The rise of baobab trees in Madagascar.

The baobab trees (genus Adansonia) have attracted tremendous attention because of their striking shape and distinctive relationships with fauna1. These spectacular trees have also influenced human culture, inspiring innumerable arts, folklore and traditions. Here we sequenced genomes of all eight extant baobab species and argue that Madagascar should be considered the centre of origin for the extant lineages, a key issue in their evolutionary history2,3. Integrated genomic and ecological analyses revealed the reticulate evolution of baobabs, which eventually led to the species diversity seen today. Past population dynamics of Malagasy baobabs may have been influenced by both interspecific competition and the geological history of the island, especially changes in local sea levels. We propose that further attention should be paid to the conservation status of Malagasy baobabs, especially of Adansonia suarezensis and Adansonia grandidieri, and that intensive monitoring of populations of Adansonia za is required, given its propensity for negatively impacting the critically endangered Adansonia perrieri.

KAT8/SIRT7-mediated Fascin-K41 acetylation/deacetylation regulates tumor metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (Fascin) is highly expressed in a variety of cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), working as an important oncogenic protein and promoting the migration and invasion of cancer cells by bundling F-actin to facilitate the formation of filopodia and invadopodia. However, it is not clear how exactly the function of Fascin is regulated by acetylation in cancer cells. Here, in ESCC cells, the histone acetyltransferase KAT8 catalyzed Fascin lysine 41 (K41) acetylation, to inhibit Fascin-mediated F-actin bundling and the formation of filopodia and invadopodia. Furthermore, NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin (SIRT) 7-mediated deacetylation of Fascin-K41 enhances the formation of filopodia and invadopodia, which promotes the migration and invasion of ESCC cells. Clinically, the analysis of cancer and adjacent tissue samples from patients with ESCC showed that Fascin-K41 acetylation was lower in the cancer tissue of patients with lymph node metastasis than in that of patients without lymph node metastasis, and low levels of Fascin-K41 acetylation were associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with ESCC. Importantly, K41 acetylation significantly blocked NP-G2-044, one of the Fascin inhibitors currently being clinically evaluated, suggesting that NP-G2-044 may be more suitable for patients with low levels of Fascin-K41 acetylation, but not suitable for patients with high levels of Fascin-K41 acetylation. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Climatic niche evolution and niche conservatism of Nymphaea species in Africa, South America, and Australia.

BACKGROUND: Interest in the evolution of climatic niches, particularly in understanding the potential adaptive responses of species under climate change, has increased both theoretically and within macroecological studies. These studies have provided valuable insights into how climatic traits of species influence their niche evolution. In this study, we aim to investigate whether niche conservatism plays a role in the species diversification of Nymphaea, a group of aquatic plants with a cosmopolitan distribution that is facing severe habitat loss. We will use climatic models and phylogenetic data for 23 species to reconstruct Nymphaea's niche evolution, measure niche overlap, and assess disparity through time while testing for evolutionary models. RESULTS: There was a lot of overlap in niches both within and between groups, especially for species that can be found in many places. The breadth and peaks of the niche profile varied depending on the bioclimatic variables, which suggested that the species evolved differently to cope with changes in climate. The analysis also showed that evolutionary changes happened across the phylogeny, with weak to moderate signals. The morphological disparity index (MDI) values indicated that there were disparities within subclades over time but not between or among them. Niche reconstruction and evolution analysis revealed both convergent and divergent evolution among various variables. For example, N. immutabilis, N. atrans, N. violancea, and N. nouchali evolved towards intermediate temperatures for bio2 and bio3 (isothermity) while moving towards extreme temperatures for bio8 and bio9 (wettest and driest average quarterly temperatures). CONCLUSION: Our study will improve our understanding of how changes in climatic niches are potentially driving the evolution of Nymphaea. It has significant scientific implications for the limits, assemblages, evolution, and diversification of species. This information is crucial for the ongoing efforts of conservation and management, particularly considering the inevitable effects of climate change.

Controllable nonreciprocal phonon laser in a hybrid photonic molecule based on directional quantum squeezing.

