Role of executive functions in the relations of state- and trait-math anxiety with math performance.

The detrimental effect of math anxiety on math performance is thought to be mediated by executive functions. Previous studies have primarily focused on trait-math anxiety rather than state-math anxiety and have typically examined a single executive function rather than comprehensively evaluating all of them. Here, we used a structural equation modeling approach to concurrently determine the potential mediating roles of different executive functions (i.e., inhibition, switching, and updating) in the relationships between both state- and trait-math anxiety and math performance. A battery of computer-based tasks and questionnaires were administered to 205 university students. Two relevant results emerged. First, confirmatory factor analysis suggests that math anxiety encompassed both trait and state dimensions and, although they share substantial variance, trait-math anxiety predicted math performance over and above state-math anxiety. Second, working memory updating was the only executive function that mediated the relationship between math anxiety and math performance; neither inhibition nor switching played mediating roles. This calls into question whether some general proposals about the relationship between anxiety and executive functions can be extended specifically to math anxiety. We also raise the possibility that working memory updating or general cognitive difficulties might precede individual differences in math anxiety.

Daily Clinical Practice in the Management of Chronic Urticaria in Spain: Results of the UCREX Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Urticaria (CU) is a debilitating disease whose treatment is mainly symptomatic. UCREX study aimed to identify CU patients' profile, disease management and quality-of-life (QoL) in daily clinical practice in Spain. METHODS: Observational, 12-months prospective, multicenter study, included de novo or established CU patients attending to dermatology/allergy consultations in 39 Spanish hospitals. MAIN VARIABLES: Urticaria Activity Score (UAS), UAS over 7 days (UAS7). Secondary variables: CU-QoL Questionnaire (CU-Q2oL), EuroQol-5 dimensions (EQ-5D), Medical Outcomes Study Sleep (MOS-Sleep) scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: 361 patients included. Of them, 176 (48.8%) considered for the main objective analysis. Mean age (SD) of 46.6 (14.2) years and 71.8% women. The year prior to inclusion, most patients (57.1%) were treated with non-sedating H1-antihistamines (NS-H1AH). At baseline, mean (SD) 3.6 (6.8) visits were registered to primary care. Mean (SD) UAS7 at baseline was 14.3 (11.0) and CU-Q2oL 24.1 (17.0) which tended to improve by 8.6 (9.7) and 13.9 (15.0), respectively, at 12-months. MOS-Sleep and EQ-5D remained steady during the study, except pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression which went from 58.7% and 49.6% to 29.6% and 26.9%, respectively. At baseline, HADS showed a mean (SD) anxiety of 8.7 (4.5) and depression 5.1 (4.4), decreasing to 7.0 (4.3) and 4.7 (4.3), respectively, at 12-months. CONCLUSIONS: Although most CU patients are treated with NS-H1AH, disease activity is still important, negatively affecting patients' QoL, work activity and healthcare resources use. An appropriate disease management could be the basis for symptoms control, QoL improvement and resources optimization.

Daily Clinical Practice in the Management of Chronic Urticaria in Spain: Results of the UCREX Study. / [Artículo traducido] Práctica clínica diaria en el manejo de la urticaria crónica en España: resultados del estudio UCREX.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Urticaria (CU) is a debilitating disease whose treatment is mainly symptomatic. UCREX study aimed to identify CU patients' profile, disease management and quality-of-life (QoL) in daily clinical practice in Spain. METHODS: Observational, 12-months prospective, multicenter study, included de novo or established CU patients attending to dermatology/allergy consultations in 39 Spanish hospitals. MAIN VARIABLES: Urticaria Activity Score (UAS), UAS over 7 days (UAS7). Secondary variables: CU-QoL Questionnaire (CU-Q2oL), EuroQol-5 dimensions (EQ-5D), Medical Outcomes Study Sleep (MOS-Sleep) scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: 361 patients included. Of them, 176 (48.8%) considered for the main objective analysis. Mean age (SD) of 46.6 (14.2) years and 71.8% women. The year prior to inclusion, most patients (57.1%) were treated with non-sedating H1-antihistamines (NS-H1AH). At baseline, mean (SD) 3.6 (6.8) visits were registered to primary care. Mean (SD) UAS7 at baseline was 14.3 (11.0) and CU-Q2oL 24.1 (17.0) which tended to improve by 8.6 (9.7) and 13.9 (15.0), respectively, at 12-months. MOS-Sleep and EQ-5D remained steady during the study, except pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression which went from 58.7% and 49.6% to 29.6% and 26.9%, respectively. At baseline, HADS showed a mean (SD) anxiety of 8.7 (4.5) and depression 5.1 (4.4), decreasing to 7.0 (4.3) and 4.7 (4.3), respectively, at 12-months. CONCLUSIONS: Although most CU patients are treated with NS-H1AH, disease activity is still important, negatively affecting patients' QoL, work activity and healthcare resources use. An appropriate disease management could be the basis for symptoms control, QoL improvement and resources optimization.

