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INTRODUCTION: We conducted a meta-analysis evaluating the overall risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in individuals with Helicobacter pylori infection, and a network meta-analysis to assess the role of H. pylori infection in the progression from Barrett's esophagus (BE) to EAC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched between 1988 and June 2023 for observational studies of H. pylori infection and the risk of EAC. Summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using the DerSimonian-Laird method. I2 statistics were calculated to examine heterogeneity. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis and 3 additional studies were included in the network meta-analysis. For comparisons with controls, individuals with H. pylori infection were 46% less likely to develop EAC than individuals without H. pylori infection (OR, 0.54; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.64), with low heterogeneity between studies (I2=4.4%). The magnitude of the inverse association was stronger in the two large cohort studies (OR=0.31) than in the 11 case-control studies (OR=0.55). When comparing to controls, the network meta-analysis of 6 studies showed that H. pylori infection was associated with a lower risk of GERD (OR=0.68) or BE (OR=0.59) or EAC (OR=0.54); however, H. pylori infection was not associated with risk of EAC in patients with BE (OR=0.91; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.21). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides the strongest evidence yet that H. pylori infection is inversely associated with EAC. H. pylori does not appear to be associated with BE progression to EAC.
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BACKGROUND: Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) has an increased risk of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) both due to genetic risks and iron overload as iron overload can be carcinogenic; HH impacts the increasing risk of HCC, not only through the development of cirrhosis but concerning hepatic iron deposition, which has been studied further recently. AIM: To evaluate HH yearly trends, patient demographics, symptoms, comorbidities, and hospital outcomes. The secondary aim sheds light on the risk of iron overload for developing HCC in HH patients, independent of liver cirrhosis complications. The study investigated HH (without cirrhosis) as an independent risk factor for HCC. METHODS: We analyzed data from National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database, the largest national inpatient data collection in the United States, and selected HH and HCC cohorts. HH was first defined in 2011 International Classification of Disease - 9th edition (ICD-9) as a separate diagnosis; the HH cohort is extracted from January 2011 to December 2019 using 275.01 (ICD-9) and E83.110 (ICD-10) diagnosis codes of HH. Patients were excluded from the HH cohort if they had a primary or secondary diagnostic code of cirrhosis (alcoholic, non-alcoholic, and biliary), viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We removed these patients from the HH cohort to rule out bias or ICD-10 diagnostic errors. The HCC cohort is selected from January 2011 to December 2019 using the ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes of HCC. We selected a non-HCC cohort with the 1:1 fixed ratio nearest neighbor (greedy) propensity score method using the patients' age, gender, and race. We performed multivariate analysis for the risk factors of HCC in the HCC and non-HCC matched cohort. We further analyzed HH without cirrhosis (removing HH patients with a diagnosis of cirrhosis) as an independent risk factor of HCC after adjusting all known risk factors of HCC in the multivariate model. RESULTS: During the 2011-2019 period, a total of 18031 hospitalizations with a primary or secondary diagnosis of HH (excluding liver diseases) were recorded in the NIS database. We analyzed different patients' characteristics, and we found increments in inpatient population trend with a Ptrend < 0.001 and total hospital cost of care trend from $42957 in 2011 to $66152 in 2019 with a Ptrend < 0.001 despite no change in Length of Stay over the last decade. The multivariate analyses showed that HH without cirrhosis (aOR, 28.8; 95%CI, 10.4-80.1; P < 0.0001), biliary cirrhosis (aOR, 19.3; 95%CI, 13.4-27.6; P < 0.0001), non-alcoholic cirrhosis (aOR, 17.4; 95%CI, 16.5-18.4; P < 0.0001), alcoholic cirrhosis (aOR, 16.9; 95%CI, 15.9-17.9; P < 0.0001), hepatitis B (aOR, 12.1; 95%CI, 10.85-13.60; P < 0.0001), hepatitis C (aOR, 8.58; 95%CI, 8.20-8.98; P < 0.0001), Wilson disease (aOR, 4.27; 95%CI, 1.18-15.41; P < 0.0001), NAFLD or NASH (aOR, 2.96; 95%CI, 2.73-3.20; P < 0.0001), alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (aOR, 2.10; 95%CI, 1.21-3.64; P < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus without chronic complications (aOR, 1.17; 95%CI, 1.13-1.21; P < 0.0001), and blood transfusion (aOR, 1.80; 95%CI, 1.69-1.92; P < 0.0001) are independent risk factor for liver cancer. CONCLUSION: Our study showed an increasing trend of in-hospital admissions of HH patients in the last decade. These trends were likely related to advances in diagnostic approach, which can lead to increased hospital utilization and cost increments. Still, the length of stay remained the same, likely due to a big part of management being done in outpatient settings. Another vital part of our study is the significant result that HH without cirrhosis is an independent risk factor for HCC with adjusting all known risk factors. More prospective and retrospective large studies are needed to re-evaluate the HH independent risk in developing HCC.
