Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Unique Alterations in the Immune Panorama and Treg Subpopulations in Mice during the Late Stages of Echinococcus granulosus Infection.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously impacts public health. However, the full spectrum of immune cell changes in Echinococcus granulosus infection, especially the negative immune regulation of subpopulations of regulatory T (Treg) cells, are not yet well understood. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing and immunome repertoire (IR) sequencing to analyze 53,298 cells from the spleens and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy and E. granulosus-infected mice. We used immunofluorescence combined with RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR to verify the sequencing results. Our results showed tissue-specific immune system alterations in mice infected with E. granulosus. E. granulosus-infected mice induced a subpopulation of CD4+ cells with type I interferon production potential. Furthermore, there were six different Treg cell subpopulations in vivo at three stages of differentiation, and Treg subpopulations of different classes and different stages of differentiation showed tissue specificity. After infection, the Lag3hi Treg and Gpr83+Igfbp4+ naive Treg subpopulations were specifically induced in PBMCs and the spleen, respectively. Furthermore, T follicular helper 2 (Tfh2) cells with high expression of Cxxc5 and Spock2 were found in E. granulosus-infected mice. Our data uncovered changes in the full spectrum of immune cells in mice following the late stages of E. granulosus infection, including subpopulations of cells that have not been emphasized in previous studies. These results further enrich the study of the bidirectional immunomodulatory mechanism and offer a different perspective for subsequent studies of infection in E. granulosus.

Replantation of lamina spinous process ligament complex and miniature titanium plate shaping internal fixation in the treatment of tumors in the spinal canal.

OBJECTIVE: Purpose This study aims to explore the clinical efficacy of laminospinous process ligament complex reimplantation combined with mini-titanium plate fixation in the treatment of thoracolumbar intraspinal tumors. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 43 cases of intraspinal tumors treated with thoracolumbar intraspinal tumor resection from August 2018 to March 2021, and 27 cases underwent laminospinous process ligament complex reimplantation combined with micro titanium plate shaping. Fixation (laminar replantation group), and 16 patients underwent laminectomy combined with pedicle screw internal fixation (laminectomy group). The operation time, blood loss, drainage tube removal time, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, spinal instability, and the incidence of secondary spinal stenosis were compared between the two groups. The pain VAS score, ODI score, and modified Macnab at the last follow-up were compared between the two groups. And the laminar fusion rate of the laminoplasty group was measured. RESULTS: Both groups successfully completed the surgery and obtained complete follow-up. The incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage and secondary spinal canal stenosis in the laminectomy group was lower than that in the laminectomy group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of spinal instability between the two groups (P > 0.05). The operation time and intraoperative blood loss in the laminectomy group were less than those in the laminectomy group, and the drainage tube removal time was earlier than that in the laminectomy group. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At the final follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in the pain VAS score, ODI score, and modified Macnab between the two groups (P > 0.05), but they were all significantly improved compared with preoperative ones. Fusion evaluation was conducted on the laminoplasty group. Two years after surgery, the fusion rate was 97.56% (40/41). CONCLUSIONS: The application of laminospinous process ligament complex reimplantation combined with mini titanium plate fixation during thoracolumbar intraspinal tumor resection can effectively reconstruct the spinal canal and posterior column structure, reduce the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage and secondary spinal stenosis. The laminar fusion rate is high.

Alterations in Epidermal Biophysical Properties in Autistic Children.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Individuals with autism can exhibit multiple neurological symptoms such as deficit in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. Recent study showed that murine model of autism displays an increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and dry skin. But whether epidermal functions are also altered in children with autism is unknown. In the present study, TEWL, stratum corneum hydration, and skin surface pH were compared between children with autism (N = 56) and normal controls (N = 48). Our results showed that children with autism exhibited lower stratum corneum hydration levels, higher TEWL, and elevated skin surface pH in comparison to normal controls (p < 0.0001 for all). These results demonstrate that children with autism exhibit epidermal dysfunction.

Selective Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane via Regulating Methyl Intermediates over Metal/ZnO Nanoparticles.

