Benzoselenadiazole-Functionalized H-Bonded Arylamide Foldamers: Solvent-Responsive Properties and Helix Self-Assembly Directed by Chalcogen Bonding in Solid State.

In this study, a series of H-bonded arylamide foldamers bearing benzoselenadiazole ends with solvent-responsive properties have been synthesized. In dichloromethane or dimethyl sulfoxide solvents, the molecules exhibit meniscus or linear structures, respectively, which can be attributed to the unique intramolecular hydrogen bonding behavior evidenced by 1D 1H NMR and 2D NOESY spectra. UV-vis spectroscopy experiments show that the absorption wavelength of H-bonded arylamide foldamers are significantly red-shifted due to the presence of benzoselenadiazole group. In addition, the crystal structures reveal that effective intermolecular dual Se ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N interactions between benzoselenadiazole groups induce further assembly of the monomers. Remarkably, supramolecular linear and double helices structures are constructed under the synergistic induction of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and intermolecular chalcogen bonding. Additionally, 2D DOSY diffusion spectra and theoretical modelling based on density functional theory (DFT) are performed to explore the persistence of intermolecular Se ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N interactions beyond the crystalline state.

Transcriptome analysis reveals FABP5 as a key player in the development of chicken abdominal fat, regulated by miR-122-5p targeting.

BACKGROUND: The development of abdominal fat and meat quality are closely related and can impact economic efficiency. In this study, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of the abdominal fat tissue of Gushi chickens at 6, 14, 22, and 30 weeks, and selected key miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks related to abdominal fat development through correlation analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1893 differentially expressed genes were identified. Time series analysis indicated that at around 6 weeks, the development of chicken abdominal fat was extensively regulated by the TGF-ß signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and PPAR signaling pathway. However, at 30 weeks of age, the apoptosis signaling pathway was the most significant, and correlation analysis revealed several genes highly correlated with abdominal fat development, including Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5 (FABP5). Based on miRNA transcriptome data, it was discovered that miR-122-5p is a potential target miRNA for FABP5. Cell experiments showed that miR-122-5p can directly target FABP5 to promote the differentiation of preadipocytes. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms that the key gene FABP5 and its target gene miR-122-5p are critical regulatory factors in the development of chicken abdominal fat. These results provide new insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms associated with the development of abdomen-al fat in chickens.

Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified hub genes critical to fatty acid composition in Gushi chicken breast muscle.

BACKGROUND: The composition and content of fatty acids in the breast muscle are important factors influencing meat quality. In this study, we investigated the fatty acid composition and content in the breast muscle of Gushi chickens at different developmental stages (14 weeks, 22 weeks, and 30 weeks). Additionally, we utilized transcriptomic data from the same tissue and employed WGCNA and module identification methods to identify key genes associated with the fatty acid composition in Gushi chicken breast muscle and elucidate their regulatory networks. RESULTS: Among them, six modules (blue, brown, green, light yellow, purple, and red modules) showed significant correlations with fatty acid content and metabolic characteristics. Enrichment analysis revealed that these modules were involved in multiple signaling pathways related to fatty acid metabolism, including fatty acid metabolism, PPAR signaling pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Through analysis of key genes, we identified 136 genes significantly associated with fatty acid phenotypic traits. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that nine of these genes were closely related to fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, through correlation analysis of transcriptome data, we identified 51 key ceRNA regulatory networks, including six central genes, 7 miRNAs, and 28 lncRNAs. CONCLUSION: This study successfully identified key genes closely associated with the fatty acid composition in Gushi chicken breast muscle, as well as their post-transcriptional regulatory networks. These findings provide new insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the flavor characteristics of chicken meat and the composition of fatty acids in the breast muscle.

Genetic architecture and key regulatory genes of fatty acid composition in Gushi chicken breast muscle determined by GWAS and WGCNA.