Psychometric Properties, Factor Structure, and Gender and Educational Level Invariance of the Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) in Spanish Children and Adolescents.

The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure and degree of measurement invariance of a Spanish adaptation of the Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) in primary and secondary school students (N = 1,504 students, 46.08% males, 7-19 years of age). The results of confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the original two-factor structure, although a modified two-factor model with one item loading simultaneously on both factors was better supported. Full measurement invariance was observed across gender, and partial measurement invariance was achieved across educational levels (primary and secondary education). The AMAS showed reasonable internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. These results highlight the utility of the AMAS as a measure of math anxiety in primary and secondary school students whose scores can be compared by gender and educational level.

Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Clinical Features, Treatments, and Outcomes. / Pénfigo vulgar: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de sus características clínicas, tratamientos empleados y evolución.

BACKGROUND: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an uncommon, serious disease that is treated with systemic corticosteroids and corticosteroid-sparing agents. OBJECTIVES: To describe and analyze the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with PV. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with PV over a period of 12years. RESULTS: PV presented with mucosal lesions in 20 of the 32 patients studied (63%); the most common site was the oral mucosa followed by the vulva. Mucosal involvement was more common in women (P=.03). Lesions were found at more than 1 mucosal site in patients whose disease began in the mucosa, independently of age or sex (P=.003). Disease onset before the age of 40years was associated with generalized skin lesions (P=.003), a need for corticosteroid-sparing therapy (P=.05), and refractory PV (P=.02). Azathioprine was the most widely prescribed corticosteroid-sparing agent (in 22 patients). Eight patients (25%) were dependent on corticosteroids and disease recurred in 26 (81%). Complete remission, with or without treatment, was achieved in 15 patients (47%). Patients remained disease-free for a median of 14months, and 2 patients died (6%). CONCLUSION: Onset before the age of 40 years could be a sign of poor prognosis in patients with PV, as it was significantly associated with a higher risk of generalized skin involvement, a need for corticosteroid-sparing therapy, and refractory disease.

Math Anxiety and Working Memory Updating: Difficulties in Retrieving Numerical Information From Working Memory.

This study aimed to determine whether math anxiety was related to working memory (WM) updating performance and, specifically, to the retrieval and substitution components of updating. A set of WM updating (WMU) tasks that involve different retrieval and substitution requirements were administered to 114 university students. In addition, participants completed a math anxiety assessment on two occasions: 1-2 weeks before and immediately prior to task administration to increase the likelihood of observing the relationship between math anxiety and updating performance. The results showed a relationship between math anxiety scores and updating performance. Math anxious individuals took longer and made more errors, especially on tasks that required retrieving information from WM. These results suggest that math anxious individuals are less efficient when it comes to accessing numerical information in WM. Consequently, they may struggle with math-related tasks that involve retrieving numerical information from WM.

Prevalence, incidence and associated factors for HBV infection among male and female prisoners in Central Brazil: A multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Prison populations are at high risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, incidence, HBV associated factors and circulating genotypes/subtypes. METHODS: A total of 3,368 prisoners from 12 closed prisons were randomly recruited for a cross-sectional study. In addition, a cohort study was conducted 12 months later and included 1,656 individuals. Participants underwent an interview and blood collection for the detection of HBV serological markers and HBV-DNA phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: HBV exposure (anti-HBc+) was 9.8% (95% CI: 8.8-10.8); 11.2% were female and 9.6% were male. HBsAg+ was 0.6%. Only 31.4% of the participants had HBV vaccination-like profile (anti-HBs+ alone; 30.4% male vs. 36.8% female; p=0.004). Most individuals were susceptible to HBV (60.2% female vs. 52.2% male, p=0.001). HBV isolates were classified as genotypes A (45.4%), D (27.3%) and F (27.3%). In males, HBV exposure was associated with increased age. Male prisoners had more evidence of HCV/HBV co-infection (10.7%) than females (3.4%) and the frequency of Treponema pallidum infection among prisoners who had been exposed to HBV was higher in female prisoners when compared with male (39.7% vs. 19.1%). The incidence of HBV was 0.18/100 person-years (95% CI: 0.12%-0.25%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a high prevalence of HBV exposure in prisoners. Despite the low incidence of this infection, the occurrence of new cases indicates the need to implement preventive measures.