Methane conversion to higher hydrocarbons requires harsh reaction conditions due to high energy barriers associated with C-H bond activation. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of photocatalytic oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) over transition-metal-loaded ZnO photocatalysts. A 1 wt % Au/ZnO delivered a remarkable C2 -C4 hydrocarbon production rate of 683 µmol g-1 h-1 (83 % C2 -C4 selectivity) under light irradiation with excellent photostability over two days. The metal type and its interaction with ZnO strongly influence the selectivity toward C-C coupling products. Photogenerated Zn+ -O- sites enable CH4 activation to methyl intermediates (*CH3 ) migrating onto adjacent metal nanoparticles. The nature of the *CH3 -metal interaction controls the OCM products. In the case of Au, strong d-σ orbital hybridization reduces metal-C-H bond angles and steric hindrance, thereby enabling efficient methyl coupling. Findings indicate the d-σ center may be a suitable descriptor for predicting product selectivity during OCM over metal/ZnO photocatalysts.

Photothermal methane coupling into liquid fuels with hydrogen evolution over nanocatalysts based on layered double hydroxide (LDH).

The increasing energy and environmental problems have made clean energy-driven catalysis a hot research topic. Methane is an earth-abundant raw material but difficult to be converted by thermochemical processes. It is of great significance to seek novel strategies to convert methane into high-value chemicals. Herein, we synthesize a series of transition metal catalysts based on layered double hydroxide precursors which were used for photothermal methane nonoxidative coupling reactions. The strong photothermal and chemisorption effects of the derived transition metal nanostructures allow the efficient activation of methane molecules. Among them, alumina-supported metallic Ni and NiCo-alloy catalysts show excellent methane nonoxidative coupling activities, achieved hydrogen production rates of 4816.53µmol g-1h-1and 5130.9µmol g-1h-1, accompanied by liquid fuels production rates of 59.2 mg g-1h-1and 63 mg g-1h-1, respectively. The findings, therefore, provide a new strategy for methane nonoxidative coupling driven by light energy at mild conditions.

Baseline T-lymphocyte and cytokine indices in sheep peripheral blood.

BACKGROUND: Sheep are an important livestock species worldwide and an essential large-animal model for animal husbandry and veterinary research. Understanding fundamental immune indicators, especially T-lymphocyte parameters, is necessary for research on sheep diseases and vaccines, to better understand the immune response to bacteria and viruses for reducing the use of antibiotics and improving the welfare of sheep. We randomly selected 36 sheep of similar ages to analyze cell-related immune indicators in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PBMCs were detected by flow cytometry. We used Concanavalin A (Con A) and Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)/Ionomycin to stimulate PBMCs, and measured the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). Simultaneously, PMA/Ionomycin/brefeldin A (BFA) was added to PBMCs, then the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A was detected by flow cytometry after 4 h of culturing. In addition, we observed the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with Con A for 3, 4, and 5 days. RESULTS: The proportions of CD4+ T lymphocytes (18.70 ± 4.21%) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (8.70 ± 3.65%) were generally consistent among individuals, with a CD4/CD8 ratio of 2.40 ± 0.79. PBMCs produced high levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A after stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin and Con A. Furthermore, PMA/Ionomycin stimulation of PBMC yielded significantly higher cytokine levels than Con A stimulation. Flow cytometry showed that the level of IFN-γ (51.49 ± 11.54%) in CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in CD4+ T lymphocytes (14.29 ± 3.26%); IL-4 (16.13 ± 6.81%) in CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in CD8+ T lymphocytes (1.84 ± 1.33%), There was no difference in IL-17A between CD4+ (2.83 ± 0.98%) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (1.34 ± 0.67%). The proliferation of total lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes continued to increase between days 3 and 5; however, there were no significant differences in proliferation between the cell types during the stimulation period. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating primary sheep immune indicators, especially T lymphocytes, is significant for studying cellular immunity. This study provided valuable data and theoretical support for assessing the immune response of sheep to pathogens and improving sheep welfare.

