Ethylene Glycol-Choline Chloride Based Hydrated Deep Eutectic Electrolytes Enabled High-Performance Zinc-Ion Battery.

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ARZIBs) are considered as an emerging energy storage technology owing to their low cost, inherent safety, and reasonable energy density. However, significant challenges associated with electrodes, and aqueous electrolytes restrict their rapid development. Herein, ethylene glycol-choline chloride (Eg-ChCl) based hydrated deep-eutectic electrolytes (HDEEs) are proposed for RZIBs. Also, a novel V10O24·nH2O@rGO composite is prepared and investigated in combination with HDEEs. The formulated HDEEs, particularly the composition of 1 ml of EG, 0.5 g of ChCl, 4 ml of H2O, and 2 M ZnTFS (1-0.5-4-2 HDEE), not only exhibit the lowest viscosity, highest Zn2+ conductivity (20.38 mS cm-1), and the highest zinc (Zn) transference number (t+ = 0.937), but also provide a wide electrochemical stability window (>3.2 V vs ZnǁZn2+) and enabledendrite-free Zn stripping/plating cycling over 1000 hours. The resulting ZnǁV10O24·nH2O@rGO cell with 1-0.5-4-2 HDEE manifests high reversible capacity of ≈365 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, high rate-performance (delivered ≈365/223 mAh g-1 at 0.1/10 mA g-1) and enhanced cycling performance (≈63.10% capacity retention in the 4000th cycle at 10 A g-1). Furthermore, 1-0.5-4-2 HDEE support feasible Zn-ion storage performance across a wide temperature range (0-80 °C) FInally, a ZnǁV10O24·nH2O@rGO pouch-cell prototype fabricated with 1-0.5-4-2 HDEE demonstrates good flexibility, safety, and durability.

Wittig Reaction in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Expanding the DES Toolbox in Synthesis.

Wittig reaction between substituted phosphonium salts and (hetero)aromatic and alkyl carbonyl compounds in Deep Eutectic Solvents has been developed under a scalable and friendly protocol. Highly efficient reactions were successfully run with a wide range of bases including organic (DBU, LiTMP, t-BuOK) and inorganic (NaOH, K2CO3) ones in ChCl/Gly 1 : 2 (mol/mol) as solvent under mild conditions, at room temperature and under air. The proposed protocol was applied to a wide range of substrates, including (hetero)aromatic aldehydes with substituents as halogens (I, Br, Cl), EDG (alkoxy, methyl), EWG (NO2, CF3) or reactive groups as CN, esters, and ketones. Vinylic, alkynyl and cycloalkyl, alicyclic and α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes can also be used. Highly electrophilic ketones gave good yields. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction is in complete agreement with the E/Z ratio predictable under traditional conditions. We demonstrated that the protocol is scalable to 2 g (5 mmol) of phosphonium salt, furthermore the proposed workup protocol allows to remove TPPO without need of additional chromatographic purification.

High Hydrophilic and Antibacterial Efficient UV-Curable Silicone-Containing Choline Chloride Quaternary Ammonium Salts Functionalized Materials.

Antibacterial materials with high hydrophobicity have drawbacks such as protein adsorption, bacterial contamination, and biofilm formation, which are responsible for some serious adverse health events. Therefore, antibacterial materials with high hydrophilicity are highly desired. In this paper, UV-curable antibacterial materials are prepared from silicone-containing Choline chloride (ChCl) functionalized hyperbranched quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) and tri-hydroxylethyl acrylate phosphate (TAEP). The materials show high hydrophilic performance because their water contact angle is as low as 19.3°. The materials also exhibit quite high antibacterial efficiency against S. aureus over 95.6%, fairly high transmittance over 90%, and good mechanical performance with tensile strength as high as 6.5 MPa. It reveals that it is a feasible strategy to develop antibacterial materials with low hydrophobicity from silicone-modified ChCl-functionalized hyperbranched QAS.

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of natural deep eutectic solvents.