Here, a scheme for a controllable nonreciprocal phonon laser is proposed in a hybrid photonic molecule system consisting of a whispering-gallery mode (WGM) optomechanical resonator and a χ(2)-nonlinear WGM resonator, by directionally quantum squeezing one of two coupled resonator modes. The directional quantum squeezing results in a chiral photon interaction between the resonators and a frequency shift of the squeezed resonator mode with respect to the unsqueezed bare mode. We show that the directional quantum squeezing can modify the effective optomechanical coupling in the optomechanical resonator, and analyze the impacts of driving direction and squeezing extent on the phonon laser action in detail. Our analytical and numerical results indicate that the controllable nonreciprocal phonon laser action can be effectively realized in this system. The proposed scheme uses an all-optical and chip-compatible approach without spinning resonators, which may be more beneficial for integrating and packaging of the system on a chip. Our proposal may provide a new route to realize integratable phonon devices for on-chip nonreciprocal phonon manipulations, which may be used in chiral quantum acoustics, topological phononics, and acoustical information processing.

Universal Spin Superconducting Diode Effect from Spin-Orbit Coupling.

We propose a universal spin superconducting diode effect (SDE) induced by spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in systems with spin-triplet correlations, where the critical spin supercurrents in opposite directions are unequal. By analysis from both the Ginzburg-Landau theory and energy band analysis, we show that the spin-↑↑ and spin-↓↓ Cooper pairs possess opposite phase gradients and opposite momenta from the SOC, which leads to the spin SDE. Two superconductors with SOC, a p-wave superconductor as a toy model and a practical superconducting nanowire, are numerically studied and they both exhibit spin SDE. In addition, our theory also provides a unified picture for both spin and charge SDEs.

Photoredox Catalyzed Radical Fluoroalkylation with Non-Classical Fluorinated Reagents.

The emergence of photocatalysis has greatly advanced radical fluoroalkylation reactions. Central to this advancement is the introduction and refinement of radical reagents, which play a pivotal role in driving these reactions forward. Intriguingly, some of these reagents, previously not recognized for their radical properties, have emerged as key players in this area. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of four representative reagents pioneered by our laboratory, which have subsequently garnered extensive application in broader research contexts, including difluorocarbene precursors bromodifluoromethylphosphonium bromide, electrophilic sulfonylation reagent triflic anhydride, and nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reagent methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (Chen's reagent). The integration of phosphonium reagents, triflic anhydride, and methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate into photocatalysis has enabled some unexpected reactivities and now notably expanded the capabilities in radical difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, and difluoroalkylation. Our discussion highlights how these atypical reagents have enriched the toolkit available for radical fluoroalkylations, offering insights that could inspire future research and application in this area.

BCL6 attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury by inhibiting NLRP3-mediated inflammation in fetal mouse.

BACKGROUND: The transcriptional repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) has been reported to inhibit inflammation. So far, experimental evidence for the role of BCL6 in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is lacking. Our study investigated the roles of BCL6 in the progression of BPD and its downstream mechanisms. METHODS: Hyperoxia or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to mimic the BPD mouse model. To investigate the effects of BCL6 on BPD, recombination adeno-associated virus serotype 9 expressing BCL6 (rAAV9-BCL6) and BCL6 inhibitor FX1 were administered in mice. The pulmonary pathological changes, inflammatory chemokines and NLRP3-related protein were observed. Meanwhile, BCL6 overexpression plasmid was used in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and NLRP3-related protein were detected. RESULTS: Either hyperoxia or LPS suppressed pulmonary BCL6 mRNA expression. rAAV9-BCL6 administration significantly inhibited hyperoxia-induced NLRP3 upregulation and inflammation, attenuated alveolar simplification and dysregulated angiogenesis in BPD mice, which were characterized by decreased mean linear intercept, increased radical alveolar count and alveoli numbers, and the upregulated CD31 expression. Meanwhile, BCL6 overexpression promoted proliferation and angiogenesis, inhibited apoptosis and inflammation in hyperoxia-stimulated HPMECs. Moreover, administration of BCL6 inhibitor FX1 arrested growth and development. FX1-treated BPD mice exhibited exacerbation of alveolar pathological changes and pulmonary vessel permeability, with upregulated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrogenic factors. Furthermore, both rAAV9-BCL6 and FX1 administration exerted a long-lasting effect on hyperoxia-induced lung injury (≥4 wk). CONCLUSIONS: BCL6 inhibits NLRP3-mediated inflammation, attenuates alveolar simplification and dysregulated pulmonary vessel development in hyperoxia-induced BPD mice. Hence, BCL6 may be a target in treating BPD and neonatal diseases.

