Rich north, poor south - Regionalization of European water retention: The landscape hydric potential concept.

Natural water retention varies greatly across Europe. Understanding the key ecosystem factors that affect the quantity, quality, availability, and spatiotemporal distribution of water resources is essential for effective landscape management. This study presents the Landscape Hydric Potential (LHP) index of Europe, which serves as an indicator of the natural environment's ability to infiltrate and retain water. The LHP index was aggregated into 12 relatively homogeneous regions, each representing similar values of natural water retention. The main factors influencing the hydric potential, and thus the water resources of Europe, include climatic conditions, geomorphology, soil properties, and land cover and use, especially the proportion of urbanized areas. Northern Europe, in comparison to southern Europe, exhibits higher LHP index values, indicating greater retention capacities. The climatic water balance is the main factor determine poorer retention capacities in the southern part of Europe. In northern Europe positive values of climatic water balance and slope inclination promote to higher LHP value and thus higher retention capacity. The results also demonstrate that there are sufficient, freely available, and precise data to assess water retention potential - landscape hydric potential - even at a continental scale.

Machine Learning Model Stability for Sub-Regional Classification of Barossa Valley Shiraz Wine Using A-TEEM Spectroscopy.

With a view to maintaining the reputation of wine-producing regions among consumers, minimising economic losses caused by wine fraud, and achieving the purpose of data-driven terroir classification, the use of an absorbance-transmission and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (A-TEEM) technique has shown great potential based on the molecular fingerprinting of a sample. The effects of changes in wine composition due to ageing and the stability of A-TEEM models over time had not been addressed, however, and the classification of wine blends required investigation. Thus, A-TEEM data were combined with an extreme gradient boosting discriminant analysis (XGBDA) algorithm to build classification models based on a range of Shiraz research wines (n = 217) from five Barossa Valley sub-regions over four vintages that had aged in bottle for several years. This spectral fingerprinting and machine learning approach revealed a 100% class prediction accuracy based on cross-validation (CV) model results for vintage year and 98.8% for unknown sample prediction accuracy when splitting the wine samples into training and test sets to obtain the classification models. The modelling and prediction of sub-regional production area showed a class CV prediction accuracy of 99.5% and an unknown sample prediction accuracy of 93.8% when modelling with the split dataset. Inputting a sub-set of the current A-TEEM data into the models generated previously for these Barossa sub-region wines yielded a 100% accurate prediction of vintage year for 2018-2020 wines, 92% accuracy for sub-region for 2018 wines, and 91% accuracy for sub-region using 2021 wine spectral data that were not included in the original modelling. Satisfactory results were also obtained from the modelling and prediction of blended samples for the vintages and sub-regions, which is of significance when considering the practice of wine blending.

Farmland expansion and intensification do not foster local food self-sufficiency. Insights from the Mediterranean area.

Bridging the gap between the micro and the macro scale in modelling food security to inform context-specific regionalised policies remains a major scientific challenge. A better understanding of the relations between global and local drivers impacting local food self-sufficiency (LFSS) is essential. We applied to the whole Mediterranean environmental area (Southern and Northern) a modelling framework for structural estimates (PLS-PM) using qualitative and quantitative methods to combine local-level information from field surveys and participatory workshops with global-level data. Our findings show that farmland expansion and intensification spatially disconnected from urban consumption areas do not appear to foster LFSS. On the other hand, public policies appear key to enhancing LFSS in the Mediterranean area if appropriate to the particular regional context. We outline how this multi-level modelling methodology can contribute to a place-based approach by informing context-specific regionalised policies aimed at food security.