BACKGROUND: Fatty acids composition in poultry muscle is directly related to its tenderness, flavour, and juiciness, whereas its genetic mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, the genetic structure and key regulatory genes of the breast muscle fatty acid composition of local Chinese chicken, Gushi-Anka F2 resource population by integrating genome-wide association study (GWAS) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) strategies. GWAS was performed based on 323,306 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained by genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method and 721 chickens from the Gushi-Anka F2 resource population with highly variable fatty acid composition traits in the breast muscle. And then, according to the transcriptome data of the candidate genes that were obtained and phenotypic data of fatty acid composition traits in breast muscle of Gushi chickens at 14, 22, and 30 weeks of age, we conducted a WGCNA. RESULTS: A total of 128 suggestive significantly associated SNPs for 11 fatty acid composition traits were identified and mapped on chromosomes (Chr) 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 17, 21, and 27. Of these, the two most significant SNPs were Chr13:5,100,140 (P = 4.56423e-10) and Chr13:5,100,173 (P = 4.56423e-10), which explained 5.6% of the phenotypic variation in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In addition, six fatty acid composition traits, including C20:1, C22:6, saturated fatty acid (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), PUFA, and average chain length (ACL), were located in the same QTL intervals on Chr13. We obtained 505 genes by scanning the linkage disequilibrium (LD) regions of all significant SNPs and performed a WGCNA based on the transcriptome data of the above 505 genes. Combining two strategies, 9 hub genes (ENO1, ADH1, ASAH1, ADH1C, PIK3CD, WISP1, AKT1, PANK3, and C1QTNF2) were finally identified, which could be the potential candidate genes regulating fatty acid composition traits in chicken breast muscle. CONCLUSION: The results of this study deepen our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the regulation of fatty acid composition traits, which is helpful in the design of breeding strategies for the subsequent improvement of fatty acid composition in poultry muscle.

Genome-wide association study of 17 serum biochemical indicators in a chicken F2 resource population.

BACKGROUND: Serum biochemical indicators are often regarded as direct reflections of animal metabolism and health. The molecular mechanisms underlying serum biochemical indicators metabolism of chicken (Gallus Gallus) have not been elucidated. Herein, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the variation associated with serum biochemical indicators. The aim of this research was to broaden the understanding of the serum biochemical indicators in chickens. RESULTS: A GWAS of serum biochemical indicators was carried out on 734 samples from an F2 Gushi× Anka chicken population. All chickens were genotyped by sequencing, 734 chickens and 321,314 variants were obtained after quality control. Based on these variants, a total of 236 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 9 chicken chromosomes (GGAs) were identified to be significantly (-log10(P) > 5.72) associated with eight of seventeen serum biochemical indicators. Ten novel quantitative trait locis (QTLs) were identified for the 8 serum biochemical indicator traits of the F2 population. Literature mining revealed that the ALPL, BCHE, GGT2/GGT5 genes at loci GGA24, GGA9 and GGA15 might affect the alkaline phosphatase (AKP), cholinesterase (CHE) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) traits, respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of chicken serum biochemical indicator regulation and provide a theoretical basis for chicken breeding programs.

[Caspase-1/-11 participates in LPS-induced sepsis-associated acute kidney injury by cleaving GSDMD].

The present study was aimed to investigate whether Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis participated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI), and to explore the role of caspase-1 and caspase-11 pyroptosis pathways in this process. The mice were divided into four groups: wild type (WT), WT-LPS, GSDMD knockout (KO) and KO-LPS. The sepsis-associated AKI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (40 mg/kg). Blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of creatinine and urea nitrogen. The pathological changes of renal tissue were observed via HE staining. Western blot was used to investigate the expression of pyroptosis-associated proteins. The results showed that the concentrations of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen in the WT-LPS group were significantly increased, compared with those in the WT group (P < 0.01); whereas serum creatinine and urea nitrogen in the KO-LPS group were significantly decreased, compared with those in the WT-LPS group (P < 0.01). HE staining results showed that LPS-induced renal tubular dilatation was mitigated in GSDMD KO mice. Western blot results showed that LPS up-regulated the protein expression levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), GSDMD and GSDMD-N in WT mice. GSDMD KO significantly down-regulated the protein levels of IL-1ß, caspase-11, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1(p22) induced by LPS. These results suggest that GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis is involved in LPS-induced sepsis-associated AKI. Caspase-1 and caspase-11 may be involved in GSDMD cleavage.

Azide Ionic Liquids for Safe, Green, and Highly-Efficient Azidation Reactions to Produce Azide Polymers.

Azide compounds are widely used and especially, polymers bearing pendant azide groups are highly desired in numerous fields. However, harsh reaction conditions are always mandatory to achieve full azidation, causing severe side reactions and degradation of the polymers. Herein, we report the design and preparation of two azide ionic liquids (AILs) with azide anion and triethylene glycol (E3 )-containing cation, [P444E3 ][N3 ] and [MIME3 ][N3 ]. Compared with the traditional sodium azide (NaN3 ) approach, both AILs showed much higher reaction rates and functional-group tolerance. More importantly, they could act as both reagents and solvents for the quantitative azidation of various polymeric precursors under mild conditions. Theoretical simulations suggested that the outstanding performance of AILs originated from the existence of ion pairs during the reaction, and the E3 moieties played a crucial role. Lastly, after the reaction, the AILs could be easily regenerated, presenting a safer, greener, and highly efficient synthesis route for azide polymers.

