An oncogenic JMJD6-DGAT1 axis tunes the epigenetic regulation of lipid droplet formation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Characterized by intracellular lipid droplet accumulation, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy and is a lethal disease. Through an unbiased siRNA screen of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)-dependent enzymes, which play a critical role in tumorigenesis, we identified Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6) as an essential gene for ccRCC tumor development. The downregulation of JMJD6 abolished ccRCC colony formation in vitro and inhibited orthotopic tumor growth in vivo. Integrated ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses uncovered diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) as a critical JMJD6 effector. Mechanistically, JMJD6 interacted with RBM39 and co-occupied DGAT1 gene promoter with H3K4me3 to induce DGAT1 expression. JMJD6 silencing reduced DGAT1, leading to decreased lipid droplet formation and tumorigenesis. The pharmacological inhibition (or depletion) of DGAT1 inhibited lipid droplet formation in vitro and ccRCC tumorigenesis in vivo. Thus, the JMJD6-DGAT1 axis represents a potential new therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Deep Learning-Based H-Score Quantification of Immunohistochemistry-Stained Images.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a well-established and commonly used staining method for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. In most IHC images, the target protein is conjugated with a specific antibody and stained using diaminobenzidine (DAB), resulting in a brown coloration, whereas hematoxylin serves as a blue counterstain for cell nuclei. The protein expression level is quantified through the H-score, calculated from DAB staining intensity within the target cell region. Traditionally, this process requires evaluation by 2 expert pathologists, which is both time consuming and subjective. To enhance the efficiency and accuracy of this process, we have developed an automatic algorithm for quantifying the H-score of IHC images. To characterize protein expression in specific cell regions, a deep learning model for region recognition was trained based on hematoxylin staining only, achieving pixel accuracy for each class ranging from 0.92 to 0.99. Within the desired area, the algorithm categorizes DAB intensity of each pixel as negative, weak, moderate, or strong staining and calculates the final H-score based on the percentage of each intensity category. Overall, this algorithm takes an IHC image as input and directly outputs the H-score within a few seconds, significantly enhancing the speed of IHC image analysis. This automated tool provides H-score quantification with precision and consistency comparable to experienced pathologists but at a significantly reduced cost during IHC diagnostic workups. It holds significant potential to advance biomedical research reliant on IHC staining for protein expression quantification.

Differential NEUROD1, ASCL1, and POU2F3 Expression Defines Molecular Subsets of Bladder Small Cell/Neuroendocrine Carcinoma With Prognostic Implications.

Small cell carcinomas (SMC) of the lung are now molecularly classified based on the expression of transcriptional regulators (NEUROD1, ASCL1, POU2F3, and YAP1) and DLL3, which has emerged as an investigational therapeutic target. PLCG2 has been shown to identify a distinct subpopulation of lung SMC with stem cell-like and prometastasis features and poor prognosis. We analyzed the expression of these novel neuroendocrine markers and their association with traditional neuroendocrine markers and patient outcomes in a cohort of bladder neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) consisting of 103 SMC and 19 large cell NEC (LCNEC) assembled in tissue microarrays. Coexpression patterns were assessed and integrated with detailed clinical annotation including overall (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) and response to neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy. We identified 5 distinct molecular subtypes in bladder SMC based on the expression of ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3: ASCL1+/NEUROD1- (n = 33; 34%), ASCL1- /NEUROD1+ (n = 21; 21%), ASCL1+/NEUROD1+ (n = 17; 17%), POU2F3+ (n = 22, 22%), and ASCL1- /NEUROD1- /POU2F3- (n = 5, 5%). POU2F3+ tumors were mutually exclusive with those expressing ASCL1 and NEUROD1 and exhibited lower expression of traditional neuroendocrine markers. PLCG2 expression was noted in 33 tumors (32%) and was highly correlated with POU2F3 expression (P < .001). DLL3 expression was high in both SMC (n = 72, 82%) and LCNEC (n = 11, 85%). YAP1 expression was enriched in nonneuroendocrine components and negatively correlated with all neuroendocrine markers. In patients without metastatic disease who underwent radical cystectomy, PLCG2+ or POU2F3+ tumors had shorter RFS and OS (P < .05), but their expression was not associated with metastasis status or response to neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, the NEC of the bladder can be divided into distinct molecular subtypes based on the expression of ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3. POU2F3-expressing tumors represent an ASCL1/NEUROD1-negative subset of bladder NEC characterized by lower expression of traditional neuroendocrine markers. Marker expression patterns were similar in SMC and LCNEC. Expression of PLCG2 and POU2F3 was associated with shorter RFS and OS. DLL3 was expressed at high levels in both SMC and LCNEC of the bladder, nominating it as a potential therapeutic target.