Diagnostic performance of coronary computed tomography angiography stenosis score for coronary stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Coronary computed tomography angiography stenosis score (CCTA-SS) is a proposed diagnosis score that considers the plaque characteristics, myocardial function, and the diameter reduction rate of the lesions. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the CCTA-SS in seeking coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: The 228 patients with suspected CAD who underwent CCTA and invasive coronary angiography (ICA) procedures were under examination. The diagnostic performance was evaluated with the receiver operating curve (ROC) for CCTA-SS in detecting CAD (defined as a diameter reduction of ≥ 50%) and severe CAD (defined as a diameter reduction of ≥ 70%). RESULTS: The area under ROC (AUC) of CCTA-SS was 0.909 (95% CI: 0.864-0.943), which was significantly higher than that of CCTA (AUC: 0.826; 95% CI: 0.771-0.873; P = 0.0352) in diagnosing of CAD with a threshold of 50%. The optimal cutoff point of CCTA-SS was 51% with a sensitivity of 90.66%, specificity of 95.65%, positive predictive value of 98.80%, negative predictive value of 72.13%, and accuracy of 91.67%, whereas the optimal cutoff point of CCTA was 55%, and the corresponding values were 87.36%, 93.48%, 98.15%, 65.15%, and 88.60%, respectively. With a threshold of 70%, the performance of CCTA-SS with an AUC of 0.927 (95% CI: 0.885-0.957) was significantly higher than that of CCTA with an AUC of 0.521 (95% CI: 0.454-0.587) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: CCTA-SS significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy of coronary stenosis, including CAD and severe CAD, compared with CCTA.

Clinical features and surgical treatments of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis type 1: a systemic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1) is an autosomal-dominant tumor predisposition genetic disease affecting approximately 1 in 3000 live births. The condition could present various manifestations ranging from skin abnormalities to neurological tumors. The musculoskeletal system could also be frequently affected, and scoliosis is the most common orthopedic manifestation. Characterized by the early-onset and rapid progression tendency, NF 1-related dystrophic scoliosis presented discrepancies from idiopathic scoliosis in terms of natural history, clinical features, and management outcomes and thus required special attention. In the current study, the authors conducted a systemic review to outline the body of evidence of the natural history, clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and surgical complications of NF 1-induced scoliosis, aiming to provide an elucidative insight into this condition. METHOD: Systemic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the latest Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was performed in Medline, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection up to December 27, 2022, using related keywords. Clinical features such as frequencies, segmental involvement, and hereditary information were summarized and described qualitatively. Meta-analysis was conducted using R software and the 'meta' package to yield an overall outcome of efficacy and safety of surgical management, precisely, spinal fusion procedure and growing rods procedure. Corrective rate of Cobb angle, sagittal kyphosis angle, and T1-S1 length post-operative and at the last follow-up was used to evaluate the efficacy, and the occurrence of surgery-related complications was used to evaluate the safety. RESULT: A total of 37 articles involving 1023 patients were included. Approximately 26.6% of the NF 1 patients would present with scoliosis. Patients tend to develop scoliosis at an earlier age. The thoracic part turned out to be the most affected segment. No obvious correlation between scoliosis and genotype or hereditary type was observed. Both spinal fusion and growing rod surgery have shown acceptable treatment outcomes, with spinal fusion demonstrating better performance in terms of effectiveness and safety. The growing rods technique seemed to allow a better lengthening of the spine. The mainstay post-operative complications were implant-related complications but could be managed with limited revision surgery. Severe neurological deficits were rarely reported. CONCLUSION: Scoliosis, especially the subtype characterized by dystrophic bony changes, is a significant orthopedic manifestation of NF1. It has an early onset, a tendency to persistently and rapidly progress, and is challenging to deal with. The current review outlines the available evidence from the perspective of natural history, clinical features, and the treatment efficacy and safety of the mainstay surgical options. Patients with NF1 scoliosis will benefit from a better understanding of the disease and evidence based treatment strategies.