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Esophageal stricture due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an uncommon pathology, with most reported cases occurring in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. We report a renal transplant patient who presented with progressive dysphagia and weight loss for 2 years. Endoscopic examination revealed a long esophageal stricture with a necrotic lesion but no typical CMV esophageal ulcers; immunostains were positive for CMV. Dysphagia resolved after treatment with ganciclovir and serial esophageal dilations. We are presenting the first case of esophageal stricture due to CMV esophagitis in a renal transplant patient without human immunodeficiency virus infection and are reviewing current literature.
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Immunocompromised patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can develop opportunistic esophageal candidial and cytomegaloviral infections. A case is reported which extends the clinico-endoscopic severity of these infections. A 32-year-old bisexual man with AIDS since 1997, and intermittently compliant with antiretroviral therapy, presented (2007) with dysphagia and 32 kg-weight loss. EGD revealed a massive, cheesy, esophageal mucosal exudate from Candida albicans. Cytomegalovirus was isolated by viral culture. The patient improved after fluconazole/ganciclovir therapy. The patient re-presented (2019) with hematemesis and dysphagia. EGD revealed cheesy esophageal exudate and profound "punched out" esophageal ulcers mimicking pseudo-diverticula. Histopathology confirmed candidiasis. Viral cultures revealed cytomegalovirus. Barium esophagram revealed deep esophageal ulcers/pseudo-diverticula. Repeat EGD 8 weeks later after ganciclovir/micafungin therapy revealed mostly healed lesions. This demonstrates that AIDS patients may have massive mucosal esophageal candidiasis; that both infections can recur years after apparent eradication; and that cytomegaloviral esophageal ulcers may be profound and mimic pseudo-diverticula. A comprehensive literature review revealed only one abstract of esophageal pseudo-diverticula associated with cytomegalovirus. Simultaneous esophageal candidial and CMV infections have also been rarely reported in immunocompromised patients without AIDS.
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Pancreatic ganglioneuromas occur mostly in children and rarely in young adults, with no cases reported in adults older than 60 years. An 86-year-old-woman, with active advanced multiple myeloma, presented with epigastric pain for 2 days. Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography demonstrated a distended gallbladder, mildly dilated biliary tree, and a 13 × 8-mm hypodense mass in pancreatic body, without extrapancreatic invasion at endoscopic ultrasound. Fine-needle endoscopic ultrasound-guided core biopsy revealed characteristic histopathology of ganglioneuroma, as confirmed by immunohistochemical positivity for S100, SOX-10, and synaptophysin. This demonstrates novel finding of pancreatic ganglioneuroma occurring in the elderly. Lesion inclusion in the differential diagnosis may mandate tissue for pathologic diagnosis and complete lesion resection.
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Collagenous colitis (CC) is associated with non-bloody, watery diarrhea, which is pathophysiologically reasonable because normal colonic absorption (or excretion) of water and electrolytes can be blocked by the abnormally thick collagen layer in CC. However, CC has also been associated with six previous cases of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), with no pathophysiologic explanation. The colon does not normally absorb (or excrete) amino acids/proteins, which is primarily the function of the small bowel. Collagenous duodenitis (CD) has not been associated with PLE. This work reports a novel case of CD (and CC) associated with PLE; a pathophysiologically reasonable mechanism for CD causing PLE (by the thick collagen layer of CD blocking normal intestinal amino acid absorption); and a novel association of PLE with severe COVID-19 infection (attributed to relative immunosuppression from hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and malnutrition from PLE).