Enhanced Pathology Image Quality with Restore-Generative Adversarial Network.

Whole slide imaging is becoming a routine procedure in clinical diagnosis. Advanced image analysis techniques have been developed to assist pathologists in disease diagnosis, staging, subtype classification, and risk stratification. Recently, deep learning algorithms have achieved state-of-the-art performances in various imaging analysis tasks, including tumor region segmentation, nuclei detection, and disease classification. However, widespread clinical use of these algorithms is hampered by their performances often degrading due to image quality issues commonly seen in real-world pathology imaging data such as low resolution, blurring regions, and staining variation. Restore-Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), a deep learning model, was developed to improve the imaging qualities by restoring blurred regions, enhancing low resolution, and normalizing staining colors. The results demonstrate that Restore-GAN can significantly improve image quality, which leads to improved model robustness and performance for existing deep learning algorithms in pathology image analysis. Restore-GAN has the potential to be used to facilitate the applications of deep learning models in digital pathology analyses.

Understanding Factors that Influence Prognosis and Response to Therapy in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

In this review, we highlight and contextualize emerging morphologic prognostic and predictive factors in renal cell carcinoma. We focus on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common histologic subtype. Our understanding of the molecular characterization of ccRCC has dramatically improved in the last decade. Herein, we highlight how these discoveries have laid the foundation for new approaches to prognosis and therapeutic decision-making for patients with ccRCC. We explore the clinical relevance of common mutations, established gene expression signatures, intratumoral heterogeneity, sarcomatoid/rhabdoid morphology and PD-L1 expression, and discuss their impact on predicting response to therapy.

A Deep Learning Approach for Histology-Based Nucleus Segmentation and Tumor Microenvironment Characterization.

Microscopic examination of pathology slides is essential to disease diagnosis and biomedical research. However, traditional manual examination of tissue slides is laborious and subjective. Tumor whole-slide image (WSI) scanning is becoming part of routine clinical procedures and produces massive data that capture tumor histologic details at high resolution. Furthermore, the rapid development of deep learning algorithms has significantly increased the efficiency and accuracy of pathology image analysis. In light of this progress, digital pathology is fast becoming a powerful tool to assist pathologists. Studying tumor tissue and its surrounding microenvironment provides critical insight into tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and potential therapeutic targets. Nucleus segmentation and classification are critical to pathology image analysis, especially in characterizing and quantifying the tumor microenvironment (TME). Computational algorithms have been developed for nucleus segmentation and TME quantification within image patches. However, existing algorithms are computationally intensive and time consuming for WSI analysis. This study presents Histology-based Detection using Yolo (HD-Yolo), a new method that significantly accelerates nucleus segmentation and TME quantification. We demonstrate that HD-Yolo outperforms existing WSI analysis methods in nucleus detection, classification accuracy, and computation time. We validated the advantages of the system on 3 different tissue types: lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer. For breast cancer, nucleus features by HD-Yolo were more prognostically significant than both the estrogen receptor status by immunohistochemistry and the progesterone receptor status by immunohistochemistry. The WSI analysis pipeline and a real-time nucleus segmentation viewer are available at https://github.com/impromptuRong/hd_wsi.

PSA density is associated with BPH cellular composition.