Light intensity mediates phenotypic plasticity and leaf trait regionalization in a tank bromeliad.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phenotypic plasticity allows plants to cope with environmental variability. Plastic responses to the environment have mostly been investigated at the level of individuals (plants) but can also occur within leaves. Yet the latter have been underexplored, as leaves are often treated as functional units with no spatial structure. We investigated the effect of a strong light gradient on plant and leaf traits and examined whether different portions of a leaf show similar or differential responses to light intensity. METHODS: We measured variation in 27 morpho-anatomical and physiological traits of the rosette and leaf portions (i.e. base and apex) of the tank bromeliad Aechmea aquilega (Bromeliaceae) when naturally exposed to a marked gradient of light intensity. KEY RESULTS: The light intensity received by A. aquilega had a strong effect on the structural, biochemical and physiological traits of the entire rosette. Plants exposed to high light intensity were smaller and had wider, shorter, more rigid and more vertical leaves. They also had lower photosynthetic performance and nutrient levels. We found significant differences between the apex and basal portions of the leaf under low-light conditions, and the differences declined or disappeared for most of the traits as light intensity increased (i.e. leaf thickness, adaxial trichome density, abaxial and adaxial trichome surface, and vascular bundle surface and density). CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal a strong phenotypic plasticity in A. aquilega, particularly in the form of a steep functional gradient within the leaf under low-light conditions. Under high-light conditions, trait values were relatively uniform along the leaf. This study sheds interesting new light on the functional complexity of tank bromeliad leaves, and on the effect of environmental conditions on leaf trait regionalization.

Research on regionalised digital image slope monitoring methods.

The digital image correlation method is a high precision and non-contact ground deformation monitoring method, which is widely used in surface deformation monitoring. However, according to its principle, different surface characteristics have great influence on the monitoring results. In this paper, a regional digital image slope monitoring method is established to meet the monitoring requirements of different areas of the same slope. Firstly, the features of different regions in the image are identified according to the optical region detection, and then the deformation calculation method is matched according to the features of different regions. Finally, according to the binocular vision principle, the three-dimensional displacement of the slope is obtained. Taking a highway slope in Qinhuangdao as an example, we realised all-weather and full-field deformation monitoring of slope, and verified the applicability and feasibility of regional digital image slope monitoring method. The applicability of digital image correlation method in slope monitoring is improved.

Joint programmes in paediatric cardiac surgery: an update and descriptive analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Joint programmes are an alternative model that may aid in improving congenital cardiac surgery outcomes while avoiding the potential resource and accessibility challenges that could result from regionalisation. This study aims to characterise current joint programmes, identify factors that are associated with joint programme success and failure, and gauge attitudes within the profession regarding joint programmes as an alternative. METHODS: A multiple choice survey with 23 standard questions for all programmes and additional 42 additional questions for each participant hospital in a joint programme was addressed to paediatric cardiac surgeons in the United States of America. Questions were designed to qualitatively and quantitatively characterise congenital cardiac surgery joint programmes. RESULTS: Of the 34 unique congenital cardiac surgery programmes identified in this survey, 14 have participated in a joint programme and 50% of those joint programmes existed for more than 10 years. Most joint programmes (86%) participate or participated in a model where the hospital participants are engaged in a "mother-daughter" relationship in both perception and case volume distribution. In three out of four defunct joint programmes, there were case complexity limitations placed on partner institutions, but the now independent partner institutions operate with no limitation on complexity. Most (71%) hospital participants in a joint programme felt that the joint programme produced better outcomes than two separate programmes; however, among those who participate or have participated in a joint programme, only 18% felt that joint programmes were the optimal model for delivery of congenital cardiac surgical care.

Heads or tails: making the spinal cord.

The central nervous system contains a vast array of cell types that are produced along the length of the rostrocaudal axis. This diversity in cell identity is established during embryonic development, and ensures that physiologically distinct cell types develop in the appropriate position in the body. Understanding how this cellular diversity arises remains a major challenge central to the field of developmental biology. In more recent years, approaches using pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as in vitro models of development have revealed many insights into nervous system regionalisation. Here, we outline advances in the directed differentiation of ESCs, focusing on the generation of the spinal cord. We discuss the regionalisation events that impact the caudal part of the nervous system, highlighting general principles underpinning rostrocaudal differences within the mammalian body plan.

Measuring Regional Performance in the Italian NHS: Are Disparities Decreasing?