Identification of a dominant murine T-cell epitope in recombinant protein P29 from Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus causes echinococcosis, an important zoonotic disease worldwide and a major public health issue. Vaccination is an economical and practical approach for controlling E. granulosus. We have previously revealed that a recombinant protein P29 (rEg.P29) is a good vaccine candidate against E. granulosus. However, T cell immunogenic epitopes have not been identified. In the present study, we use rEg.P29-immunized mice as models to screen immunogenic epitopes for the construction of a novel multi-epitope vaccine. We search for immunodominant epitopes from an overlapping peptide library to screen the peptides of rEg.P29. Our results confirm that rEg.P29 immunization in mice elicits the activation of T cells and induces cellular immune responses. Further analyses show that a T cell epitope within amino acids 86­100 of rEg.P29 elicits significant antigen-specific IFN-γ production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promotes specific T-cell activation and proliferation. Collectively, these results provide a reference for the construction of a novel vaccine against broad E. granulosus genotypes based on epitopes of rEg.P29.

Expression profiling of exosomal miRNAs derived from different stages of infection in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces using high-throughput sequencing.

Echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonosis. The mechanism of the establishment, growth, and persistence of parasites in the host has not been fully understood. Exosomes are found to be a way of information exchange between parasites and hosts. They exist in various body fluids widely. There are few studies on host-derived exosomes and their miRNA expression profiles at different infection time points. In this study, BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally infected with protricercariae. Exosomes were extracted from plasma (0, 3, 9, and 20 weeks post infection), and the expression profiles of exosome miRNA in the peripheral blood of mice were determined using RNA-sequencing. Compared to the 0 week groups, 24, 35, and 22 differentially expressed miRNAs were detected in infected mouse at the three infection stages, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences in the miRNAs of exosomes at different infection time points. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to annotate the different miRNAs. The results showed that the biological pathways of parasites changed significantly at different stages of infection, with many significant and abundant pathways involved in cell differentiation, inflammation, and immune response, such as MAPK signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, Wnt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, etc. These results suggest that miRNA may be an important regulator of interactions between Echinococcus granulosus and host. The data provided here provide valuable information to increase understanding of the regulatory function of microRNAs in the host microenvironment and the mechanism of host-parasite interaction. This may help us to find targets for Echinococcus granulosus to escape host immune attack and control Echinococcus granulosus infection in the future.

Joint Error Estimation and Calibration Method of Memory Nonlinear Mismatch for a Four-Channel 16-Bit TIADC System.

Memory nonlinear error greatly reduces the performance of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and this effect is more serious in a time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (TIADC) system. In this study, the sinusoidal wave fitting method was adopted and a joint error estimation method was proposed to address the memory nonlinear mismatch problem of the current TIADC system. This method divides the nonlinear error estimation method into two steps: the nonlinear mismatch error is coarsely estimated offline using the least squares (LS) method, and then accurately estimated online using the recursive least squares (RLS) method. After the estimation, digital post-compensation method is adopted. The obtained error parameters are used to reconstruct the error and then the reconstructed error is reduced at the output. This study used a four-channel 16-bit TIADC system with an effective number of bits (ENOB) value of 10.06 bits after the introduction of a memory nonlinearity error, which was increased to 15.42 bits after calibration by the joint error estimation method. As a result, the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) increased by 36.22 dB. This error estimation method can improve the error estimation accuracy and reduce the hardware complexity of implementing the error estimation system using a field programmable gate array (FPGA).

Photothermal-Assisted Triphase Photocatalysis Over a Multifunctional Bilayer Paper.