BACKGROUND: Current AUA guidelines recommend 5 alpha reductase inhibitor (5ARI) treatment for patients with obstructive benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that display prostate volume ≥30 cc and total prostate specific antigen (PSA) ≥1.5 ng/ml. However, BPH is highly pleomorphic and response to 5ARIs is highly variable. An understanding of cellular composition based on a noninvasive PSA density test could lead to improved clinical decision making. METHODS: The histological composition of 307 BPH specimens was scored by a pathologist for stromo-glandular content and associated with total PSA, prostate volume, PSA density and other clinical variables using univariate and multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: The percentage of glandular composition in prostates of 5ARI-naïve men was positively and independently associated with PSA and PSA density. It was determined through statistical modeling that a PSA density ≤0.05 ng/ml2 associated with a glandular composition of ≤30% with 76% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: PSA density could provide a decisive variable for estimating BPH cellular content and may eventually improve selection of patients for 5ARI treatment. Further work is needed to demonstrate that patients with higher glandular content are more responsive to 5ARI treatment.

Papillary renal cell carcinoma: a single institutional study of 199 cases addressing classification, clinicopathologic and molecular features, and treatment outcome.

The morphologic spectrum of type 1 papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is not well-defined, since a significant proportion of cases have mixed type 1 and 2 histology. We analyzed 199 cases of PRCC with any (even if focal) type 1 features, with a median follow-up of 12 years, to identify clinicopathological features associated with outcome. Ninety-five tumors (48%) of the cohort contained some type 2 component (median amount: 25%; IQR: 10%, 70%). As a group they showed high rates of progression-free (PFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Tumor size, mitotic rate, lymphovascular invasion, sarcomatoid differentiation, sheet-like architecture, and lack of tumor circumscription were significantly associated with CSS (p ≤ 0.015) on univariate analysis. While predominant WHO/ISUP nucleolar grade was associated with PFS (p = 0.013) and CSS (p = 0.030), the presence of non-predominant (<50%) nucleolar grade did not show association with outcome (p = 0.7). PFS and CSS showed no significant association with the presence or the amount of type 2 morphology. We compared the molecular alterations in paired type 1 and type 2 areas in a subset of 22 cases with mixed type 1 and 2 features and identified 12 recurrently mutated genes including TERT, ARID1A, KDM6A, KMT2D, NFE2L2, MET, APC, and TP53. Among 78 detected somatic mutations, 61 (78%) were shared between the paired type 1 and type 2 areas. Copy number alterations, including chromosome 7 and 17 gains, were similar between type 1 and 2 areas. These findings support that type 2 features in a PRCC with mixed histology represent either morphologic variance or clonal evolution. Our study underscores the notion that PRCC with any classic type 1 regions is best considered as type 1 PRCC and assigned the appropriate WHO/ISUP nucleolar grade. It provides additional evidence that type 2 PRCC as a separate category should be re-assessed and likely needs to be abandoned.

Management of Testicular Germ Cell Tumor With Somatic-Type Malignancy.

A man, aged 21 years, presented with a 4-month history of progressive swelling of the right testicle. Ultrasound revealed a heterogenous solid mass in the right testicle suspicious for malignancy. Further work-up included CT scans, which identified a 2-cm retroperitoneal lymph node; there was no evidence of thoracic metastases. Serum tumor markers revealed a mildly elevated α-fetoprotein (AFP) and normal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The patient underwent right radical inguinal orchiectomy. Pathology evaluation demonstrated 1% teratoma with extensive secondary somatic-type malignant components of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. No lymphovascular invasion was identified. Repeat tumor markers showed normal AFP, LDH, and hCG. Follow-up short-interval CT scans confirmed a dominant 2-cm interaortocaval lymph node with no evidence of distant metastases. The patient underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, which revealed 1 of 24 lymph nodes positive for similar somatic-type malignancy composed of rhabdomyosarcoma and chondrosarcoma as well as undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma with extranodal extension. Immunohistochemistry revealed that tumor cells were positive for myogenin and desmin and negative for SALL4.

Real-World Application of Pre-Orchiectomy miR-371a-3p Test in Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Management.