Promotion of self-directed learning abilities among Chinese medical students through preparing for career calling and enhancing teaching competencies in medical education: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Medical students face a heavy burden as they are tasked with acquiring a vast amount of medical knowledge within a limited time frame. Self-directed learning (SDL) has become crucial for efficient and ongoing learning among medical students. However, effective ways to foster SDL ability among Chinese medical students are lacking, and limited studies have identified factors that impact the SDL ability of medical students. This makes it challenging for educators to develop targeted strategies to improve students' SDL ability. This study aims to assess SDL ability among Chinese medical students and examine the effects of career calling and teaching competencies on SDL ability, as well as the possible mechanisms linking them. METHODS: Data were collected from 3614 respondents (effective response rate = 60.11%) using cross-sectional online questionnaires and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. The questionnaire comprised a Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Self-directed Learning Ability Scale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.962), Teaching Competencies Scale, and Career Calling Scale. RESULTS: The average SDL ability score of Chinese medical students was 3.68 ± 0.56, indicating a moderate level of SDL ability. The six factors of the Self-directed Learning Ability Scale-self-reflection, ability to use learning methods, ability to set study plans, ability to set studying objectives, ability to adjust psychological state, and willpower in studying-accounted for 12.90%, 12.89%, 12.39%, 11.94%, 11.34%, and 8.67% of the variance, respectively. Furthermore, career calling was positively associated with SDL learning ability (ß = 0.295, p < 0.001), and SDL learning ability was positively associated with teaching competencies (ß = 0.191, p < 0.01). Simple slope analysis showed that when the level of teaching competencies was higher, the influence of career calling on SDL ability was stronger. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese medical students' SDL ability has room for improvement. Medical students could strengthen their willpower in studying by setting milestones goals with rewards, which could inspire their motivation for the next goals. Teachers should guide students to learn experience to improve students' reflective ability. Educators play a crucial role in bridging the gap between career calling education and SDL ability enhancement, highlighting the significance of optimal teaching competencies. Colleges should focus on strengthening teachers' sense of career calling and teaching competencies.

Acupuncture versus tricyclic antidepressants in the prophylactic treatment of tension-type headaches: an indirect treatment comparison meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture showed better improvement than sham acupuncture in reducing attack frequency of tension-type headache (TTH), but its effectiveness relative to first-line drugs for TTH is unknown, which impedes the recommendation of acupuncture for patients who are intolerant to drugs for TTH. We aimed to estimate the relative effectiveness between acupuncture and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) through indirect treatment comparison (ITC) meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library from database inception until April 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials of TCAs or acupuncture in the prevention of TTH in adults were included. The primary outcome was headache frequency. The secondary outcomes were headache intensity, responder rate, and adverse event rate. Bayesian random-effect models were used to perform ITC meta-analysis, and confidence of evidence was evaluated by using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: A total of 34 trials involving 4426 participants were included. Acupuncture had similar effect with TCAs in decreasing TTH frequency (amitriptyline: mean difference [MD] -1.29, 95% CI -5.28 to 3.02; amitriptylinoxide: MD -0.05, 95% CI -6.86 to 7.06) and reducing TTH intensity (amitriptyline: MD 2.35, 95% CI -1.20 to 5.78; clomipramine: MD 1.83, 95% CI -4.23 to 8.20). Amitriptyline had a higher rate of adverse events than acupuncture (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.42 to 14.23). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture had similar effect as TCAs in reducing headache frequency of TTH, and acupuncture had a lower adverse events rate than amitriptyline, as shown by very low certainty of evidence.

Reversal of the Regioselectivity of Iron-Promoted Hydrogenation and Hydrohalogenation of gem-Difluoroalkenes.

The reaction regioselectivity of gem-difluoroalkenes is dependent on the intrinsic polarity. Thus, the reversal of the regioselectivity of the addition reaction of gem-difluoroalkenes remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we described an unprecedented reversal of regioselectivity of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to gem-difluoroalkenes triggered by Fe-H species for the formation of difluoroalkyl radicals. Hydrogenation of the in situ generated radicals gave difluoromethylated products. Mechanism experiments and theoretical studies revealed that the kinetic effect of the irreversible HAT process resulted in the reversal of the regioselectivity of this scenario, leading to the formation of a less stable α-difluoroalkyl radical regioisomer. On basis of this new reaction of gem-difluoroalkene, the iron-promoted hydrohalogenation of gem-difluoroalkenes for the efficient synthesis of aliphatic chlorodifluoromethyl-, bromodifluoromethyl- and iododifluoromethyl-containing compounds was developed. Particularly, this novel hydrohalogenation of gem-difluoroalkenes provided an effect and large-scale access to various iododifluoromethylated compounds of high value for synthetic application.

[Seminal vesicoscopy in the treatment of seminal abnormalities associated with ejaculatory duct obstruction：Advances in studies].