The increasing antibiotic resistance towards a panel of microorganisms is one of the public health concerns. For this reason, the search for alternatives to the widely used antibiotic has been undertaken. In the era of sustainable chemistry, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising antimicrobial agents. These solvents possess several advantages such as low volatility, low flammability, ease of preparation, and typically low cost of production. These properties make DES suitable for various applications, including extraction of biomolecules and preparation of cosmetics. Natural DESs (NADESs) are special category of DESs prepared from natural sources, which matched the recent trends of leaning back to nature, and decreasing dependence on synthetic precursors. NADES can be prepared by heating and stirring, freeze-drying, evaporation, grinding, and ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted synthesis. Utilizing NADESs as an alternative to traditional antibiotics, which become ineffective over time due to bacterial resistance, holds great promise for these reasons. This review aims to discuss the antimicrobial properties of multiple NADESs, including antibacterial and antifungal activities. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first literature survey of the antimicrobial activities of NADESs. KEY POINTS: • Natural deep eutectic solvents are promising antimicrobial alternative to antibiotics • NADES holds high potential for their activity against bacterial resistance • NADES have also substantial antifungal activities.

Deep eutectic solvent assisted recovery of high molecular weight levan from an isolated Neobacillus pocheonensis BPSCM4.

The present study demonstrates the usage of deep eutectic solvent to recover microbial levan from the clarified fermented broth. The classic ethanol precipitation method for levan recovery is expensive because ethanol can be utilized as a biofuel. Production of ethanol consumes more energy and is not easily recycled. As a result, the current work concentrates on using environmentally friendly solvents for levan recovery. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are greener and can replace ethanol from the microbial polysaccharides precipitation. Thus the proposed approach is environment friendly, technically feasible, reliable and economically viable. The levan was produced from a microbial isolate of aged sugarcane molasses, recovered using traditional ethanol and proposed DES (Choline Chloride and Ethylene Glycol) assisted precipitation. The levan-producing strain was characterized and identified as Neobacillus pocheonensis BPSCM4. The DES-precipitated levan has a high molecular weight of levan, 1.54 × 106 KDa, compared with the ethanol-precipitated levan, 4.246 KDa. The high molecular weight of DES-precipitated levan is due to the low viscosity and hydrogen interaction of ChCl:EG with the levan present in the fermented broth. Further, the optimization enhanced the levan yield to 32.56 g/L when the sucrose concentration was 250 g/L.

The Antisolvent Precipitation of CuZnOx Mixed Oxide Materials Using a Choline Chloride-Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent.

Metal oxides have applications in a variety of different fields, and new synthesis methods are needed to control their properties and improve their performance as functional materials. In this study, we investigated a low-cost antisolvent precipitation method using a choline chloride-urea deep eutectic solvent to precipitate CuZnOx materials using water as the antisolvent. Using this methodology, the metal oxide materials can be precipitated directly from the deep eutectic solvent without the need for a high-temperature calcination step that can lead to a reduction in defects and surface area, which are important properties in applications such as catalysis.

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving the Solubility of Edaravone: Experimental and Theoretical Considerations.

In this study, both practical and theoretical aspects of the solubility of edaravone (EDA) in Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) were considered. The solubility of edaravone in some media, including water, can be limited, which creates the need for new efficient and environmentally safe solvents. The solubility of EDA was measured spectrophotometrically and the complex intermolecular interactions within the systems were studied with the COSMO-RS framework. Of the four studied DES systems, three outperformed the most efficient classical organic solvent, namely dichloromethane, with the DES comprising choline chloride and triethylene glycol, acting as hydrogen bond donor (HBD), in a 1:2 molar proportion yielding the highest solubility of EDA. Interestingly, the addition of a specific amount of water further increased EDA solubility. Theoretical analysis revealed that in pure water or solutions with high water content, EDA stacking is responsible for self-aggregation and lower solubility. On the other hand, the presence of HBDs leads to the formation of intermolecular clusters with EDA, reducing self-aggregation. However, in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of water, a three-molecular EDA-HBD-water complex is formed, which explains why water can also act as a co-solvent. The high probability of formation of this type of complexes is related to the high affinity of the components, which exceeds all other possible complexes.