PURPOSE: Current serum tumor markers for testicular germ cell tumor are limited by low sensitivity. Growing evidence supports the use of circulating miR-371a-3p as a superior marker for malignant (viable) germ cell tumor management. We evaluated the real-world application of serum miR-371a-3p levels in detecting viable germ cell tumor among patients undergoing partial or radical orchiectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 69 consecutive patients before orchiectomy. Performance characteristics of serum miR-371a-3p were compared with conventional serum tumor markers (⍺-fetoprotein/ß-human chorionic gonadotropin/lactate dehydrogenase) between patients with viable germ cell tumor and those without viable germ cell tumor on orchiectomy pathology. Relative miR-371a-3p levels were correlated with clinical course. The Kruskal-Wallis test and linear and ordinal regression models were used for analysis. RESULTS: For detecting viable germ cell tumor, combined conventional serum tumor markers had a specificity of 100%, sensitivity of 58% and AUC of 0.79. The miR-371a-3p test showed a specificity of 100%, sensitivity of 93% and AUC of 0.978. Median relative expression of miR-371a-3p in viable germ cell tumor cases was more than 6,800-fold higher than in those lacking viable germ cell tumor. miR-371a-3p levels correlated with composite stage (p=0.006) and, among composite stage I cases, independently associated with embryonal carcinoma percentage (p=0.0012) and tumor diameter (p <0.0001). Six patients underwent orchiectomy after chemotherapy and were correctly predicted to have presence or absence of viable germ cell tumor by the miR-371a-3p test. CONCLUSIONS: If validated, the miR-371a-3p test can be used in conjunction with conventional serum tumor markers to aid clinical decision making. A positive miR-371a-3p test in patients after preoperative chemotherapy or with solitary testes could potentially guide subsequent orchiectomy or observation.

Prospective PI-RADS v2.1 Atypical Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Nodules With Marked Restricted Diffusion: Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer on Multiparametric MRI.

BACKGROUND. On the basis of expert consensus, PI-RADS version 2.1 (v2.1) introduced the transition zone (TZ) atypical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) nodule, defined as a TZ lesion with an incomplete or absent capsule (T2 score, 2). PI-RADS v2.1 also included a revised scoring pathway whereby such nodules, if exhibiting marked restricted diffusion (DWI score, 4-5), are upgraded from overall PI-RADS category 2 to category 3 (2 + 1 TZ lesions). OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) in prospectively reported 2 + 1 TZ lesions, as defined by PI-RADS v2.1, and conventional 3 + 0 TZ lesions with targeted biopsy as the reference standard. METHODS. This retrospective study included men with no known PCa or with treatment-naïve grade group (GG) 1 PCa who underwent 3-T multiparametric MRI of the prostate with prospective reporting by means of PI-RADS v2.1. Patients with at least one PI-RADS category 3 TZ lesion who underwent targeted biopsy formed the final sample. Biopsy results were summarized descriptively for 2 + 1 and 3 + 0 lesions. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare csPCa detection rates between groups. Associations between csPCa in 2 + 1 lesions and patient age, PSA level, prostate volume, PSA density, biopsy history, lesion size, and lesion ADC were tested with Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS. Among 1238 eligible patients who underwent MRI reported with PI-RADS v2.1, 2 + 1 lesions were reported in 6% (n = 69) and 3 + 0 TZ lesions in 7% (n = 87) of patients. No PCa, GG1 PCa, or csPCa was found in 84% (n = 41), 10% (n = 5), and 6% (n = 3) of 49 patients with 2 + 1 lesions who underwent targeted biopsy. Nor were they found in 74% (n = 45), 15% (n = 9), and 11% (n = 7) of 61 patients with 3 + 0 lesions who underwent targeted biopsy. The csPCa detection rate was not significantly different between 2 + 1 and 3 + 0 lesions (p = .31). All cases of csPCa were GG2, except for one 3 + 0 lesion with a GG3 tumor. No clinical or imaging variable was associated with csPCa in 2 + 1 lesions. CONCLUSION. The rate of csPCa in atypical BPH nodules with marked restricted diffusion was low (6%) and not significantly different from that of conventional 3 + 0 TZ lesions (11%). CLINICAL IMPACT. The results provide prospective clinical data about the revised TZ scoring criterion and pathway in PI-RADS v2.1 for atypical BPH nodules with marked restricted diffusion.