Given the regional disparities that historically characterize the Italian context, in this paper we propose a framework to evaluate the regional health care systems' performance in order to contribute to the debate on the relationship between decentralisation of health care and equity. To investigate the regional health systems performance, we refer to the OECD Health Care Quality Indicators project to construct of a set of five composite indexes. The composite indexes are built on the basis of the non-compensatory Adjusted Mazziotta-Pareto Index, that allows comparability of the data across units and over time. We propose three indexes of health system performance, namely Quality Index, Accessibility Index and Cost-Expenditure Index, along with a Health Status Index and a Lifestyles Index. Our framework highlights that regional disparities still persist. Consistently with the evidence at the institutional level, there are regions, particularly in Southern Italy, which record lower levels of performance with high levels of expenditure. Continuous research is needed to provide policy makers with appropriate data and tools to build a cohesive health care system for the benefit of the whole population. Even if future research is needed to integrate our framework with new indicators for the calculation of the indexes and with the identification of new indexes, the study shows that a scientific reflection on decentralisation of health systems is necessary in order to reduce inequalities.

Quantification of the global and regional impacts of gas flaring on human health via spatial differentiation.

Globally, gas flaring caused 350 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2018. In addition to climate change, this burning practice also has other negative consequences for humans (e.g., respiratory problems) and the environment. The aim of this paper is to quantify the impact of flaring on human health (at the global and country level) via the calculation of the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by the combustion of associated gas. For this quantification, gas flaring emissions were linked with midpoint indicators (e.g., climate change) in life cycle assessment (LCA) for all selected countries. Regionalised characterisation factors (CFs) were applied in the impact assessment to allow for spatial differentiation. The global impact on human health caused by flaring was obtained by taking the sum for all countries. The results show that these flaring emissions globally cause 4.83 × 105 DALYs or 6.19 × 10-5 DALYs/person on an annual basis. This amounts to 0.12% of the total DALYs related to air pollution (from PM2.5) caused by all polluting sectors and 6.51% of the total DALYs related to climate change. To quantify these impacts, this study uses a country perspective rather than considering local characteristics. Thus, if more precise information at a more local level (e.g., city level) is sought, additional factors (e.g., meteorological conditions) should be taken into account. Finally, future research should also focus on the benefits of gas flaring reduction techniques to enable the selection of the most promising technologies for the elimination of gas flaring and its effects.

Autochthonous Biological Resources for the Production of Regional Craft Beers: Exploring Possible Contributions of Cereals, Hops, Microbes, and Other Ingredients.

Selected biological resources used as raw materials in beer production are important drivers of innovation and segmentation in the dynamic market of craft beers. Among these resources, local/regional ingredients have several benefits, such as strengthening the connection with territories, enhancing the added value of the final products, and reducing supply costs and environmental impacts. It is assumed that specific ingredients provide differences in flavours, aromas, and, more generally, sensory attributes of the final products. In particular, of interest are ingredients with features attributable and/or linked to a specific geographical origin. This review encompasses the potential contribution and exploitation of biodiversity in the main classes of beer inputs, such as cereals, hops, microbes, and adjuncts, with a specific emphasis on autochthonous biological resources, detailing the innovative paths already explored and documented in the scientific literature. This dissertation proposes an overview of the impact on beer quality for each raw material category, highlighting the benefits and limitations that influence its concrete applications and scale-up, from the field to the stain. The topics explored promote, in the sector of craft beers, trends already capitalised in the production of other alcoholic beverages, such as the preservation and revalorisation of minor and autochthonous varieties, the exploitation of yeast and bacteria strains isolated from specific sites/plant varieties, and the valorisation of the effects of peculiar terroirs on the quality of agricultural products. Finally, the examined tendencies contribute toward reducing the environmental impacts of craft beer manufacturing, and are in line with sustainable development of food systems, increasing the economic driver of biodiversity preservation.