Gene expression profiles provide insights into the survival strategies in deep-sea mussel (Bathymodiolus platifrons) of different developmental stages.

BACKGROUND: Deep-sea mussels living in the cold seeps with enormous biomass act as the primary consumers. They are well adapted to the extreme environment where light is absent, and hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occur. Despite previous studies on diversity, role, evolution, and symbiosis, the changing adaptation patterns during different developmental stages of the deep-sea mussels remain largely unknown. RESULTS: The deep-sea mussels (Bathymodiolus platifrons) of two developmental stages were collected from the cold seep during the ocean voyage. The gills, mantles, and adductor muscles of these mussels were used for the Illumina sequencing. A total of 135 Gb data were obtained, and subsequently, 46,376 unigenes were generated using de-novo assembly strategy. According to the gene expression analysis, amounts of genes were most actively expressed in the gills, especially genes involved in environmental information processing. Genes encoding Toll-like receptors and sulfate transporters were up-regulated in gills, indicating that the gill acts as both intermedium and protective screen in the deep-sea mussel. Lysosomal enzymes and solute carrier responsible for nutrients absorption were up-regulated in the older mussel, while genes related to toxin resistance and autophagy were up-regulated in the younger one, suggesting that the older mussel might be in a vigorous stage while the younger mussel was still paying efforts in survival and adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: In general, our study suggested that the adaptation capacity might be formed gradually during the development of deep-sea mussels, in which the gill and the symbionts play essential roles.

Weighted gene co-expression network indicates that the DYNLL2 is an important regulator of chicken breast muscle development and is regulated by miR-148a-3p.

BACKGROUND: The characteristics of muscle fibers determine the growth and meat quality of poultry. In this study, we performed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on the muscle fiber characteristics and transcriptome profile of the breast muscle tissue of Gushi chicken at 6, 14, 22, and 30 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 27 coexpressed biological functional modules were identified, of which the midnight blue module had the strongest correlation with muscle fiber and diameter. In addition, 7 hub genes were found from the midnight blue module, including LC8 dynein light chain 2 (DYNLL2). Combined with miRNA transcriptome data, miR-148a-3p was found to be a potential target miRNA of DYNLL2. Experiments on chicken primary myoblasts (CPMs) demonstrated that miR-148a-3p promotes the expression of myosin heavy chain (MYHC) protein by targeting DYNLL2, proving that it can promote differentiation of myoblasts. CONCLUSIONS: This study proved that the hub gene DYNLL2 and its target miR-148-3p are important regulators in chicken myogenesis. These results provide novel insights for understanding the molecular regulation mechanisms related to the development of chicken breast muscle.

Transient receptor potential canonical 6 knockdown ameliorated diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 expression in glomerular mesangial cells.

PURPOSE: Glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) dysfunction plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) has been demonstrated to be involved in the development of DKD. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study investigated the role of TRPC6 in GMC dysfunction and the related mechanism. METHODS: Diabetic rats and cultured GMCs were used in the experiment. The diabetic rat model was created by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Protein and mRNA levels were assessed by Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Histological changes in the kidneys were observed by immunochemistry and hematoxylin and eosin. TRPC6 knockdown was achieved by adenovirus-mediated TRPC6 shRNA delivery in vivo and TRPC6 siRNA transfection in vitro. RESULTS: TRPC6 expression was increased in diabetic rat kidneys. Knockdown of TRPC6 attenuated diabetes-induced kidney functional deterioration. In addition, the increases in extracellular matrix components, including collagen IV, collagen I, and fibronectin production, as well as NFAT2 expression were also suppressed. In cultured GMCs, high glucose (25 mM, HG) treatment increased the expression of TRPC6. Knockdown of TRPC6 alleviated HG-induced increases in collagen IV, fibronectin, and NFAT2 expression. Knockdown of NFAT2 also inhibited the upregulation of proteins, including collagen IV and fibronectin, in HG-treated GMCs. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that inhibition of TRPC6/NFAT2 signaling attenuates GMC dysfunction and the development of DKD and suggest that pharmacological targeting of TRPC6/NFAT2 in GMCs may provide beneficial effects for DKD.