Valorization of artichoke outer petals by using ultrasound-assisted extraction and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for the recovery of phenolic compounds.

BACKGROUND: In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as a novel green tool were used for the recovery of bioactive compounds with respect to the valorization of artichoke outer petals. NADES coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction was applied by varying the type of hydrogen bond acceptors (choline chloride or betain) and hydrogen bond donors (sucrose, lactic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and glycerol) in the NADES mixtures. Thereafter, extraction efficacy was assessed in terms of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic composition and their levels by comparing the results obtained by NADES with those for a reference methanolic extract. RESULTS: Based on the results of the present study, the use of choline chloride and lactic acid mixtures was superior for obtaining extracts with high levels of phenolic compounds (12.96 g GAE kg-1 DW) and high antioxidant potential (60.68 g TE kg-1 DW). In addition, gallic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, luteolin, apigenin, rutin and quercetin were detected in all extracts by chromatographic evaluation. As major phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were found to be maximum in lactic acid-based NADES mixtures. CONCLUSION: The present study reveals the potential treatment of various plants, wastes or by-products with NADES combined with an ultrasonication method for the extraction of bioactive compounds with enhanced recovery and selectivity, with the aim of incorporating them into various food and pharmaceutical formulations. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Selective Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Selective and highly efficient extraction technologies for the recovery of critical metals including lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese from spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode materials are essential in driving circularity. The tailored deep eutectic solvent (DES) choline chloride-formic acid (ChCl-FA) demonstrated a high selectivity and efficiency in extracting critical metals from mixed cathode materials (LiFePO4:Li(NiCoMn)1/3O2 mass ratio of 1:1) under mild conditions (80 °C, 120 min) with a solid-liquid mass ratio of 1:200. The leaching performance of critical metals could be further enhanced by mechanochemical processing because of particle size reduction, grain refinement, and internal energy storage. Furthermore, mechanochemical reactions effectively inhibited undesirable leaching of nontarget elements (iron and phosphorus), thus promoting the selectivity and leaching efficiency of critical metals. This was achieved through the preoxidation of Fe and the enhanced stability of iron phosphate framework, which significantly increased the separation factor of critical metals to nontarget elements from 56.9 to 1475. The proposed combination of ChCl-FA extraction and the mechanochemical reaction can achieve a highly selective extraction of critical metals from multisource spent LIBs under mild conditions.

The Formulation and Evaluation of Deep Eutectic Vehicles for the Topical Delivery of Azelaic Acid for Acne Treatment.

The current work was aimed at the development of a topical drug delivery system for azelaic acid (AzA) for acne treatment. The systems tested for this purpose were deep eutectic systems (DESs) prepared from choline chloride (CC), malonic acid (MA), and PEG 400. Three CC to MA and eight different MA: CC: PEG400 ratios were tested. The physical appearance of the tested formulations ranged from solid and liquid to semisolid. Only those that showed liquid formulations of suitable viscosity were considered for further investigations. A eutectic mixture made from MA: CC: PEG400 1:1:6 (MCP 116) showed the best characteristics in terms of viscosity, contact angle, spreadability, partition coefficient, and in vitro diffusion. Moreover, the MCP116 showed close rheological properties to the commercially available market lead acne treatment product (Skinorin®). In addition, the formula showed synergistic antibacterial activity between the MA moiety of the DES and the AzA. In vitro diffusion studies using polyamide membranes demonstrated superior diffusion of MCP116 over the pure drug and the commercial product. No signs of skin irritation and edema were observed when MCP116 was applied to rabbit skin. Additionally, the MCP116 was found to be, physically and chemically, highly stable at 4, 25, and 40 °C for a one-month stability study.

Improved Antioxidant and Mechanical Properties of Food Packaging Films Based on Chitosan/Deep Eutectic Solvent, Containing Açaí-Filled Microcapsules.