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Aminoácidos/metabolismo , COVID-19/etiología , Colitis Colagenosa/complicaciones , Duodenitis/complicaciones , Duodeno/fisiopatología , Absorción Intestinal , Mucosa Intestinal/fisiopatología , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/etiología , Anciano , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/fisiopatología , Colitis Colagenosa/diagnóstico , Colitis Colagenosa/fisiopatología , Colitis Colagenosa/terapia , Duodenitis/diagnóstico , Duodenitis/fisiopatología , Duodenitis/terapia , Duodeno/metabolismo , Femenino , Fluidoterapia , Glucocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Estado Nutricional , Nutrición Parenteral Total , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/diagnóstico , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/fisiopatología , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/terapia , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Previous literature on epidural pneumatosis (pneumorrhachis, or air in epidural cavity) associated with forceful vomiting in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has consisted of individual case reports without comprehensive syndrome characterization due to syndromic rarity, with the largest previous literature review comprising 6 cases. Presumed pathophysiology is air escaping from alveolar rupture from forceful vomiting via tissue planes to cause epidural pneumatosis. AIM: Systematically review literature to facilitate syndromic diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A new illustrative case is reported. METHODS: Systematic review of literature using 2 independent readers, 2 computerized databases, and the following medical terms/keywords: ["epidural pneumatosis" OR "pneumorrhachis"] AND ["diabetes" OR "diabetic ketoacidosis" or "DKA"]. Discrepancies between 2 readers were resolved by consensus using prospectively developed study inclusion criteria. Two readers independently abstracted case report. Prospective review protocol and patients, problems, intervene, comparison group, outcomes discussed in Methods section of paper. RESULTS-SYSTEMATIC-LITERATURE-REVIEW: Revealed 10 previously reported cases plus 1 new case (see below) that shows this syndrome presents rather stereotypically with the tentatively proposed following pentad (% of patients fulfilling individual criterion): 1-forceful vomiting (100%), 2-during DKA (100%), 3-pneumomediastinum from forceful alveolar rupture (100%), 4-epidural pneumatosis from air escape from pneumomediastinum (100%), and 5-no complications of Boerhaave syndrome or of focal neurological deficits (100%). Pentad is pathophysiologically reasonable because forceful vomiting can cause alveolar rupture, pneumomediastinum, and air entry into epidural space. RESULTS-ILLUSTRATIVE-CASE-REPORT: Epidural pneumatosis occurred in a 33-year-old-male with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus type 1 who presented with forceful vomiting while in DKA. Radiologic findings also included subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and small pneumothorax. The patient rapidly improved while receiving acute therapy for DKA, and was discharged after 2 hospital days. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Limited number of analyzed, retrospectively reported cases. Case reports subject to reporting bias. Specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value not meaningfully analyzed in this homogeneous population. CONCLUSIONS: Based on systematic review, syndrome is tentatively proposed as a pentad with: 1-forceful vomiting, 2-during DKA, 3- pneumomediastinum, 4-epidural pneumatosis, and 5-no complications of Boerhaave syndrome or focal neurological deficits. Proposed pentad should be prospectively tested in a larger population including patients with this versus closely related syndromes.
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Cetoacidosis Diabética/complicaciones , Perforación del Esófago/complicaciones , Enfermedades del Mediastino/complicaciones , Neumorraquis/diagnóstico , Radiografía Torácica/métodos , Vómitos/complicaciones , Adolescente , Adulto , Tratamiento Conservador/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Enfisema Mediastínico/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfisema Mediastínico/etiología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/epidemiología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/fisiopatología , Neumorraquis/fisiopatología , Neumotórax/diagnóstico por imagen , Neumotórax/etiología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos , Alveolos Pulmonares/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rotura/complicaciones , Enfisema Subcutáneo/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfisema Subcutáneo/etiología , Síndrome , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