Use of synthetic oligonucleotides for determination of HTLV-1 proviral load by real-time PCR: a helpful alternative approach in the clinical management.

AIMS: To evaluate the potential use of synthetic oligonucleotides as a standard curve for proviral load (PVL) of human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) quantification in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HTLV-1-infected individuals by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Synthetic oligonucleotides based on HTLV-1 genome were customized to use as a standard curve. Twelve anti-HTLV-1-positive samples with known HTLV-1 PVL, previously quantified by qPCR assay using TARL-2 cells as a conventional standard curve, were submitted to the new protocol. The proviral quantification levels had a high concordance with qPCR results using a conventional standard curve. The results demonstrate that the conventional standard curve can be replaced by a synthetic standard curve due to its ability to quantification based on the linearity and qPCR efficiency and similar results with a validated qPCR assay using a conventional standard curve. CONCLUSIONS: Synthetic oligonucleotides standard curves could be a very useful tool on HTLV-1 diagnosis and absolute HTLV-1 PVL quantification. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: HTLV-1 PVL determination using synthetic oligonucleotides standard curve by qPCR could be a helpful alternative for the laboratories that monitor infected patients as an important prognostic factor in HTLV-1-associated diseases progression. Also, it can decrease costs and overcome the biological limitations of the plasmid curve.

Cutaneous Metastases From Breast Cancer: An 8-Year Review of Cases at a Tertiary Care Hospital. / Metástasis cutáneas de cáncer de mama: 8 años de revisión en un centro de tercera complejidad.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Breast cancer is the most common cause of cutaneous metastases. In our review of the literature, we found no studies that have investigated the prevalence of cutaneous metastases from breast cancer in Latin America or compared survival in relation to the site of cutaneous involvement or the presence of visceral metastases. The aims of this study were to characterize the prevalence and clinical features of cutaneous metastases from breast cancer and analyze survival in relation to site of involvement and the concomitant presence of visceral metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. We evaluated patients with breast cancer and histologically confirmed cutaneous metastases. RESULTS: Data from 914 patients with breast cancer seen between 2007 and 2014 were analyzed. Thirty-one of the patients, all women, had cutaneous metastases (prevalence, 3.4%; 95% CI, 2.3%-4.7%). The most common form of metástasis was nodular, metachronous, and asymptomatic. There were discrepancies between the immunohistochemical findings for the primary tumor and the metastases in 5 of 21 women. The metastases were locorregional in 23 patients and distant in 8. No differences were observed between patients with locorregional and distant metastases for survival after diagnosis of the primary tumor (median of 4.7 vs. 4.8 years; P=.085) or the cutaneous metastases (median of 2.9 vs. 1.1 years, P=.06). Women with a simultaneous diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral metastases had the shortest survival. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in Latin America to estimate the prevalence of cutaneous metastases from breast cancer and we found it to be lower than rates reported for other parts of the world.

Therapeutic Strategy According to Differences in Response to Omalizumab in Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a heterogeneous condition that can severely impact quality of life. Consequently, rapid disease control is essential. First-line treatment of the symptoms of CSU is the licensed dose of second-generation H1 antihistamines. For second-line treatment, this dose may be increased by up to 4 times. In patients who fail to respond to higher doses of H1 antihistamines, omalizumab for up to 24 weeks is recommended to achieve disease control. After this 24-week period, the patient's response to omalizumab should be assessed in order to identify refractory patients. Optimal management of refractory patients has not been established. Therefore, the aim of the present consensus document, which was drafted by allergists and dermatologists with specific expertise in treating urticaria, was to define specific patient profiles based on differences in their response to omalizumab. We also developed a treatment algorithm based on the specific response profile. After a comprehensive literature review, a group meeting was held to discuss issues related to the therapeutic management of patients with CSU that had not been addressed in previous studies. The experts considered both the available evidence and their own clinical experience with omalizumab. We believe that implementation of the proposed algorithm will optimize management of CSU patients who are refractory to antihistamines, reduce disease-related costs, and improve quality of life.