The development of biobased antioxidant active packaging has been valued by the food industry for complying with environmental and food waste concerns. In this work, physicochemical properties for chitosan composite films as a potential active food packaging were investigated. Chitosan films were prepared by solution casting, plasticized with a 1:2 choline chloride: glycerol mixture as a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and incorporated with 0-10% of optimized açaí oil polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the chitosan composite films were continuous and contained well-dispersed PECs. The increased PECs content had significant influence on the thickness, water vapor permeability, crystallinity (CrD) and mechanical and dynamic behavior of the films, as well as their antioxidant properties. The tensile strength was reduced in the following order: 11.0 MPa (control film) > 0.74 MPa (5% DES) > 0.63 MPa (5% DES and 5% PECs). Films containing 2% of PECs had an increased CrD, ~6%, and the highest elongation at break, ~104%. Films with 1% of PECs displayed the highest antioxidant properties against the ABTS and DPPH radicals, ~6 and ~17 mg TE g-1, respectively, and highest equivalent polyphenols content (>0.5 mg GAE g-1). Films with 2% of particles were not significantly different. These results suggested that the chitosan films that incorporated 1-2% of microparticles had the best combined mechanical and antioxidant properties as a potential material for food packaging.

Quantification of Caffeine Interactions in Choline Chloride Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Solubility Measurements and COSMO-RS-DARE Interpretation.

Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients is an important aspect of drug processing and formulation. Although caffeine was a subject of many studies aiming to quantify saturated solutions, many applied solvents suffer from not being environmentally friendly. This work fills this gap by presenting the results of solubility measurements in choline chloride natural deep eutectic solvents, ccNADES, comprising one of seven of the following polyalcohols: glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol, glucose, sucrose, maltose and fructose. The ratio of ccNADES components was optimized for maximizing caffeine solubility at room temperature. Additionally, temperature dependent solubility was measured for the first four systems exhibiting the highest solubility potential, both in their neat forms and in mixtures with water. Results were used for intermolecular interactions assessments using the COSMO-RS-DARE approach, which led to a perfect match between experimental and computed solubility values. An important methodological discussion was provided for an appropriate definition of the systems. Surprising linear trends were observed between the values of fitting parameters and water-ccNADES composition. In addition, comments on selection of the values of the fusion thermodynamic parameters were provided, which led to the conclusion that COSMO-RS-DARE solubility computations can effectively compensate for the inaccuracies of these important physicochemical properties.

Purification of polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus by using an aqueous two-phase system and evaluation of the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides in vitro.

In this study, Phellinus linteus polysaccharides (PLPS) and proteins were simultaneously separated from P. linteus mycelia by using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) based on choline chloride ([Chol]Cl)/K2HPO4, and the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of PLPS after ATPS extraction were evaluated. Results demonstrated that the maximal extraction efficiencies of 68.53% ± 0.29% PLPS and 82.37% ± 0.41% proteins were obtained when the cholinium-based ATPS contained 68.9% K2HPO4, 20% [Chol]Cl, 10.0 mg mL-1 crude water extract (1.0 mL), and distilled water (4.0 mL) at shaking time and temperature of 30 min and 21.2 °C, respectively. Compared with C-PLPS obtained using traditional ethanol precipitation and isolation protocols, PLPS had higher carbohydrate content (63.58% ± 1.12%), lower molecular weight (15.2 kDa, 80%), different monosaccharide compositions, and showed similar preliminary structural characterizations. Moreover, PLPS exhibited more evident scavenging effects on free radicals and in vitro antioxidant activities than C-PLPS. Therefore, the method of [Chol]Cl/K2HPO4 ATPS can be developed as an effective strategy for the separation/purification of highly bioactive polysaccharides.

Choline-Amino Acid-Derived Bio-ionic Liquids for Solubility Enhancement of Zafirlukast.

This study investigated the application of bio-ionic liquids (ILs) prepared from choline as cation and amino acid as anion for solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drug, Zafirlukast (ZFL). Herein, the solubility of ZFL in water and mixtures of water and ILs was assessed using UV spectroscopy at two temperature points 25°C and 37°C with increasing concentrations of IL. ZFL solubility was found to improve linearly with increasing concentration of [Ch][Pro] in water, representing 35- to 37-fold improvement in ZFL solubility at maximum concentration of [Ch][Pro] (1% w/v) compared to when only pure water was present. Also, the effect of IL on ZFL solubility was analyzed using NMR, DSC, and TGA. These results clearly suggest that ZFL solubility was increased by forming hydrogen bonds with selected [Ch][Pro] IL. Toxicity study of ILs was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Since IL solvent was found to increase the solubility of ZFL, this may serve as "functional excipient solvent" for solubility enhancement in its commercialized formulations.