New distributional records for ants and the evaluation of ant species richness and endemism patterns in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Ants (Formicidae) in Mexico have usually been undersampled despite their ecological significance and their utility as environmental service providers and bioindicators. This study estimates the species richness and the narrow endemic species number of ants across Mexico. It also documents the presence of one species newly recorded in Mexico and 19 new state-based records of 14 species from central and north Mexico. No surveys have been performed in most of the localities where we report those records, suggesting the need for a higher sampling effort across the country. NEW INFORMATION: We present an ant species richness estimation and a narrow endemic ant species estimation in a grid of 0.5 degrees in Mexico. Stenamma schmitii is recorded for the first time from Mexico. Additionally, new state-based records of Azteca velox, Dorymyrmex insanus, Camponotus coruscus, Camponotus striatus, Formica propatula, Lasius latipes, Neivamyrmex melanocephalus, Neivamyrmex rugulosus, Syscia augustae, Atta texana, Cephalotes scutulatus, Crematogaster crinosa and Temnothorax andrei are recorded.

A grid-based map for the Biogeographical Regions of Europe.

BACKGROUND: Biogeographical units are widely adopted in ecological research and nature conservation management, even though biogeographical regionalisation is still under scientific debate. The European Environment Agency provided an official map of the European Biogeographical Regions (EBRs), which contains the official boundaries used in the Habitats and Birds Directives. However, these boundaries bisect cells in the official EU 10 km × 10 km grid used for many purposes, including reporting species and habitat data, meaning that 6881 cells overlap two or more regions. Therefore, superimposing the EBRs vector map over the grid creates ambiguities in associating some cells with European Biogeographical Regions. NEW INFORMATION: To provide an operational tool to unambiguously define the boundaries of the eleven European Biogeographical Regions, we provide a specifically developed raster map of Grid-Based European Biogeographical Regions (GB-EBRs). In this new map, the borders of the EBRs are reshaped to coherently match the standard European 10 km × 10 km grid imposed for reporting tasks by Article 17 of the Habitats Directive and used for many other datasets. We assign each cell to the EBR with the largest area within the cell.

Facilitating market access: risk assessment, equivalence and regionalisation provisions in the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures contains several key provisions that are important for trade in animals and animal products, namely on risk assessment, equivalence and regionalisation. The risk assessment provision allows countries to adopt, on the basis of a risk assessment, measures which achieve a higher level of sanitary protection than that embodied in existing relevant international standards. The equivalence provision requires importing countries to acknowledge that, while the production methods of the exporting country may differ from their own, they may still provide an equivalent level of health protection. Finally, the regionalisation provision enables countries to export animals and animal products from diseasefree areas, even if other areas within that country have experienced outbreaks of a particular animal disease. This paper explores how these provisions, and the scientific concept of the appropriate level of protection, facilitate trade while at the same time allowing Members to establish their sanitary measures. This paper also provides information on the relevant discussions of these provisions within the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.

L'Accord de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) sur l'application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires contient d'importantes dispositions relatives aux échanges internationaux d'animaux et de produits d'origine animale qui concernent les aspects suivants : l'évaluation du risque, l'équivalence et la régionalisation. La disposition sur l'évaluation du risque permet à un pays d'adopter des mesures conférant un niveau de protection plus élevé que celui prévu dans les normes internationales en vigueur, dès lors que cette décision se fonde sur une évaluation du risque. En vertu du principe d'équivalence, un pays importateur est tenu de reconnaître que les méthodes de production appliquées par un pays exportateur peuvent différer de celles qu'il applique luimême et apporter néanmoins des garanties de protection sanitaire équivalentes aux siennes. Enfin, la régionalisation permet aux pays d'exporter des animaux et des produits d'origine animale à partir des régions de leur territoire qui sont indemnes de maladies, même si des foyers d'une maladie animale particulière ont été enregistrés dans d'autres régions. L'auteure explique en quoi ces dispositions et le concept scientifique de « niveau approprié de protection ¼ facilitent le commerce tout en permettant aux Membres d'instaurer leurs propres mesures sanitaires. L'auteure décrit également les discussions dont ces dispositions font l'objet au sein du Comité des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires.