Obstructive azoospermia is a kind of common clinical disease, which often happens in epididymis, vas deferens and ejaculatory duct obstruction and accounts for male infertility. Azoospermia, which is caused by obstruction of the ejaculatory duct, is relatively rare. but the development of endoscopic technology now allows the disease to be resolved by surgery. In the past, transurethral resection of ejaculatory duct (TURED) has been used to treat patients with ejaculatory duct obstruction and azoosperm-free disease. But with the further study of TURED operation in recent years, as well as in patients with postoperative follow-up results showed that the urine - tube reflux and retrograde ejaculation ejaculation the incidence of iatrogenic injury is higherduring the TURED.therefore, in recent years, some experts committed to seeking a less damage and better effect of the surgical method. With the continuous development of endoscopic technology, seminal vesiculoscopy has come into being, which also creates conditions for further understanding the structure and function of the seminal vesicle and distal seminal duct, accurate diagnosis and minimally invasive treatment of the currently discovered diseases. In this article, we summarized the semen abnormalities associated with seminal vesiculoscopy in the treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction, and also reviewed the surgical methods, clinical application and research progress of seminal vesiculoscopy.

Improving the stability of perovskite nanocrystals via SiO2 coating and their applications.

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP NCs) with outstanding optical properties have been regarded as promising alternatives to traditional phosphors for lighting and next-generation display technology. However, the practical applications of LHP NCs are seriously hindered by their poor stability upon exposure to moisture, oxygen, light, and heat. Hence, various strategies have been proposed to solve this issue. In this review, we have focused our attention on improving the stability of LHP NCs via SiO2 coating because it has the advantages of simple operation, less toxicity, and easy repetition. SiO2 coating is classified into four types: (a) in situ hydrolytic coating, (b) mesoporous silica loading, (c) mediated anchoring, and (d) double coating. The potential applications of SiO2-coated LHP NCs in the field of optoelectronics, biology, and catalysis are presented to elucidate the reliability and availability of SiO2 coating. Finally, the future development and challenges in the preparation of SiO2-coated LHP NCs are analyzed in order to promote the commercialization process of LHP NC-related commodities.

Epidemiologic analysis of antimicrobial resistance in hospital departments in China from 2022 to 2023.

Bacterial drug resistance monitoring in hospitals is a crucial aspect of healthcare management and a growing concern worldwide. In this study, we analysed the bacterial drug resistance surveillance in our hospital from 2022 Q1 to 2023 Q2. The main sampling sources were respiratory, blood, and urine-based, and the main clinical infections were respiratory and genitourinary in nature. Specimens were inoculated and cultured; bacterial strains were isolated using a VITEK® 2 Compact 60-card automatic microorganism identifier (bioMerieux, Paris, France) and their matching identification cards were identified, and manual tests were supplemented for strain identification. The most common Gram-positive bacteria detected were Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus). The most common Gram-negative bacteria detected were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most prevalent multidrug-resistant bacteria were those producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, followed by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. This study suggests that the prevention and control of infections in the respiratory and genitourinary systems should be the focus of anti-infective work and that the use of antimicrobials should be reduced and regulated to prevent the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria.

Emergent energy dissipation in quantum limit.

Energy dissipation is of fundamental interest and crucial importance in quantum systems. However, whether energy dissipation can emerge without backscattering inside topological systems remains a question. As a hallmark, we propose a microscopic picture that illustrates energy dissipation in the quantum Hall (QH) plateau regime of graphene. Despite the quantization of Hall, longitudinal, and two-probe resistances (dubbed as the quantum limit), we find that the energy dissipation emerges in the form of Joule heat. It is demonstrated that the non-equilibrium energy distribution of carriers plays much more essential roles than the resistance on energy dissipation. Eventually, we suggest probing the phenomenon by measuring local temperature increases in experiments and reconsidering the dissipation typically ignored in realistic topological circuits.

Rules for dissipationless topotronics.

Topological systems hosting gapless boundary states have attracted huge attention as promising components for next-generation information processing, attributed to their capacity for dissipationless electronics. Nevertheless, recent theoretical and experimental inquiries have revealed the emergence of energy dissipation in precisely quantized electrical transport. Here, we present a criterion for the realization of truly no-dissipation design, characterized as Nin = Ntunl + Nbs, where Nin, Ntunl, and Nbs represent the number of modes participating in injecting, tunneling, and backscattering processes, respectively. The key lies in matching the number of injecting, tunneling, and backscattering modes, ensuring the equilibrium among all engaged modes inside the device. Among all the topological materials, we advocate for the indispensability of Chern insulators exhibiting higher Chern numbers to achieve functional devices and uphold the no-dissipation rule simultaneously. Furthermore, we design the topological current divider and collector, evading dissipation upon fulfilling the established criterion. Our work paves the path for developing the prospective topotronics.