External modulation of Rotimer exudate secretion in monogonant rotifers.

The Rotimer, a rotifer-specific biopolymer, is an exogenic bioactive exudate secreted by different monogonant species (e.g. Euchlanis dilatata or Lecane bulla). The production of this viscoelastic biomolecule is induced by different micro-particles, thereby forming a special Rotimer-Inductor Conglomerate (RIC) in a web format. In this case, the water insoluble Carmine crystals, filtered to size (max. diameter was 50 µm), functioned as an inductor. The RIC production is an adequate empirical indicator to follow up this filamentous biopolymer secretion experientially; moreover, this procedure is very sensitive to the environmental factors (temperature, pH, metals and possible natural pollutant agents). The above mentioned species show completely different reactions to these factors, except to the presence of calcium and to the modulating effects of different drugs. One of the novelties of this work is that the Rotimer secretion and consequently, the RIC-formation is a mutually obligatory and evolutionary calcium-dependent process in the concerned monogonants. This in vivo procedure needs calcium, both for the physiology of animals and for fiber formation, particularly in the latter case. The conglomerate covered area (%) and the detection of the longest filament (mm) of the given RIC were the generally and simultaneously applied methods in the current modulating experiments. Exploring the regulatory (e.g. calcium-dependency) and stimulating (e.g. Lucidril effect) possibilities of biopolymer secretion are the basis for optimizing the RIC-production capacities of these micro-metazoans.

Choline Chloride-Based DES as Solvents/Catalysts/Chemical Donors in Pharmaceutical Synthesis.

DES are mixtures of two or more compounds, able to form liquids upon mixing, with lower freezing points when compared to the individual constituents (eutectic mixtures). This attitude is due to the specific hydrogen-bond interactions network between the components of the mixture. A notable characteristic of DES is the possibility to develop tailor-made mixtures by changing the components ratios or a limited water dilution, for special applications, making them attractive for pharmaceutical purposes. In this review, we focused our attention on application of ChCl-based DES in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. In this context, these eutectic mixtures can be used as solvents, solvents/catalysts, or as chemical donors and we explored some representative examples in recent literature of such applications.

A Comprehensive Study of CO2 Absorption and Desorption by Choline-Chloride/Levulinic-Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Amine absorption (or amine scrubbing) is currently the most established method for CO2 capture; however, it has environmental shortcomings and is energy-intensive. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an interesting alternative to conventional amines. Due to their biodegradability, lower toxicity and lower prices, DESs are considered to be "more benign" absorbents for CO2 capture than ionic liquids. In this work, the CO2 absorption capacity of choline-chloride/levulinic-acid-based (ChCl:LvAc) DESs was measured at different temperatures, pressures and stirring speeds using a vapour-liquid equilibrium rig. DES regeneration was performed using a heat treatment method. The DES compositions studied had ChCl:LvAc molar ratios of 1:2 and 1:3 and water contents of 0, 2.5 and 5 mol%. The experimental results showed that the CO2 absorption capacity of the ChCl:LvAc DESs is strongly affected by the operating pressure and stirring speed, moderately affected by the temperature and minimally affected by the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA):hydrogen bond donator (HBD) molar ratio as well as water content. Thermodynamic properties for CO2 absorption were calculated from the experimental data. The regeneration of the DESs was performed at different temperatures, with the optimal regeneration temperature estimated to be 80 °C. The DESs exhibited good recyclability and moderate CO2/N2 selectivity.

Urine metabolome alterations in malnutrition and the impact of glycerol or rumen-protected choline chloride supplementation in advanced pregnant ewes.