El Acuerdo sobre la Aplicación de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (Acuerdo MSF) de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) contiene varias disposiciones básicas que son importantes para el comercio de animales y productos de origen animal, a saber, las relativas a la determinación del riesgo, a la equivalencia y a la regionalización. La disposición sobre determinación del riesgo permite que los países, basándose en una determinación del riesgo, adopten medidas que conlleven un nivel de protección sanitaria mayor que el que establecen las normas internacionales existentes en la materia. La disposición sobre equivalencia exige que los países importadores reconozcan que los métodos de producción del país exportador, aun pudiendo diferir de los propios, pueden ofrecer un nivel equivalente de protección sanitaria. La disposición sobre regionalización, por último, permite que un país exporte animales y productos de origen animal procedentes de zonas libres de enfermedad aun cuando otras zonas de ese mismo país hayan sufrido brotes de una enfermedad animal en particular. La autora explica cómo estas disposiciones y el concepto científico de «nivel apropiado de protección¼ facilitan el comercio y a la vez permiten a los Miembros instaurar sus propias medidas sanitarias. Asimismo, proporciona información sobre los debates y reflexiones del Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias en torno a estas disposiciones.

Addressing the challenges of regulatory systems strengthening in small states.

Countries should ensure equitable access to quality medicines. Regulatory systems for medicines and other health technologies are an essential part of well-functioning health systems and are a requisite for achieving Universal Health and the Sustainable Development Goals. The Pan American Health Organization, the World health Organization (WHO) regional office for the Americas, has assessed national regulatory capacities using a precursor of WHO Global Benchmarking Tool, and conducted an analysis of the data which suggests an association of regulatory capacity with population and the size of the economy. Regulatory capacity tends to decrease as population and gross domestic product decreases. This predominantly impacts the Caribbean sub-region in the Americas, which includes many states with small populations and economies. This paper will use the World Bank's term 'small states' to refer to countries with 1.5 million people or less and other larger countries that face similar challenges. The regulatory challenges of small states include small markets and limited human and financial resources. However, small states can build regulatory systems with a narrower scope that are less resource intensive and still ensure appropriate regulation and oversight. The approach should be tailored to accomplish a subset of WHO recommended essential functions, including marketing authorisation, licensing of establishments and postmarket surveillance/pharmacovigilance, depending on the need to oversee local manufacturing, which requires a comprehensive system. The approach should also include adoption of efficiencies, such as regionalisation and reliance. This model is currently being put in practice in the small states of the Caribbean Community and Pacific Islands and can inform other small states around the world.

Seasonality of mean flows as a potential tool for the assessment of ecological processes: Mountain rivers, Polish Carpathians.

The classification of river catchments according to their hydrological regime is crucial elements of regionalisation. In absence of hydrological data, the regionalisation of catchment method may be used to asses many flows characteristics like regime or design flow and thus provide help in the analysis of hydrological and ecological processes and also in the management of water resources. Correct clarification of catchments requires knowledge about the main factors that influence on river regime, like meteorologic conditions, land cover/land use, geology, soil properties terrain features, human activities. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between selected catchment attributes along with precipitation climatology and seasonality of mean flows (MQ) in the mountainous rivers in the Upper Vistula basin (the biggest and the most important river in Poland) and regionalisation catchments based on seasonality index. To achieve the objective of the study, we concentrated on the mountain stream and river catchments that are regionalised to the Upper Vistula basin (all of which are Vistula tributaries) and we employed the Colwell's seasonality index in an attempt to clear up the said ecohydrological measures. The study confirmed that in mountainous catchments, where response time to rainfall is shorter due to larger slopes, higher seasonality of mean monthly discharges, as expressed by the seasonality index M, is observed. In this case, variability of seasonal rainfall affected seasonality of MQ. In case of smaller slopes and large forest cover and catchment areas, seasonality of flows was lower. The innovative aspect of the presented study is the attempt to correlate the Colwell's seasonality index with the physiographic and meteorological characteristics of the catchment. Until now, the characteristics of the catchments have been used as factors differentiating the hydrological regime of the catchments, thus allowing for agglomeration of similar catchments. Our results foster better understanding of the natural processes in the river basin, which definitely would help in better management of the environment and its relationship with huge number of people living there and depend on it. These results show that the regression tree methods based on CART algorithm can be used as effective tool for classification of catchments.