While erythromycin has caused numerous cases of acute liver failure (ALF), clarithromycin, a similar macrolide antibiotic, has caused only six reported cases of ALF. A new case of clarithromycin-associated ALF is reported with hepatic histopathology and exclusion of other etiologies by extensive workup, and the syndrome of clarithromycin-associated ALF is better characterized by systematic review. A 60-year-old nonalcoholic man, with normal baseline liver function tests, was admitted with diffuse abdominal pain and AST = 499 U/L and ALT = 539 U/L, six days after completing a 7-day course of clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for suspected upper respiratory infection. AST and ALT each rose to about 1,000 U/L on day-2 of admission, and rose to ≥6,000 U/L on day-3, with development of severe hepatic encephalopathy and severe coagulopathy. Planned liver biopsy was cancelled due to coagulopathies. Extensive evaluation for infectious, immunologic, and metabolic causes of liver disease was negative. Abdominal computerized tomography and abdominal ultrasound with Doppler were unremarkable. The patient developed massive, acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with coagulopathies. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was planned after massive blood product transfusions, but the patient rapidly expired from hemorrhagic shock. Autopsy revealed a golden-brown heavy liver with massive hepatic necrosis and sinusoidal congestion. Rise of AST/ALT to about 1,000 U/L each was temporally incompatible with shock liver because this rise preceded the hemorrhagic shock, but the subsequent AST/ALT rise to ≥6,000 U/L each may have had a component of shock liver. The six previously reported cases were limited by failure to exclude hepatitis E (4), lack of liver biopsy (2), and uninterpretable liver biopsy (1) and by confounding potential etiologies including disulfiram, israpidine, or recent acetaminophen use (3), clarithromycin overdose (1), active alcohol use (1), and severe heart failure (1). Review of 6 previously reported and current case of clarithromycin-associated ALF revealed that patients had AST and ALT values in the thousands. Five patients died and 2 survived.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of hypothermia in patients undergoing colorectal surgery, and to identify factors that increase vulnerability to perioperative hypothermia. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised medical records from May 2012 to June 2017 related to all patients aged >16 years of either gender who underwent colorectal procedures. Analysis about predictors of perioperative hypothermia was done using Stata 12. RESULTS: Of the 100 patients, 69(69%) were males. The overall mean age was 50.2±16.7 years. Majority cases had elective presentation 72(72%). Incidence of perioperative hypothermia was noted in 74(74%) patients. Postoperative morbidity was 16(16%), while mortality was 4(4%). Elective presentation and hypothermia before surgery were significantly associated with occurrence of intraoperative hypothermia (odds ratio: 4.5 and 1.3 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative incidence of hypothermia was found to be quite high despite appropriate measures. Factors responsible need to be explored and rectified.
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Colon/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos del Sistema Digestivo , Hipotermia/epidemiología , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/epidemiología , Atención Perioperativa , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Periodo Preoperatorio , Recto/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Conversión a Cirugía Abierta , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Electivos/estadística & datos numéricos , Urgencias Médicas , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/prevención & control , Laparoscopía , Laparotomía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tempo Operativo , Pakistán/epidemiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic/therapeutic endoscopic procedure for numerous pancreaticobiliary diseases. Data regarding performing ERCP on weekend (WE; Saturday/Sunday) versus postponing ERCP to first two available weekdays (WD; Monday/Tuesday) are scarce. ERCP requires costly resources including specialized nurses, endoscopy room equipped with fluoroscopy, anesthesia services, and highly trained therapeutic endoscopists. Hospitals frequently do not have these resources readily available during WE, leading to postponing ERCPs to WD. AIMS: This study analyzes the effect of performing ERCP on WE versus postponement to WD on hospital efficiency, and on patient safety/outcomes. METHODS: A computerized search of electronic medical records, January 2011-December 2016, at four Beaumont Hospitals retrospectively identified all gastroenterology consults performed on Friday or Saturday before 12:00 noon, which resulted in ERCP performed for any indication on WE versus postponing ERCP to WD. Length of stay (LOS), hospital costs, hospital charges, and hospital reimbursements were compared between both groups, as were quality of care measures. RESULTS: Among 5196 patients undergoing ERCPs, 533 patients were identified, including 315 patients in the WE group and 218 patients in the WD group. Comparing WE versus WD groups, median LOS was shorter (4.5 days vs. 6.9 days, p < 0.0001); median hospital costs were less ($9208 vs. $11,657, p < 0.0001); and median hospital charges were less ($28,026 vs. $37,899, p < 0.0001). Median hospital reimbursements were not significantly different in WE versus WD groups ($10,277 vs. $10,362, p = 0.65). Median hospital charges were lower than median hospital reimbursements (net profit) in WE but not in WD. WE versus WD had no significant differences in morbidity, mortality, ≤ 30-day readmission rates, need for repeat ERCP ≤ 30 days, or post-ERCP complications. LIMITATIONS: This is a retrospective study. CONCLUSIONS: Performing ERCPs during weekends significantly reduced LOS, hospital costs, and hospital charges compared to postponing ERCP to WD and resulted in net hospital profits, without impairing quality of medical care.