Photocatalysis as one of the future environment technologies has been investigated for decades. Despite great efforts in catalyst engineering, the widely used powder dispersion and photoelectrode systems are still restricted by sluggish interfacial mass transfer and chemical processes. Here we develop a scalable bilayer paper from commercialized TiO2 and carbon nanomaterials, self-supported at gas-liquid-solid interfaces for photothermal-assisted triphase photocatalysis. The photogeneration of reactive oxygen species can be facilitated through fast oxygen diffusion over triphase interfaces, while the interfacial photothermal effect promotes the following free radical reaction for advanced oxidation of phenol. Under full spectrum irradiation, the triphase system shows 13 times higher reaction rate than diphase controlled system, achieving 88.4 % mineralization of high concentration phenol within 90 min full spectrum irradiation. The bilayer paper also exhibits high stability over 40 times cycling experiments and sunlight driven feasibility, showing potentials for large scale photocatalytic applications by being further integrated into a triphase flow reactor.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells exert immunosuppressive function on the T helper 2 in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide hazardous zoonotic parasitosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. CE development involves complex immunological mechanisms, including participation of multiple immune cells and effector molecules. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are known to be involved in chronic and acute inflammatory conditions. In this study, we aimed to characterize the immune function of MDSCs in CE to improve the understanding, prevention and treatment of CE. Our results indicated that MDSCs overexpressing Ly6C and Ly6G inhibit the formation and activity of T helper 2 cells in a NO-dependent manner during E. granulosus infection.

Proteomic Analysis on Exosomes Derived from Patients' Sera Infected with Echinococcus granulosus.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus at the larval stage, predominantly develops in the liver and lungs of intermediate hosts and eventually results in organ malfunction or even death. The interaction between E. granulosus and human body is incompletely understood. Exosomes are nanosized particles ubiquitously present in human body fluids. Exosomes carry biomolecules that facilitate communication between cells. To the best of our knowledge, the role of exosomes in patients with CE is not reported. Here, we isolated exosomes from the sera of patients with CE (CE-exo) and healthy donors and subjected them to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomic analysis identified 49 proteins specifically expressed in CE-exo, including 4 proteins of parasitic origin. The most valuable parasitic proteins included tubulin alpha-1C chain and histone H4. And 8 proteins were differentially regulated in CE-exo (fold change>1.5), as analyzed with bioinformatic methods such as annotation and functional enrichment analyses. These findings may improve our understanding about the interaction between E. granulosus and human body, and may contribute to the diagnosis and prevention of CE.

From Solar Energy to Fuels: Recent Advances in Light-Driven C1 Chemistry.

Catalytic C1 chemistry based on the activation/conversion of synthesis gas (CO+H2 ), methane, carbon dioxide, and methanol offers great potential for the sustainable development of hydrocarbon fuels to replace oil, coal, and natural gas. Traditional thermal catalytic processes used for C1 transformations require high temperatures and pressures, thereby carrying a significant carbon footprint. In comparison, solar-driven C1 catalysis offers a greener and more sustainable pathway for manufacturing fuels and other commodity chemicals, although conversion efficiencies are currently too low to justify industry investment. In this Review, we highlight recent advances and milestones in light-driven C1 chemistry, including solar Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the water-gas-shift reaction, CO2 hydrogenation, as well as methane and methanol conversion reactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the rational design of catalysts, structure-reactivity relationships, as well as reaction mechanisms. Strategies for scaling up solar-driven C1 processes are also discussed.

Impairment of peripheral Vdelta2 T cells in human cystic echinococcosis.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) induced by metacestodes (larval stages) of Echinococcus granulosus (E.granulosus) represents a severe endemic disease worldwide. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, one of innate immune cells, play pivotal role in pathogenic infections. However, whether γδ T cells are involved in CE remains unclear. This study firstly investigated the role of peripheral γδ T cells in CE. The results showed that the percentage of peripheral γδ T cells from CE patients was decreased, compared with healthy controls (HC) (p < 0.01). This decrease was primarily due to a reduction in Vδ2 subset. Furthermore, Vδ2 T cells in CE expressed lower Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) (p < 0.01). The abundance of Vδ2 T cells correlated negatively with cyst burden. To further identify the function of decreased Vδ2 T cells in CE, proliferation rate, cytokine secretion and cytotoxin were detected subsequently in vitro. As a result, the proliferation rate of Vδ2 cells in CE patients was lower than that in HC (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, Vδ2 T cells from CE patients released significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ, compared with HC (p < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of perforin and granzyme B of Vδ2 T cells from the patients were decreased significantly (p < 0.05), suggesting impaired cytotoxin generation of Vδ2 cells in CE. Collectively, our findings indicated that circulating Vδ2 T cells in CE was impaired, and these aberrations may contribute to disease pathogenesis.