Patterns of intracolumnar size variation inform the heterochronic mechanisms underlying extreme body shape divergence in microcephalic sea snakes.

Sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) that specialize on burrowing eel prey have repeatedly evolved tiny heads and reduced forebody relative to hindbody girths. Previous research has found that these "microcephalic" forms have higher counts of precaudal vertebrae, and postnatal ontogenetic changes cause their hindbodies to reach greater girths relative to their forebodies. We examine variation in vertebral size along the precaudal axis of neonates and adults of three species. In the nonmicrocephalic Hydrophis curtus, these intracolumnar patterns take the form of symmetrical curved profiles, with longer vertebrae in the midbody (50% of body length) relative to distal regions. In contrast, intracolumnar profiles in the microcephalic H. macdowelli and H. obscurus are strongly asymmetrical curves (negative skewness) due to the presence of numerous, smaller-sized vertebrate in the forebody (anterior to the heart). Neonate and adult H. macdowelli and H. obscurus specimens all exhibit this pattern, implying an onset of fore- versus hindbody decoupling in the embryo stage. Based on this, we suggest plausible developmental mechanisms involving the presence and positioning of Hox boundaries and heterochronic changes in segmentation. Tests of our hypotheses would give new insights into the drivers of rapid convergent shifts in evolution, but will ultimately require studies of gene expression in the embryos of relevant taxa.

Soil quality index: Exploring options for a comprehensive assessment of land use impacts in LCA.

Impacts associated with land use are increasingly recognized as important aspects to consider when conducting Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Across the existing models accounting for land use activities in life cycle impact assessment, a balance is yet to be found between complexity and comprehensiveness on one hand, and applicability on the other hand. This work builds on the LANd use indicator value CAlculation (LANCA®) model, assessing the impacts of land use activities on five soil properties, and aims at developing an aggregated index to improve its applicability. First a statistical analysis is conducted, leading to the shortlisting of the four most significant soil quality indicators. Then two options for aggregating the selected indicators are presented: the soil quality index (SQI), based on linear aggregation, and the normalisation-based soil quality index (NSQI), where the aggregation process involves normalisation integrated into the characterisation step. Country-specific and global average characterisation factors (CFs) are calculated for 57 land use types considering both land occupation and land transformation interventions with the two suggested approaches. The two indices present similar ranking of land use types but the relative contribution of the separate indicators to the aggregated index varies according to the approach adopted. The differences between the aggregation approaches suggested are discussed, together with the limitations related to both the LANCA® model and the aggregation approaches. This work represents a first step towards the widespread application of a comprehensive and robust land use model at midpoint level in LCA. Finally, a number of recommendations for the future development of the LANCA® model and of the related soil quality models are provided.

Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot.

We use numerical methods to explore patterns of vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa, refining the boundaries of the intuitively-defined Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot, also proposing a zoogeographic regionalisation. An incidence matrix of 300 vertebrate species endemic to south-eastern Africa sensu lato in 37 operational geographic units were used in (a) phenetic cluster analysis (PCA) using the algorithm of unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (phenetic approach), and (b) parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE; parsimony approach), in order to numerically evaluate the bioregional delimitations. The analyses provide a valid biogeographical entity 37% larger than the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany hotspot, but substantially (131%) higher in vertebrate endemicity viz. the Greater Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany (GMPA) region of vertebrate endemism. South-east Africa is recognised as a dominion in the global zoogeographical area hierarchy, with subordinate units including the GMPA province. Various spatially-based measures of endemism were mapped for vertebrate species restricted to the dominion, i.e. endemic to south-eastern Africa sensu stricto. Areas and centres of endemism detected respectively from PAE and PCA, within the south-east Africa dominion also support the refined boundary of the GMPA region of endemism, which provides a better spatial conservation priority compared to the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany hotspot. Reptiles and amphibians are found to be the main drivers of the overall pattern of endemism, while the pattern in freshwater fish is the most distinctive. Our analyses also indicate a good congruence of the centres of endemism across different terrestrial vertebrate taxa.