[Characteristics of Ozone Concentration in Shanghai and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulation Background During Summer Half-years from 2006 to 2021].

It is of great importance to scientifically evaluate the impact of weather and climate conditions on the occurrence of O3 pollution in order to improve the accuracy of O3 pollution forecasts， as well as to reasonably control and reduce the adverse effects of O3 pollution. The characteristics of O3 concentration and climate background were analyzed based on daily O3 concentration data， meteorological factors， and NCEP/NCER reanalysis data from 2006 to 2021 in Shanghai. In addition， the differences in atmospheric circulation situations during years with anomalous O3 concentrations were compared and diagnosed from the perspective of climatology. Additionally， the monthly O3 concentration prediction model （seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous regressors， SARIMAX） was further established by adding the key meteorological factors. The results indicated that both the whole-year average and summer half-year average O3 concentrations in Shanghai were increasing with fluctuation， and the summer half-year average was much higher than the annual average， up to 36.2%. Furthermore， there was a significant negative correlation between O3 concentration and wind speed （correlation coefficient of -0.826） and a significant positive correlation with the frequency of static wind and the number of days in which the low cloud cover was less than 20% （correlation coefficients of 0.836 and 0.724， respectively）. The monthly mean O3 concentration had a clear periodicity， showing a pattern with a high concentration in the middle period （April to September） and a low concentration at the beginning and end of the periods. High O3 concentration years （2013-2021） were accompanied by more polluted days， lower average wind speed， more small wind （≤1.5 m·s-1） days， more days of low cloud cover of less than 20%， more days of high temperature， higher direct solar radiation， and more sunshine hours. When the location of the stronger West Pacific subtropical high was westward and southward in the summer half-year， Shanghai was influenced by an anomalous westerly wind， which was not conducive to the transportation of clean air from the sea to Shanghai and thus led to the high concentration of O3 pollution. When the long wave radiation emitted from the ground was low in the summer half-year， it was favorable for the increase in ground temperature and caused a high concentration of O3 pollution. Adding direct solar radiation， maximum temperature， and wind speed as exogenous variables to the monthly O3 forecast model could significantly improve the effectiveness of the monthly forecast， with the root mean square error decreasing by 47.7% （from 22 to 11.5） and the correlation coefficient increasing by 11.2% （from 0.819 to 0.911）， which could be applied to the practical prediction of monthly O3 concentration.

Cytotoxic indole diterpenoids and rare pyridoxatin atropisomers from the endophytic fungus Tolypocladium sp. SHJJ1.

Phytochemical investigation on the extract of endophytic fungus Tolypocladium sp. SHJJ1 resulted in the identification of a pair of previously undescribed pyridoxatin atropisomers [1 (M/P)] and three new indole diterpenoids (3-5), together with a pair of known pyridoxatin atropisomers [2 (M/P)] and ten known indole diterpenoids (6-15). Their structures, including their absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical calculations, and X-ray diffraction. Among the undescribed natural products, [1 (M/P)] that two rapidly interconverting atropisomers are the third example to report in the pyridoxatin atropisomers. Except for compounds 1 (M/P) and 2 (M/P), all other compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity using HepG2, A549, and MCF-7 human cell lines. Compound 9 displayed moderate cytotoxicity against the HepG2, A549, and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 32.39 ± 1.48 µM, 26.06 ± 1.14 µM, and 31.44 ± 1.94 µM, respectively, which was similar to the positive drug cisplatin (with IC50 values of 32.55 ± 1.76 µM, 18.40 ± 1.43 µM, and 27.31 ± 1.22 µM, respectively).

Photoredox-Catalysis Fluorosulfonyldifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes and (Hetero)arenes with ICF2SO2F.

The fluorosulfonyldifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes and (hetero)arenes with iododifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride (ICF2SO2F) under visible light photoredox catalysis was successfully developed. Key to the successful fluorosulfonyldifluoromethylation of aromatic compounds was the usage of AgOTf as an additive to promote the formation of the CF2SO2F radical. The protocol provided a straightforward way to introduce the interesting and useful CF2SO2F group on sp3 and sp2 carbons.