[Cloning, Expression and Immungenicity Analysis of Antigen Eg-01883 Screened from Protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus].

Objective: To screen for the Echinococcus granulosus 01883（Eg-01883） specifically expressed at the protoscolex period, clone and express this molecule as well as analyse its immunogenicity. Methods: Eg-01883, which is highly expressed at the protoscolex period but not in oncosphere， was screened by analysing the published mRNA sequences of E. granuolosus. Total RNA of E. granuolosus was extracted, Eg-01883 was cloned by RT-PCR, and the recombinant plasmid pET28a-Eg-01883 was constructed. Expression of the recombinant protein rEg-01883 was induced by isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactoside （IPTG）. ICR mice were randomized into 3 groups （n=12 in each group）. Mice in the immunization group received subcutaneous injections of 10 µg rEg-01883 in 100 µl PBS emulsified in Freund's adjuvant at multiple sites, followed by immune enhancement after 2 weeks. Mice in the adjuvant group were injected with PBS and adjuvant. Mice in the control group received no treatment. Blood was obtained through caudal vein before immunization, and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the first immunization, and through the eyeball at 6 weeks after immunization. Serum levels of IgG, IFN-γ and IL-4 were determined by ELISA. The immunogenicity of rEg-01883 was identified by Western blotting. Results: Eg-01883 was screened, cloned, expressed and purified to obtain the recombinant protein rEg-01883, which mainly existed as the inclusion body. ELISA results showed that immunization with rEg-01883 induced production of specific IgG antibody. The serum IgG level in the immunization group increased from 1 week after the first immunization, peaked at 6 weeks（2.344±0.153）, which was significantly higher than those of the adjuvant group（0.206 1±0.006） and the control group （0.241±0.01） （P<0.01）. At 6 weeks after the first immunization, the serum levels of IFN-γ （43.23 pg/ml） and IL-4（24.88 pg/ml） in the immunization group were significantly higher than those in the adjuvant group（21.77 pg/ml, 13.27 pg/ml） and the control group（17.40 pg/ml, 12.25 pg/ml）（P<0.05）. Western blot showed that the recombinant protein rEg-01883 could be recognized by His-Tag antibodies, serum of immunized mice, and serum of mice with secondary infection. Conclusion: The recombinant protein rEg-01883 shows good immunogenicity in ICR mice.

Multi-label classification of retinal diseases based on fundus images using Resnet and Transformer.

Retinal disorders are a major cause of irreversible vision loss, which can be mitigated through accurate and early diagnosis. Conventionally, fundus images are used as the gold diagnosis standard in detecting retinal diseases. In recent years, more and more researchers have employed deep learning methods for diagnosing ophthalmic diseases using fundus photography datasets. Among the studies, most of them focus on diagnosing a single disease in fundus images, making it still challenging for the diagnosis of multiple diseases. In this paper, we propose a framework that combines ResNet and Transformer for multi-label classification of retinal disease. This model employs ResNet to extract image features, utilizes Transformer to capture global information, and enhances the relationships between categories through learnable label embedding. On the publicly available Ocular Disease Intelligent Recognition (ODIR-5 k) dataset, the proposed method achieves a mean average precision of 92.86%, an area under the curve (AUC) of 97.27%, and a recall of 90.62%, which outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches for the multi-label classification. The proposed method represents a significant advancement in the field of retinal disease diagnosis, offering a more accurate, efficient, and comprehensive model for the detection of multiple retinal conditions.

Omics-based investigation of pathological liver injury induced by Echinococcus multilocularis infection in mice.