LncRNAs and their regulatory networks in breast muscle tissue of Chinese Gushi chickens during late postnatal development.

BACKGROUND: Chicken skeletal muscle is an important economic product. The late stages of chicken development constitute the main period that affects meat production. LncRNAs play important roles in controlling the epigenetic process of growth and development. However, studies on the role of lncRNAs in the late stages of chicken breast muscle development are still lacking. In this study, to investigate the expression characteristics of lncRNAs during chicken muscle development, 12 cDNA libraries were constructed from Gushi chicken breast muscle samples from 6-, 14-, 22-, and 30-week-old chickens. RESULTS: A total of 1252 new lncRNAs and 1376 annotated lncRNAs were identified. Furthermore, 53, 61, 50, 153, 117, and 78 DE-lncRNAs were found in the W14 vs. W6, W22 vs. W14, W22 vs. W6, W30 vs. W6, W30 vs. W14, and W30 vs. W22 comparison groups, respectively. After GO enrichment analysis of the DE-lncRNAs, several muscle development-related GO terms were found in the W22 vs. W14 comparison group. Moreover, it was found that the MAPK signaling pathway was one of the most frequently enriched pathways in the different comparison groups. In addition, 12 common target DE-miRNAs of DE-lncRNAs were found in different comparison groups, some of which were muscle-specific miRNAs, such as gga-miR-206, gga-miR-1a-3p, and miR-133a-3p. Interestingly, the precursors of four newly identified miRNAs were found to be homologous to lncRNAs. Additionally, we found some ceRNA networks associated with muscle development-related GO terms. For example, the ceRNA networks contained the DYNLL2 gene with 12 lncRNAs that targeted 2 miRNAs. We also constructed PPI networks, such as IGF-I-EGF and FZD6-WNT11. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed, for the first time, the dynamic changes in lncRNA expression in Gushi chicken breast muscle at different periods and revealed that the MAPK signaling pathway plays a vital role in muscle development. Furthermore, MEF2C and its target lncRNA may be involved in muscle regulation through the MAPK signaling pathway. This research provided valuable resources for elucidating posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms to promote the development of chicken breast muscles after hatching.

Effects of miR-125b-5p on Preadipocyte Proliferation and Differentiation in Chicken.

Our previous studies have shown that miR-125b-5p was highly expressed and significantly upregulated during abdominal fat deposition in chickens. However, the role of miR-125b in the regulation of adipogenesis is not clear in chickens. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of miR-125b-5p on preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation and the interaction between miR-125b-5p and the acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 2 (ACSBG2) gene in adipogenesis in chicken abdominal adipose tissue. Here, transfection tests of miR-125b-5p mimic/inhibitor were performed in preadipocytes, and the effects of miR-125b-5p on preadipocytes proliferation and differentiation were analyzed. The target site of miR-125b-5p in the 3'UTR (untranslated region) of ACSBG2 were verified by a luciferase reporter assay. Our results showed that miR-125b-5p overexpression inhibited proliferation and reduced the number of cells in S phase and G2/M phase in preadipocytes; conversely, miR-125b-5p inhibition promoted the proliferation and increased the number of cells in S phase and G2/M phase. In adipocytes after induction, miR-125b-5p overexpression led to a notable increase in the accumulation of lipid droplets as well as in the concentration of triglycerides, while miR-125b-5p inhibition had the opposite effect. Furthermore, miR-125b-5p could directly bind to the 3'UTR of ACSBG2, and its overexpression could significantly repress the mRNA and protein expression of ACSBG2. These results indicate that miR-125b-5p can inhibit preadipocyte proliferation and can promote preadipocyte differentiation to affect adipogenesis in chicken abdominal adipose tissues, at least partially by downregulating ACSBG2.

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical nanosheet-assembled Bi2O2CO3 microflowers with a {001} dominant facet and their superior photocatalytic performance.

Using citric acid (CA) and 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (NDSA) as the structure-directing agent, a hierarchical flower-like Bi2O2CO3 product is successfully prepared via a simple one-step hydrothermal synthesis, which is spirally assembled by the {001} facet-dominated nanosheets. It is testified that the additive CA plays an important inducing role in forming the chemical composition of Bi2O2CO3, the nanosized sheet-type subunits, and the exposure of the {001} facet, while the NDSA greatly improves the dispersity and porous structure of the Bi2O2CO3 microflower. Due to the nano-size effect and distortion of surface Bi-O bonds, the Bi2O2CO3 microflower could be excited by the visible light to exhibit a superior photocatalytic performance in the degradation of tetracycline (TC). Besides, it is found the exposed {001} facet of Bi2O2CO3 would preferentially generate holes during the illumination process, thus enhancing the photooxidative activity of the Bi2O2CO3 microflower. Finally, the structural and optical features of the Bi2O2CO3 microflower have been discussed in detail, and its photocatalytic mechanism has also been proposed in this work.