The objective of this study was to explore the metabolic profiles of pregnancy malnutrition induced by feed restriction (FR) and the counteracting effects of glycerol and rumen-protected choline chloride supplementation. Two feeding trials were conducted. In the first experiment, twenty pregnant Hu sheep carrying multiple fetuses with a gestation period of 108 d were randomly divided into two groups. The ewes in the control (CON) group were offered 100 % of their nutritional requirements as recommended by the National Research Council (NRC), while the FR group was offered 30 % of feed intake of CON for 15 d. In the second experiment, eighteen pregnant Hu sheep were offered a feed intake comprising 30 % of the NRC-recommended nutritional requirements twice daily. The sheep were randomly divided into three groups: the FR group in the second experiment (FR2), with no supplementation, the glycerol (GLY) group, which received 40 ml of glycerol per d, and the rumen-protected choline chloride (RPC) group, which received 10 g of rumen-protected choline chloride per d for 9 d. In the first experiment, the urine metabolome of sixteen ewes showed significant difference between the CON group and FR group. Compared with the CON group, FR decreased the level of d-glucose, lactic acid, levoglucosan, α-ketoglutarate, phosphohydroxypyruvic acid, glucose 6-phosphate and the methyl donors, while increasing the level of pyruvate, fumaric acid and carnitines in urine. Both the GLY and RPC treatments counteracted some of these changes and modulated the urine metabolome in advanced pregnant ewes suffering from malnutrition.

The effect of salt and temperature on the conformational changes of P1LEA-22, a repeat unit of plant Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins.

The effect of choline chloride on the conformational dynamics of the 11-mer repeat unit P1LEA-22 of group 3 Late Embryogenesis Abundant (G3LEA) proteins was studied. Circular dichroism data of aqueous solutions of P1LEA-22 revealed that the peptide favors a polyproline II (PPII) helix structure at low temperature, with increasing temperature promoting a gain of unstructured conformations. Furthermore, increases in sample FeCl3 or choline chloride concentrations causes a gain in PPII helical structure at low temperature. The potential role of PPII structure in intrinsically disordered and G3LEA proteins is discussed, including its ability to easily access other secondary structural conformations such as α-helix and ß-sheet, which have been observed for dehydrated G3LEA proteins. The observed effect of FeCl3 and choline chloride salts on P1LEA-22 suggests favorable cation interactions with the PPII helix, supporting ion sequestration as a G3LEA protein function. As choline chloride is suggested to improve salt tolerance and protect cell membrane in plants at low temperature, our results support adoption of the PPII structure as a possible damage-preventing measure of Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins.

Exploring the ameliorative role of α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation in epilepsy and associated comorbidities in post-PTZ-kindled mice.

AIM: The present study aimed to explore the ameliorative role of alpha7 (α7) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulation in epilepsy and associated comorbidities in postpentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The subconvulsive dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce kindling-associated epileptogenesis in mice. After successful kindling, animals were treated intraperitoneally with saline, phenytoin (35 mg/kg), valproate (300 mg/kg), choline chloride (α7 agonist; 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg), and methyllycaconitine citrate (α7 antagonist; 3.5 mg/kg and 7.0 mg/kg) for 10 days. All the groups except naive were exposed to PTZ injections on day 3, 6, and 9 of treatment to assess seizure severity score. Epilepsy-associated comorbid depression was evaluated by tail suspension test, sucrose preference test, and plasma corticosterone levels, whereas epilepsy-associated memory deficit condition was assessed by step-through paradigm, Morris water maze, and nitrite levels. Neurochemical perturbations related to epilepsy and associated depression and memory deficit were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Post-PTZ-kindled mice displayed significant depressive behavior and memory impairment as compared with naive mice as evidenced by corresponding behavioral and biochemical observations. Methyllycaconitine citrate treatment was unable to produce any ameliorative effect in diseased condition. Choline administration dose dependently ameliorated depression, memory impairment, and seizure severity in post-PTZ-kindled mice. The behavioral findings of the study were concurred with neurochemical and biochemical findings. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the amelioration of epilepsy, comorbid depression, and memory deficit by α7 nAChR agonist choline chloride in PTZ-kindled mice model.