 gene from prawn white spot syndrome virus in silkworm, Bombyx mori using host range-expanded HyNPV].

Prawn white spot syndrome is caused by the pathogen prawn white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). VP19 is a vesicle membrane protein of WSSV. HyNPV (Hybrid of AcNPV and BmNPV) constructed by the recombination of BmNPV and AcNPV is a new hybrid virus having both of their advantages. The recombinant transfer vector pBlueBicHisC-vp19 and recombinant baculovirus HyNPV-VP19 were constructed on the basis of the successful cloning of VP19. Newly-molted silkworms Bombyx mori of fifth instar were inoculated by the recombinant virus. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis showed a specific band, about 21kD, which was consistent with the expectation suggesting that the WSSV-VP19 gene was successfully expressed in silkworm bodies.

[Virulence genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and analysis function of its biology].

Chromosomal virulence genes acvB, abvA, chvA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were cloned with the technique of transposon 5 insertion. The chromosome genes are necessary for Agrobacterium tumfaciens absorbing to cell ular surface of plant, the adherence reaction can't be executed and result in losing the toxicity if mutations are occurred in some chromosome genes. The chromosome toxicity gene is inactivated due to transposon Tn5 be inserted and the accept ant cell infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens can't cause tumor ultimately. This article briefly introduces the research way of thinking and strategy of this technique and the important roles of every gene, which are taken of in the process of T-DNA's form, transfer, integration, and expression etc. This article also gives a presumption to T-DNA's transport: The plant cell wall's porin may be T-DNA's natural channel.