Distinctive mechanisms underlie the loss of SMARCB1 protein expression in renal medullary carcinoma: morphologic and molecular analysis of 20 cases.

Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare but highly aggressive type of renal cancer occurring in patients with sickle cell trait or rarely with other hemoglobinopathies. Loss of SMARCB1 protein expression, a core subunit of the switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, has emerged as a key diagnostic feature of these tumors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this loss remains unclear. We retrospectively identified 20 patients diagnosed with renal medullary carcinoma at two institutions from 1996 to 2017. All patients were confirmed to have sickle cell trait, and all tumors exhibited a loss of SMARCB1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. The status of SMARCB1 locus was examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 3-color probes, and somatic alterations were detected by targeted next-generation sequencing platforms. FISH analysis of all 20 cases revealed 11 (55%) with concurrent hemizygous loss and translocation of SMARCB1, 6 (30%) with homozygous loss of SMARCB1, and 3 (15%) without structural or copy number alterations of SMARCB1 despite protein loss. Targeted sequencing revealed a pathogenic somatic mutation of SMARCB1 in one of these 3 cases that were negative by FISH. Tumors in the 3 subsets with different FISH findings largely exhibited similar clinicopathologic features, however, homozygous SMARCB1 deletion was found to show a significant association with the solid growth pattern, whereas tumors dominated by reticular/cribriform growth were enriched for SMARCB1 translocation. Taken together, we demonstrate that different molecular mechanisms underlie the loss of SMARCB1 expression in renal medullary carcinoma. Biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1 occurs in a large majority of cases either via concurrent hemizygous loss and translocation disrupting SMARCB1 or by homozygous loss.

Metastatic diseases to the adrenal gland: A comprehensive study from an academic institution with emphasis on clinical occult cases.

The adrenal gland is one of the common sites of metastasis and distinguishing metastatic diseases from adrenal primary neoplasms is essential for accurate clinical management of patients. Our study aimed to elucidate the spectrum and clinicopathologic features of metastatic solid tumors to the adrenal gland at an academic institution, with special focus patients presented with solitary adrenal masses without previously known malignancies. Our departmental database (2013-2022) was retrospectively searched and 129 patients with metastatic solid tumors involving the adrenal gland were identified. The median age at the initial diagnosis of metastatic diseases was 64 years old (range, 54-70 years). The majority of the diseases were presented as unilateral (n=118) or unifocal (n=119) involvement. Most patients had known prior or concurrent malignancies (n=125), whereas adrenal gland involvement was the initial clinical presentation in 4 patients. The most common primary carcinomas included renal cell carcinoma (n=84), lung adenocarcinoma (n=21), urothelial carcinoma (n=3) and hepatocellular carcinoma (n=3). In 104 (80 %) patients with available follow up (median of 39 months, ranging 0-81 months), 43 patients died of disease. Metastatic diseases are usually exercised in the differential diagnosis when there is clinically known malignant primary. In patients without clinical known malignancies, close clinical and radiologic correlation and thorough relevant clinical work up are critical, because clinical occult malignancy may metastasize to the adrenal gland as a solitary mass at the initial presentation, although it is rare.

Utility of The Paris System (TPS) for upper urinary tract cytopathology: correlation with histology follow-up and UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The Paris System (TPS) provides a uniform reporting system of urine cytology based on well-defined cytologic criteria. Due to their rarity, there are limited data on the utility of TPS in upper urinary tract (UUT) lesions and follow-up histology of cases with abnormal cytology. We aimed to evaluate the utility of TPS for UUT lesions by correlating the cytologic diagnoses using TPS criteria with subsequent histology. Additionally, the diagnostic utility of UroVysion (Abbott) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 148 UUT cytology specimens were retrospectively identified (2018-2022). Cytologic interpretation was performed using TPS, and then correlated with the findings of concurrent or subsequent histologic specimens. The performance of UroVysion FISH was analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for detecting high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) were determined. RESULTS: Among 83 patients who had concurrent or subsequent histologic specimens, cyto-histologic discrepancy was seen in 7 cases (8.4%). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV using TPS criteria for detecting HGUC were 87%, and 92%, 96.4%, and 73%, respectively. UroVysion FISH was performed in 21 patients with atypical cytologic findings. The sensitivity and specificity of UroVysion for detecting HGUC was 75% and 86%, respectively, while PPV and NPV were 86% and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the application of TPS criteria for reporting upper urinary cytology was reliable at detecting UUT lesions, especially HGUC. UroVysion FISH was a valuable ancillary test for detecting HGUC of UUT.