Acetylome analysis of the feline small intestine following Toxoplasma gondii infection.

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting a large number of warm-blooded animals and causes serious health complications in immunocompromised patients. T. gondii infection of the feline small intestine is critical for the completion of the life cycle and transmission of T. gondii. Protein acetylation is an important posttranslational modification, which plays roles in the regulation of various cellular processes. Therefore, understanding of how T. gondii reprograms the protein acetylation status of feline definitive host can help to thwart the production and spread of T. gondii. Here, we used affinity enrichment and high-resolution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to profile the alterations of the acetylome in cat small intestine 10 days after infection by T. gondii Prugniuad (Pru) strain. Our analysis showed that T. gondii induced significant changes in the acetylation of proteins in the cat intestine. We identified 2606 unique lysine acetylation sites in 1357 acetylated proteins. The levels of 334 acetylated peptides were downregulated, while the levels of 82 acetylated peptides were increased in the infected small intestine. The proteins with differentially acetylated peptides were particularly enriched in the bioenergetics-related processes, such as tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and oxidation-reduction. These results provide the first baseline of the global acetylome of feline small intestine following T. gondii infection and should facilitate further analysis of the role of acetylated protein in the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection in its definitive host.

Toxoplasma gondii ROP17 inhibits the innate immune response of HEK293T cells to promote its survival.

Toxoplasma gondii secretes a group of rhoptry-secreted kinases (ROPs), which play significant roles in promoting intracellular infection. T. gondii rhoptry organelle protein 17 (ROP17) is one of these important effector proteins. However, its role in modulating host cell response during infection remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal that ROP17 (genotype I) induces significant changes in the expression genes and transcription factors of host cells. HEK293T cells were transfected with PCMV-N-HA-ROP17 plasmid or empty control PCMV-N-HA plasmid. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3138 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PCMV-N-HA-ROP17-transfected HEK293T cells, including 1456 upregulated, 1682 downregulated DEGs. Also, 715 of the DEGs were transcription factors (TFs), including 423 downregulated TFs and 292 upregulated TFs. Most differentially expressed TFs, whether belong to signal transduction, cancer-related pathways or immune-related pathways, were downregulated in ROP17-expressing cells. ROP17 also decreased alternative splicing events in host cells, presumably via alteration of the expression of genes involved in the alternative splicing pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel strategy whereby T. gondii ROP17 manipulates various cellular processes, including immune response through reprogramming host gene expression to promote its own colonization and survival in the infected host cells.

MicroRNA-15a Regulates the Differentiation of Intramuscular Preadipocytes by Targeting ACAA1, ACOX1 and SCP2 in Chickens.

Our previous studies showed that microRNA-15a (miR-15a) was closely related to intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition in chickens; however, its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the expression characteristics of miR-15a and its relationship with the expression of acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) and sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) by qPCR analysis in Gushi chicken breast muscle at 6, 14, 22, and 30 weeks old, where we performed transfection tests of miR-15a mimics in intramuscular preadipocytes and verified the target gene of miR-15a in chicken fibroblasts (DF1). The miR-15a expression level at 30 weeks increased 13.5, 4.5, and 2.7-fold compared with the expression levels at 6, 14, and 22 weeks, respectively. After 6 days of induction, miR-15a over-expression significantly promoted intramuscular adipogenic differentiation and increased cholesterol and triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes. Meanwhile, 48 h after transfection with miR-15a mimics, the expression levels of ACAA1, ACOX1 and SCP2 genes decreased by 56.52%, 31.18% and 37.14% at the mRNA level in intramuscular preadipocytes. In addition, the co-transfection of miR-15a mimics and ACAA1, ACOX1 and SCP2 3'UTR (untranslated region) dual-luciferase vector significantly inhibited dual-luciferase activity in DF1 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that miR-15a can reduce fatty acid oxidation by targeting ACAA1, ACOX1, and SCP2, which subsequently indirectly promotes the differentiation of chicken intramuscular preadipocytes.