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Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica/economía , Costos de Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Indicadores de Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Anciano , Eficiencia Organizacional , Femenino , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Michigan , Persona de Mediana Edad , Seguridad del Paciente , Factores de TiempoAsunto(s)
Arritmias Cardíacas/terapia , Quemaduras/etiología , Ablación por Catéter , Fístula Esofágica , Cardiopatías , Implantación de Prótesis , Ablación por Catéter/efectos adversos , Fístula Esofágica/diagnóstico por imagen , Fístula Esofágica/etiología , Fístula Esofágica/terapia , Esófago/diagnóstico por imagen , Esófago/lesiones , Esófago/cirugía , Cardiopatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiopatías/etiología , Cardiopatías/cirugía , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Derrame Pericárdico/etiología , Derrame Pericárdico/microbiología , Derrame Pericárdico/cirugía , Pericardio/diagnóstico por imagen , Pericardio/lesiones , Pericardio/cirugía , Stents Metálicos Autoexpandibles , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/etiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/terapia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/aislamiento & purificaciónAsunto(s)
Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Arritmias Cardíacas/inducido químicamente , Infecciones por Helicobacter/tratamiento farmacológico , Infarto del Miocardio/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias Gástricas/prevención & control , Adenocarcinoma/prevención & control , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Claritromicina/efectos adversos , Claritromicina/uso terapéutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Neoplasias Esofágicas/prevención & control , Helicobacter pylori , Humanos , Mortalidad , Selección de Paciente , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Quinolonas/efectos adversos , Quinolonas/uso terapéutico , Riesgo , Medición de Riesgo , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/tratamiento farmacológico , Imidazoles/uso terapéutico , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Oximas/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/antagonistas & inhibidores , Piridonas/uso terapéutico , Pirimidinonas/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/patología , Humanos , Masculino , Melanoma/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Hepatitis A is a common viral infection with a benign course but in rare cases can progress to acute liver failure. It usually presents with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, anorexia, or asymptomatically, but it can also present atypically with relapsing hepatitis and prolonged cholestasis. In addition, extrahepatic manifestations have been reported, including urticarial and maculopapular rash, acute kidney injury, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, acute pancreatitis, mononeuritis, reactive arthritis, glomerulonephritis, cryoglobulinemia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and pleural or pericardial effusion. A rare manifestation of hepatitis A is acute myocarditis. We report a case of a young woman who presented with "flu-like symptoms" and was found to have severe elevation of liver enzymes due to acute hepatitis A infection. On her 3rd day of admission, the patient developed chest pain and nonspecific electrocardiographic changes. Her troponins rose to 16.4 ng/mL, and a transthoracic echocardiogram revealed global hypokinesis and a depressed ejection fraction at 30%. A CT angiography showed no evidence of significant coronary artery disease. The patient was managed supportively, and symptoms and laboratory findings slowly improved over the next 7 days. Her chest pain resolved and a follow-up echocardiogram showed improved ejection fraction to 45%.
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RATIONALE: Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) is a rare, presumably congenital lesion that is usually diagnosed in patients <â3 years old, is rarely first diagnosed in adulthood, and when first diagnosed in adulthood typically presents with symptoms for many years. Although PIL is often identified by endoscopic abnormalities, it must be emphasized that the jejunoileum/distal duodenum must be intubated for diagnosis because the lesions are present in these regions. This work demonstrates that 1)-PIL can occur in an octogenarian; 2)-shows that the characteristic endoscopic findings are not found at colonoscopy without terminal ileal intubation; and 3)-may be missed at standard EGD without distal duodenal intubation. DIAGNOSES: A patient initially presented at age 83 with symptoms of watery diarrhea, abdominal distention, 5-Kg-weight-gain, and weakness for one month, and had typical clinical findings of PIL including chylous ascites, pleural effusions, bilateral pitting leg edema, hypoalbuminemia, borderline lymphopenia, hypovitaminosis-D, and hypocalcemia. Protein-losing-enteropathy was demonstrated by positive stool tests for alpha-1-antitrypsin. Standard colonoscopy revealed no significant lesions, but terminal ileal intubation during colonoscopy demonstrated creamy-white, punctate, mucosal lesions in terminal ileum, characteristic of lymphangiectasia. EGD with intubation to mid-descending duodenum revealed no significant lesions, but subsequent enteroscopy demonstrated lesions in distal duodenum/proximal jejunum similar to those in terminal ileum characteristic of lymphangiectasia. Histopathologic analysis of lesions of terminal ileum/distal duodenum demonstrated dilated mucosal vessels, confirmed as lymphatic vessels by immunohistochemistry. PIL was diagnosed after excluding secondary causes of intestinal lymphangiectasia. INTERVENTIONS/OUTCOMES: Patient placed on standard PIL diet: oral supplements of medium-chain triglycerides, a high protein diet, supplements of fat-soluble vitamins, and avoiding long-chain fatty acids, with marked clinical improvement. LESSONS: This work shows that: 1)-standard EGD and colonoscopy may miss characteristic lesions of PIL, 2)-enteroscopy or terminal ileal intubation at colonoscopy may be required for the diagnosis because lesions are typically located in distal duodenum/jejunoileum; and 3)-PIL can first present in the very elderly even with symptoms of short duration.