Math anxiety and math performance in children: The mediating roles of working memory and math self-concept.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies, most of them involving adolescents and adults, have evidenced a moderate negative relationship between math anxiety and math performance. There are, however, a limited number of studies that have addressed the mechanisms underlying this relation. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the role of two possible mediational mechanisms between math anxiety and math performance. Specifically, we sought to test the simultaneous mediating role of working memory and math self-concept. SAMPLE: A total of 167 children aged 8-12 years participated in this study. METHODS: Children completed a set of questionnaires used to assess math and trait anxiety, math self-concept as well as measures of math fluency and math problem-solving. Teachers were asked to rate each student's math achievement. As measures of working memory, two backward span tasks were administered to the children. RESULTS: A series of multiple mediation analyses were conducted. Results indicated that both mediators (working memory and math self-concept) contributed to explaining the relationship between math anxiety and math achievement. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that working memory and self-concept could be worth considering when designing interventions aimed at helping students with math anxiety. Longitudinal designs could also be used to better understand the mediational mechanisms that may explain the relationship between math anxiety and math performance.

Epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus among prisoners with active tuberculosis in Central Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Due to environmental and social conditions inherent to incarceration, tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are major diseases among prison inmates. OBJECTIVE: To determine overall and occult HBV infection (OBI) prevalence rates, risk factors and genotype distribution among inmates with active TB. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 216 inmates with active TB recruited at the largest prisons in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. The participants were interviewed and tested for the presence of serological markers for HBV infection. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HBV infection (total hepatitis B core antibodies) was 10.2% (95%CI 6.2-14.2). HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was 1.4% (3/216). HBV DNA was detected in all three HBsAg-positive samples and in 10.5% (2/19) of the anti-HBc-positive samples (OBI), giving a HBV-TB co-infection prevalence of 2.3% (5/216). A multivariate analysis of risk factors showed that history of sharing cutting instruments, length of incarceration and homosexual sex were associated with HBV infection. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that HBV remains an important public health concern among prison inmates and active TB-HBV co-infection needs to be addressed for effective treatment.

ADENOMA OF THE STOMACH: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSY MATERIAL.

The introduction of a screening diagnosis of precancerous lesions of gastric mucosa and elaboration of new methods of radical treatment is an important aspect of gastric cancer prevention. Digestive endoscopy with subsequent morphological study allows with high probability to correctly assess the structure of the lesion and to identify changes that have prognostic value. Gastric adenoma is the obligate precancerous lesion because the presence of intraepithelial neoplasia. Aim - retrospective review the clinical-morphologic characteristics-and frequency of gastric adenoma in a large series of endoscopies from patients with gastric polyps. Methods -.163 gastric adenomas were diagnosed by histological examination in a series of 990 patients who had upper digestive endoscopies done. The patients were analyzed as the age, sex, and the adenomas as the histological and Yamada classification, as well as their location, size, histopathological findings studied. Results - gastric adenomas were diagnosed in 16,5% in a series of patients with gasric polyps, more frequently in the women. Gastric adenomas were primarily single and developed in the antrum of.stomach. High grade dysplastic foci were found in 0,6% adenomas, which size was lesser than 2 cm. Intestinal metaplasia with high grade prognostic value was found in 18,4% cases. A carcinoma was not detected.

Preoperative somatostatin analogues versus direct transsphenoidal surgery for newly-diagnosed acromegaly patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the GRADE system.

UNLABELLED: Whether the preoperative use of somatostatin analogues (SA) improves surgical outcomes in acromegaly is still a matter of debate. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials that compared the short-term outcomes of preoperative use of SA (Pre-SA) with direct TSS (No-SA) for the treatment of newly diagnosed acromegaly. METHODS: Embase, Pubmed, Lilacs, and Central Cochrane were used as our data sources. The primary outcomes were no need for any adjuvant treatment 3 months after surgery, based on biochemical results (GH nadir after OGTT <1 µg/L and normal IGF-1 for age and gender), quality of life and mortality. The included trials were analyzed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. RESULTS: A total of 2.099 references were identified and two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts. From the 14 potentially eligible studies, four were included and ten were excluded due to lack of randomization or different outcomes. A pool of 261 patients was randomly assigned to Pre-SA or No-SA. Meta-analysis of IGF1 normalization showed a significant difference in favor of Pre-SA (RR 2.47; 95% CI 1.66, 3.77). Adding a GH nadir on OGTT ≤1 µg/L, we found a RR of 2.15 (95% CI 1.39, 3.33). Quality of evidence for no need of adjuvant postoperative treatment was moderate, but for improving quality of life was very low and for mortality was absent. CONCLUSION: Pre-SA increases the chance of biochemical control of acromegaly 3 months after TSS in patients harboring GH-secreting pituitary macroadenomas.