A Cuprous/Lanthanide-Organic Framework as the Luminescent Sensor of Hypochlorite.

A new 3D framework {[Eu2 Cu(IN)5 (CO3 )(H2 O)] ⋅3 H2 O}n  (1) was obtained and structurally characterized, containing CuI and an unusual lanthanide duplex chain. The luminescent explorations of compound 1 suggest that 1 could emit the characteristic emission of CuI , and 1 can act as the luminescent sensor of ClO- with the detection limit of 10-5  m. Notably, 1 represents the first example of MOF-based sensor for detecting ClO- .

Syntheses, Photoluminescence, and Electroluminescence of a Series of Sublimable Bipolar Cationic Cuprous Complexes with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence.

Three thermally activated delayed fluorescence cationic cuprous complexes [Cu(POP) (ECAF)]PF6 (1, POP = bis(2-diphenylphosphinophenyl)ether, ECAF = 9,9-bis(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)-4,5-diazafluorene), [Cu(POP) (EHCAF)]PF6 (2, EHCAF = 9,9-bis(9-ethylhexylcarbazol-3-yl)-4,5-diazafluorene), and [Cu(POP) (PCAF)]PF6 (3, PCAF = 9,9-bis(9-phenylcarbazaol-3-yl)-4,5-diazafluorene) with bipolar 4,5-diazafluorene ligand substituted by bis-carbazole have been successfully prepared, and their UV absorption, photoluminescent properties, and electrochemical behaviors were investigated. At room temperature, complexes 1, 2, and 3 exhibit efficient yellowish-green emission with peak maxima of 550, 549, and 556 nm, respectively, and lifetimes of 5.7 µs. In powder states, the quantum yields (ϕPL) of 22.4% for 1, 18.5% for 2, and 20.0% for 3, respectively, are found. These metal phosphors can be vacuum-evaporated and applied in the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (40 nm)/4,4',4″-tri(9-carbazoyl)triphenylamine (15 nm)/cuprous complexes (10 wt %): 1,3-bis(9-carbazolyl)benzene (30 nm)/1,3,5-tri[(3-pyridyl)-phen-3-yl]benzene (50 nm)/LiF (0.5 nm)/Al (100 nm). Complex 1-based device D1 achieved a maximum luminance of 11 010 cd m-2, a current efficiency of 47.03 cd A-1, and an external quantum efficiency of 14.81%. The high electroluminescence efficiencies of these complexes are assumed to be due to their good thermal stabilities and capture of both singlet and triplet excitons. The research presented here provides a powerful tool toward highly efficient and cheap OLED devices.

A Bifunctional Europium-Organic Framework with Chemical Fixation of CO2 and Luminescent Detection of Al3.

A novel three-dimensional lanthanide-organic framework {[Eu(BTB)(phen)]·4.5DMF·2H2O}n (1) has been synthesized. Structural characterization suggests that framework 1 possesses one-dimensional channels with potential pore volume, and the large channels in the framework can capture CO2. Interestingly, investigations on the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 and epoxides reveal that compound 1 can be considered as an efficient catalyst for CO2 fixation with epoxides under 1 atm pressure. Importantly, 1 can be reused at least five times without any obvious loss in catalytic activity. Furthermore, the luminescent explorations of 1 reveal that 1 can act as a recyclable sensor of Al3+, and the corresponding detection limit can reach 5 × 10-8 M (1.35 ppb), which is obviously lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency's recommended level of Al3+ in drinking water (200 ppb). These results show that 1 has a level of sensitivity higher than that of other reported MOF-based sensors of Al3+.

Milk-derived exosomes in the regulation of nutritional and immune functions.

Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs), being a component of milk, have the potential to support immune system maturation in offspring and enhance immune cell proliferation. Through the transport and transmission of essential signaling molecules, MDEs contribute to the regulation of intergenerational and intraspecies communication, thereby impacting nutrient uptake and metabolic functions. A comprehensive comprehension of MDE functionalities is imperative for enhancing the quality of the dairy industry. A systematic search of the databases PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus utilizing predetermined keywords resulted in the identification of 418 articles, of which 67 were chosen for inclusion in this review, which specifically explores the intersection of immune response and nutrition. This article provides a critical analysis of the classification of extracellular vesicles, the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of microvesicular dietary exosomes (MDEs), the components of MDEs, and their relevance in the contexts of nutrition and immune modulation. The primary aim of this review was to offer valuable scholarly insights to support the advancement and practical application of MDEs.