BACKGROUND: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) can cause severe liver injury and be fatal if left untreated. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic options for AE-induced liver injury. Therefore, by exploring the changes of gene proteins in mice with damaged liver, we attempted to identify the key molecules of liver damage, and provide data that will enable the development of drugs targeting hepatic AE. METHODS: BALB/c mice were inoculated with protoscoleces via the hepatic portal vein. Three months later, B-ultrasound examination and Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining were used to confirm liver damage in mice. RNA sequencing and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to screen differentially expressed molecules associated with liver damage through bioinformatics, and Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify their expression. RESULTS: B-ultrasound examination showed liver lesions in the infected group, and H&E staining showed liver inflammation, fibrosis and liver necrosis. RNA sequencing and LC-MS results showed changes in the levels of more than 1000 genes and proteins, with upregulation of immune and inflammation pathways. By contrast, the downregulated genes and proteins were mostly involved in various metabolic reactions. Correlation analysis was conducted between the transcriptome data and proteome data. The results revealed 240 differentially expressed genes, of which 192 were upregulated, and 48 were downregulated. Many of these genes were involved in metabolic reactions, such as Catalase (Cat), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), and IL-16 genes, which may have relevance to liver injury. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with those of bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanisms of liver injury in mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis are complex, involving abnormal metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and many other factors. This study provides the data for preliminary exploration for the development of targeted therapies against AE.

Mechanistic insight into near-infrared light-driven Cu2O/WO2 Ohmic contact photothermal catalysts for high-efficiency antibiotic wastewater purification.

Near-infrared (NIR) light-induced photothermal effect is beneficial for accelerating catalytic processes; thus, it is imperative to develop novel photothermal catalysts for promoting practical application. Herein, we synthesized NIR-responsive Cu2O/WO2 Ohmic contact photothermal catalysts through a facile ethylene glycol-assisted liquid-phase reduction method. In this photothermal catalyst, a new-type NIR-responsive Cu2O semiconductor is integrated with an NIR-responsive WO2 semimetal component to form an Ohmic contact, which is more beneficial for simultaneously promoting photocharge separation and enhancing NIR light absorption for a high-efficiency photothermal effect. As expected, the Cu2O/WO2 composite displays higher NIR light-driven photothermal catalytic performance for tetracycline removal from wastewater. Various characterization methods and density functional theory calculations were performed to obtain in-depth mechanistic insights into the NIR light-driven Cu2O/WO2 Ohmic contact photothermal catalysts. Hopefully, this research could provide a useful guideline for researchers focusing on the photothermal engineering of new composite photocatalysts.

Motivating public health emergency preparedness cooperative behaviors: based on the expectancy disconfirmation model.

PURPOSE: In this study, the expectancy disconfirmation model (EDM) was applied to explain the formation of public health emergency preparedness cooperative behavior (EPCB) as well as considering the roles of official media exposure and positive emotions. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The analysis was based on a sample of 374 respondents collected during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. A t-test was used to examine the differences in variables by sex, age and educational background. Hypothesis testing was conducted using structural equation modeling. Amos 24.0 and R 4.0.3 were used to analyze the data. FINDINGS: The results indicated that (1) official media exposure has a positive impact on expectations for and perceived performance of public services, as well as positive emotions; (2) the EDM can be used to explain public satisfaction with government public health services; and (3) public satisfaction and positive emotions have positive effects on EPCB; (4) EDM and positive emotions mediate the relationship between official media exposure and EPCB. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study provides practical implications for increasing the EPCB from the perspective of risk communication.

Disseminated Herpes Zoster with Decreased CD4 Counts in a HIV-Infected Patient.

Herpes zoster is typically a blister rash involving a single skin group, caused by the reactivation of primary varicella zoster virus infection. Disseminated herpes zoster refers to the presence of more than 20 small blisters outside the primary or adjacent skin, which is rare and usually occurs in individuals with weakened immune function. This case described a patient diagnosed with disseminated herpes zoster, with a decrease in CD4 count (379 cells/mm3) and certain skin lesions. He was subsequently screened positive for HIV. Also, we summarized other studies on the CD4 value of HIV patients with herpes zoster. Overall, for herpes zoster patients with decreased CD4 levels and certain skin manifestations, such as diffuse, ulcerative, or pustular lesions, clinicians should be aware of HIV infection.