Markers of the progression of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: a one-year longitudinal study.

Hyperglycemia induces tissue damage and complications by mechanisms that produce advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and inflammation.To investigate the factors associated with the progression of complications in Type 2 diabetes patients.We recruited 157 patients (110 women and 47 men) with diabetes for more than 5 years who were non-smokers and did not have current infections or chronic diseases. Patients were grouped according to neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy status: without (I), slight or moderate (II), and severe complications (III). We measured glucose, lipids and HbA1c, low molecular weight AGEs (LMW AGEs), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, IL-6, and malondialdehyde (MDA). Patients were re-evaluated 1 year later.Patients were 52.2±6.8 years old with 11.0±4.9 years since diagnosis. After 1 year, circulating AGEs increased (p<0.0001) and eGFR decreased (p<0.0007) in groups II and III. IL-6 and MDA decreased in groups I and II. CRP (p<0.029) and AGEs (p<0.0001) increased in group II. At baseline in group I, TNF-α levels were higher (p<0.002) in patients who later developed complications. In group II, TNF-α levels (p<0.015) and microalbuminuria (p<0.00004) were higher in patients whose complications progressed. Logistic regression analysis showed that complication progress was significantly associated with log(albuminuria) (p<0.004) and log(TNF-α) (p<0.008). In the total group, AGEs were associated with age (p<0.024) and HbA1c (p<0.026).Our results suggest that baseline TNF-α is an important predictor of complication progression in Type 2 diabetes patients. AGEs also increased during the deterioration of renal function after 1 year of follow-up observation.

Excellence needs training "Certified programme in endoscopic surgery".

The complexity of modern surgery has increased the demands and challenges to surgical education and quality control. Today the endoscopic approach is preferred because it increases the surgical possibilities and decreases patient discomfort. Implementing endoscopic surgery without specific training leads to decrease in surgical performance and increase in patient morbidity and mortality. Research of the European Academy for Gynaecological Surgery (+he Academy) has resulted in the establishment of a structured certification and diploma programme with three levels of expertise. One level should be passed to obtain access to the next level. Furthermore one should first pass +he Academy skill exam before entering the clinical surgical competence programme. The European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) has defined the different diplomas, whereas the Bachelor diploma is seen as a prerequisite to start the in OR one to one clinical training aiming to provide endoscopic skilled individuals to the clinical one to one training. Further diplomas are the Minimal invasive Gynaecological Surgeon (MIGS), master in hysteroscopy and the laparoscopic pelvic surgeon. This programme is based on the best available scientific evidence. It counteracts the problem of the traditional surgical apprentice tutor model and increases patient safety and surgical performance. It is seen as a major step toward standardization of endoscopic surgical training in general.

Estudio de prevalencia de infecciones nosocomiales en una unidad médica de alta especialidad / Study of prevalence of hospital-acquired infections in Medical unit of high speciality

Introducción: En unidades de atención médica de tercer nivel existen factores que propician mayor frecuencia de Infecciones Nosocomiales (IN). Por lo anterior; es fundamental; evaluar periódicamente la sensibilidad de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica; para comprobar su funcionamiento y el logro de objetivos. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia puntual de IN de una Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad; como indicador de las acciones implementadas por la Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Hospitalaria (UVEH). Así como conocer los factores de riesgo asociados a la prevalencia de IN. Metodología: Es un estudio observacional de tipo transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 383 pacientes hospitalizados. Resultados: Se encontró que el 73.9% tenían procedimientos invasivos terapéuticos. Se identificaron 68 casos con infección nosocomial; lo que corresponde a una prevalecía puntual de 17.8%. Los sitios de IN más frecuentes fueron las bacteremias (38.2%) y neumonías (20.6%). Los microorganismos identificados con mayor frecuencia fueron pseudomona sp; enterobacter aglomerans; serratia marcescens y staphylococo coagulasa negativa; así como Escherichia Coli. Además de ser neonato y lactante otros factores asociados a las IN por RM; fueron el estar inmunocomprometido; el tener catéter venoso por disección; diálisis peritoneal; sonda orogástrica; intubación orotraqueal; ventilación mecánica; nutrición parenteral y el tener una cirugía contaminada. Factores que están significativamente asociados (p = 0.05) al riesgo de IN. Conclusiones: El desarrollo del estudio permitió conocer la prevalencia puntual y caracterizar las IN; como un indicador del funcionamiento de la UVEH; para el establecimiento de medidas de control de infecciones.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to analyze the intIntroduction: Within third level medical attention units, there are factors which lead to a higher frequency of Hospital Infections (HI). Because of this, it is fundamental to assess periodically the epidemiologic surveillance systems sensibilities in order to verify their functionalities as well as the objective achievements. Objective: To assess the prevalence of HI in one high Specialty Medical Units, as an indicator of the actions taken by the Hospital Epidemiologic Surveillance Unit (HESU),and also to assess the risk factors associated with the prevalence of HI. Methodology: Basic observational study with a population of 383 hospitalized patients. Results: We found that 73.9% had invasive processes. We identified 68 cases with Hospital Infection (17.8).The most frequent HI were general bacterial invasions (38.2%) and pneumonias (20.6%).The most frequently identified microorganisms were pseudomona sp, enterobacter aglomerans, serratia marcescens, staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Besides to be newborn and nursing other factors associated to IN bt RM they were inmunocomprometed to be, having venous catheter by dissection, peritoneal intubation, mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition and having a contaminated surgery, factors that are significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to the risk of IN. Conclusions: This study allowed us assesses and characterize the prevalence of HI as an indicator of the HESU functionality in order to establish infection control measurements.