Saúde mental infantojuvenil: desafios da regionalização da assistência no Brasil / Mental health in childhood and adolescence: challenges due to the regionalisation of care in Brazil / Salud mental infantojuvenil: desafíos de la regionalización de la asistencia en Brasil

Esse trabalho teve como foco a atenção psicossocial infantojuvenil no Brasil, a qual historicamente tem sido marcada pela prática da tutela e da institucionalização. Constatamos por meio de metodologia de cruzamento de informações acerca dos serviços voltados à essa população na RAPS, incluindo dados das regiões de saúde, que os mesmos são insuficientes e desigualmente distribuídos. Existem muitos vazios assistenciais no país, em todas as regiões. Essa situação pode ser atribuída à fatores políticos, deficiência na formação de recursos humanos especializados, problemas na proposta da regionalização em saúde, dentre outros. Destacamos, a necessidade de articulação entre os diversos níveis que compõem a atenção em saúde mental na RAPS, bem como com outros dispositivos do território na perspectiva da intersetorialidade e gestão territorial das necessidades em saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes. (AU)

This article focuses on psychosocial care for children and adolescents in Brazil, which, historically, has been characterised by guardianship and institutionalisation practices. Through a methodology of cross-referencing information on the services provided to this population within the Psychosocial Care Network (RAPS), which included data from health care regions, we note that these services are inadequate and unevenly distributed. There are many gaps in the provision of care in all regions within the country and this can be attributed to political factors, shortcomings in specialised human resources, and problems with the proposal of regionalisation of health care-among other reasons. We highlight the need for coordination between the different levels that make up mental health care in the RAPS, and with other assemblages within the territory in terms of intersectoriality and the management of local needs in the provision of mental health for children and adolescents. (AU)

Este trabajo tuvo como foco la atención psicosocial infantojuvenil en Brasil, la cual históricamente ha sido marcada por la práctica de la tutela y de la institucionalización. Se constató por medio de metodología de cruzamiento de informaciones sobre los servicios dirigidos a esa población en la RAPS, incluyendo datos de las regiones de salud, que los mismos son insuficientes y desigualmente distribuidos. Hay muchos vacíos asistenciales en el país, en todas las regiones. Esta situación puede ser atribuida a factores políticos, deficiencia en la formación de recursos humanos especializados, problemas en la propuesta de la regionalización en salud, entre otros. Destacamos, la necesidad de articulación entre los diversos niveles que componen la atención en salud mental en la RAPS, así como con otros dispositivos del territorio en la perspectiva de la intersectorialidad y gestión territorial de las necesidades en salud mental de niños y adolescentes. (AU)

Assessment of agroforestry residue potentials for the bioeconomy in the European Union.

The biobased chemical industry is characterised by strong growth. Innovative products and materials such as biopolymers have been developed, and current European demand for biopolymers exceeds the domestic supply. Agroforestry residues can serve as main sources of the basic building blocks for chemicals and materials. This work assesses sustainably available agroforestry residues to feed a high added-value materials and product bioeconomy. To evaluate bioeconomic potential, a structured three-step approach is applied. Cultivation practices, sustainability issues, legislative restrictions, technical limitations and competitive applications are considered. All data regarding bioeconomic potential are processed on a regional level and mapped by ArcGIS. Our results identify wheat straw as the most promising source in the agricultural sector, followed by maize stover, barley straw and rape straw, which all contain a total concentration of lignocellulose of more than 80% of dry matter. In the forestry sector, residue bark from two coniferous species, spruce and pine, is the most promising source, with approximately 70% lignocellulose. Additionally, coniferous bark contains considerable amounts of tannin, which has attracted increasing interest for industrial utilisation. A sensitivity analysis concerning removal rates, residue-to-crop ratios, changes in farming technologies and competing applications is applied at the end of the study to consolidate our results.