Retroperitoneal Sarcomatoid Yolk Sac Tumor in a Chemotherapy-Naive Patient With Testicular Postpubertal Type Teratoma: A Rare Case Report With Emphasis on Molecular Features.

Sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor is a very rare histologic type of testicular germ cell tumor and is mainly reported in testicular germ cell tumor patients who receive chemotherapy. Herein, we report an extremely rare concurrent retroperitoneal sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor in a man with a testicular postpuberal teratoma before he received chemotherapy. A 37-year-old man initially presented with a persistent abdominal pain. Subsequent imaging studies revealed a 9.6-cm retroperitoneal mass, and 2 testicular masses (3.1 cm and 0.9 cm in greatest dimension, respectively). His serum tumor markers were within normal ranges. His radical orchiectomy demonstrated a postpubertal type teratoma with an adjacent scarring nodule. Later, his retroperitoneal tumor showed spindle tumor cells embedded in predominantly myxoid and focally fibrous stroma with diffuse and strong immunoreactivity for keratin AE1/AE3, SALL4 and glypican 3. No tumor necrosis or brisk mitotic figures were observed. A diagnosis of sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor was rendered. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of his retroperitoneal sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor revealed polysomy 12 and MYC amplification, whereas no evidence of isochromosome 12p [i(12p)], and DNA sequencing showed 6 mutations per megabase (muts/Mb), and the somatic alterations included ARAF amplification and ATR I774Yfs*5. Considering its rarity, sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor may pose diagnostic challenges. Therefore, relevant clinicoradiologic information and ancillary work up, including immunohistochemistry and molecular studies, may be helpful for the accurate classification. Our tumor further raises awareness of this rare event, expands the spectrum of its clinical presentation, and explores the molecular features.

Testicular Primary Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Characterization of Two Patients.

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor rarely occurs as a testicular primary tumor, accounting for less than 1% of all testicular cancers, and is rarely reported with sufficient molecular profiles. After searching our departmental database (2003-2023), two testicular primary well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors were identified in a 35-year-old man and a 23-year-old man, respectively, both of whom had normal serum level of tumor markers. Both tumors grossly exhibited solid, yellow-tan, and homogeneous appearance and histologically displayed a mixture of growth patterns, including organoid, tubular, cribriform, nests, cords, and single cells, were composed of eosinophilic tumor cells with salt-and-pepper chromatin and indistinct cell borders. Immunoreactivity for chromogranin and synaptophysin were detected, with Ki-67 labeling 9% and 2% of tumor cells on counting of 500 tumor cells, respectively. There was no germ cell neoplasia in situ in the background testicular parenchyma. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization failed to identify the presence of isochromosome 12p in both tumors. A panel-based next-generation sequencing was done in one of tumors and showed no reportable pathogenic variants with a mutation burden of 0.5 mutations per megabase. Although elevated mitotic figures (up to 6 per 10 high power fields), lymphovascular invasion and marked nuclear pleomorphism were present in this tumor, there was no evidence of disease detected in this patient via Dotatate positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan after the surgery. This report expands the spectrum of testicular primary well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. Considering its rarity, it may pose a diagnostic challenge or pitfall in certain clinical circumstances. In addition, the literature pertaining to this entity is herein reviewed.

Deep Learning for Subtypes Identification of Pure Seminoma of the Testis.