Methylprednisolone for the treatment of children with refractory epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a disease characterized by unprovoked epileptic seizures resulting from a bioelectrical brain dysfunction. Antiepileptic treatment controls 75% of all epileptic patients; the other 25% continue to have epileptic seizures in spite of a combination of multiple antiepileptic drugs. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of methylprednisolone in the treatment of children with refractory epilepsy. Fourteen children with refractory epilepsy at the Hospital de Especialidades No. 25 of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Monterrey, Northeast Mexico were included. For five consecutively days, each patient received methylprednisolone by intravenous administration at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day each 8 h, once a month for 3 months. The frequency of epileptic seizures and possible related side effects were evaluated every month during the three months before, during, and after administration of methylprednisolone. The frequency of epileptic seizures was reduced by more than 50% in 12/14 patients during methylprednisolone treatment. The median number of seizures before treatment with methylprednisolone was 8, 8, and 7; during the treatment: 1, 1, and 1; and after treatment: 2, 2, and 3 (p=0.000). We conclude that methylprednisolone reduces the frequency of epileptic seizures in children with refractory epilepsy.

Development of the Spanish version of the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine: methodology and main issues.

This presentation features linguistic and terminology management issues related to the development of the Spanish version of the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED). It aims at describing the aspects of translating and the difficulties encountered in delivering a natural and consistent medical nomenclature. Bunge's three-layered model is referenced to analyze the sequence of symbolic concept representations. It further explains how a communicative translation based on a concept-to-concept approach was used to achieve the highest level of flawlessness and naturalness for the Spanish rendition of SNOMED. Translation procedures and techniques are described and exemplified. Both the computer-aided and human translation methods are portrayed. The scientific and translation team tasks are detailed, with focus on Newmark's four-level principle for the translation process, extended with a fifth further level relevant to the ontology to control the consistency of the typology of concepts. Finally the convenience for a common methodology to develop non-English versions of SNOMED is suggested.

Incidence and significance of abdominal lymphadenopathy in hairy cell leukaemia.

We have investigated the incidence and significance of abdominal lymphadenopathy in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) by routinely CT scanning 88 patients. These included 70 men and 18 women with a median age of 51 years (range 25-83). Abdominal CT scans were performed at diagnosis in 29 patients and in 59 during the course of the disease. Abdominal lymphadenopathy was documented in 25 patients (28%) overall; the incidence of abdominal lymphadenopathy was higher in relapse (56%) than at diagnosis (17%). All patients with lymphadenopathy had bone marrow disease. There is no association with age or sex but lymphadenopathy tends to be more common in patients with long-standing disease (median duration of disease 6 years v one year in those without nodes) and in patients with bulky disease, particularly in the relapse group (splenomegaly/splenectomy in 95% vs 40%). The presence of abdominal nodes is also associated with relative resistance to treatment, with more treatment failures and fewer complete responses seen in this group. Most patients with lymphadenopathy had large, immature-looking hairy cells present in both the bone marrow and lymph nodes, when these were examined. Abdominal lymphadenopathy in HCL is more common than previously recognised, particularly in relapsed patients, and is always associated with active disease. The presence of large hairy cells and the relative resistance to treatment suggest that this phenomenon represents a form of transformation of the disease. Longer follow up is required to confirm this.