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Enteroscopía de Doble Balón , Endoscopía del Sistema Digestivo , Linfangiectasia Intestinal/patología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Colonoscopía , Femenino , Humanos , Íleon , Intubación GastrointestinalRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Stress among medical students induced by academic pressures is on the rise among the student population in Pakistan and other parts of the world. Our study examined the relationship between two different systems employed to assess academic performance and the levels of stress among students at two different medical schools in Karachi, Pakistan. METHODS: A sample consisting of 387 medical students enrolled in pre-clinical years was taken from two universities, one employing the semester examination system with grade point average (GPA) scores (a tiered system) and the other employing an annual examination system with only pass/fail grading. A pre-designed, self-administered questionnaire was distributed. Test anxiety levels were assessed by The Westside Test Anxiety Scale (WTAS). Overall stress was evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). RESULTS: There were 82 males and 301 females while four did not respond to the gender question. The mean age of the entire cohort was 19.7 ± 1.0 years. A total of 98 participants were from the pass/fail assessment system while 289 were from the GPA system. There was a higher proportion of females in the GPA system (85% vs. 59%; p < 0.01). Students in the pass/fail assessment system had a lower score on the WTAS (2.4 ± 0.8 vs. 2.8 ± 0.7; p = 0.01) and the PSS (17.0 ± 6.7 vs. 20.3 ± 6.8; p < 0.01), indicating lower levels of test anxiety and overall stress than in students enrolled in the GPA assessment system. More students in the pass/fail system were satisfied with their performance than those in the GPA system. CONCLUSION: Based on the present study, we suggest governing bodies to revise and employ a uniform assessment system for all the medical colleges to improve student academic performance and at the same time reduce stress levels. Our results indicate that the pass/fail assessment system accomplishes these objectives.
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Evaluación Educacional/métodos , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Adolescente , Ansiedad/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pakistán/epidemiología , Factores Sexuales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: High blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and may be more prevalent in persons with psychopathology. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between uncontrolled hypertension with depressive and anxiety disorders in two tertiary care centers in Karachi. METHODS: It was a case-control study conducted in two hospitals in Karachi. Cases were patients with uncontrolled hypertension and controls were patients with controlled hypertension. History of anxiety or depression as measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was the exposure. HADS of >8 was suggestive of having anxiety or depression. RESULTS: A total of 700 participants were approached, out of whom 590 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and consented to participate, 323 (54.7%) participants were enrolled as cases and 267 (45.3%) as controls. Mean (SD) age was 54.98 (12.38) years, 229 (38%) were males. Odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) of having uncontrolled hypertension and being depressed (HADS-D > 8) was 2.02 (1.44-2.83), p value ≤ 0.001. The association remained significant even after adjusting for age and gender in Model 1 OR (95% CI): 1.82 (1.27-2.60), p value = 0.001, ethinicity and education in Model 2 OR (95% CI): 1.87 (1.29-2.71), p value = 0.001 and comorbids, history of hospitalization body mass index in Model 3 OR (95% CI): 1.94 (1.31-2.85), p value = 0.001. CONCLUSION: There is association between uncontrolled hypertension and depression that is independent of sociodemographic factors, comorbids and history of hospitalization.