The most critical step in the clinical diagnosis workflow is the pathological evaluation of each tumor sample. Deep learning is a powerful approach that is widely used to enhance diagnostic accuracy and streamline the diagnosis process. In our previous study using omics data, we identified 2 distinct subtypes of pure seminoma. Seminoma is the most common histological type of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). Here we developed a deep learning decision making tool for the identification of seminoma subtypes using histopathological slides. We used all available slides for pure seminoma samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The developed model showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.896. Our model not only confirms the presence of 2 distinct subtypes within pure seminoma but also unveils the presence of morphological differences between them that are imperceptible to the human eye.

Nano-mediated strategy: recent advance in the application of drug delivery systems in melanoma treatment and diagnosis.

Melanoma is a common malignant tumor, with a five-year mortality rate as high as 62% in cases of metastatic melanoma according to cancer statistics (2024). In recent years, the focus of melanoma research has predominantly centered on immunotherapy and targeted therapy, grappling with challenges such as resistance and immunogenicity. The discovery of nanoparticles (NPs) has brought nano-delivery systems to the forefront of melanoma diagnosis and treatment. Although certain NPs, like liposomes, have gained clinical approval, utilizing most nano-delivery systems for melanoma diagnosis and treatment remains largely exploratory. The inherent limitations of NPs present a major obstacle to their clinical translation. By selecting suitable nanocarriers and functionalizing NPs to optimize nano-delivery systems, and combining these systems with other therapies, it is possible to reduce the systemic toxicity and resistance associated with conventional therapies and the NPs themselves. This optimization could significantly improve the effectiveness of nano-delivery systems in the early detection and timely treatment of melanoma. However, there have been few reviews on the optimization of NPs and the combined application of other therapies in the treatment and diagnostic application of melanoma in the past three years. This review summarizes the latest applications of nano-delivery systems in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma over the past three years, including innovations and achievements in both preclinical and clinical studies, offering new perspectives on their potential and future application prospects. It integrates clinical data and patent information, highlights trends in nano-delivery system development, and offers new insights into their clinical translation. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities of nano-delivery systems in melanoma treatment, providing a foundation for advancing their application in diagnosis, treatment, and clinical translation.

Fibrin-Associated Large B-Cell Lymphoma (FA-LBCL) Involving Solid Organs as Necrotic Cystic Lesions-A Rare Entity with Potential Diagnostic Pitfalls: A Two-Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Fibrin-associated large B-cell lymphoma (FA-LBCL) is a rare subtype of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma, recognized as an independent entity per the 5th edition of the WHO classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. It is usually associated with longstanding chronic inflammation and arises within fibrinous material in confined anatomic spaces. We report the clinicopathologic manifestations of two patients of FA-LBCL involving the adrenal gland and kidney. Both tumors were diagnosed after presenting as cystic masses on imaging studies. These lymphomas were non-invasive, with microscopic aggregates of large B-lymphoma cells along/within cystic wall and admixed with fibrinous material and without prominent inflammation. By immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization, lymphoma cells were positive for CD45, PAX5, CD79a, MUM1, BCL2, PD-L1, and EBV/EBER (Epstein-Barr virus encoded small RNA) with a high proliferation index. Both patients remain in remission after management with complete surgical resection and additional chemo-immunotherapy in one patient. Considering its rarity, scant tumor cells, and varied clinical presentations, FA-LBCL may pose diagnostic challenges, especially when presenting as extensively necrotic cystic lesions, needing multidisciplinary collaboration in formulating management.

iIMPACT: integrating image and molecular profiles for spatial transcriptomics analysis.

Current clustering analysis of spatial transcriptomics data primarily relies on molecular information and fails to fully exploit the morphological features present in histology images, leading to compromised accuracy and interpretability. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a multi-stage statistical method called iIMPACT. It identifies and defines histology-based spatial domains based on AI-reconstructed histology images and spatial context of gene expression measurements, and detects domain-specific differentially expressed genes. Through multiple case studies, we demonstrate iIMPACT outperforms existing methods in accuracy and interpretability and provides insights into the cellular spatial organization and landscape of functional genes within spatial transcriptomics data.