Molecular and cellular mechanisms of teneurin signaling in synaptic partner matching.

In developing brains, axons exhibit remarkable precision in selecting synaptic partners among many non-partner cells. Evolutionarily conserved teneurins are transmembrane proteins that instruct synaptic partner matching. However, how intracellular signaling pathways execute teneurins' functions is unclear. Here, we use in situ proximity labeling to obtain the intracellular interactome of a teneurin (Ten-m) in the Drosophila brain. Genetic interaction studies using quantitative partner matching assays in both olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and projection neurons (PNs) reveal a common pathway: Ten-m binds to and negatively regulates a RhoGAP, thus activating the Rac1 small GTPases to promote synaptic partner matching. Developmental analyses with single-axon resolution identify the cellular mechanism of synaptic partner matching: Ten-m signaling promotes local F-actin levels and stabilizes ORN axon branches that contact partner PN dendrites. Combining spatial proteomics and high-resolution phenotypic analyses, this study advanced our understanding of both cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic partner matching.

Scent of a human: The mosquito olfactory system defies dogma to ensure attraction to humans.

Mosquitoes are strongly attracted to humans, and their bites not only cause intense itch but can beget severe diseases. In this issue of Cell, Herre et al. reveal that non-canonical olfactory circuit organization and coding likely endow mosquitoes with a robust ability to locate human hosts.

Cell-Surface Proteomic Profiling in the Fly Brain Uncovers Wiring Regulators.

Molecular interactions at the cellular interface mediate organized assembly of single cells into tissues and, thus, govern the development and physiology of multicellular organisms. Here, we developed a cell-type-specific, spatiotemporally resolved approach to profile cell-surface proteomes in intact tissues. Quantitative profiling of cell-surface proteomes of Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs) in pupae and adults revealed global downregulation of wiring molecules and upregulation of synaptic molecules in the transition from developing to mature PNs. A proteome-instructed in vivo screen identified 20 cell-surface molecules regulating neural circuit assembly, many of which belong to evolutionarily conserved protein families not previously linked to neural development. Genetic analysis further revealed that the lipoprotein receptor LRP1 cell-autonomously controls PN dendrite targeting, contributing to the formation of a precise olfactory map. These findings highlight the power of temporally resolved in situ cell-surface proteomic profiling in discovering regulators of brain wiring.

Divergent signaling requirements of dSARM in injury-induced degeneration and developmental glial phagocytosis.

Elucidating signal transduction mechanisms of innate immune pathways is essential to defining how they elicit distinct cellular responses. Toll-like receptors (TLR) signal through their cytoplasmic TIR domains which bind other TIR domain-containing adaptors. dSARM/SARM1 is one such TIR domain adaptor best known for its role as the central axon degeneration trigger after injury. In degeneration, SARM1's domains have been assigned unique functions: the ARM domain is auto-inhibitory, SAM-SAM domain interactions mediate multimerization, and the TIR domain has intrinsic NAD+ hydrolase activity that precipitates axonal demise. Whether and how these distinct functions contribute to TLR signaling is unknown. Here we show divergent signaling requirements for dSARM in injury-induced axon degeneration and TLR-mediated developmental glial phagocytosis through analysis of new knock-in domain and point mutations. We demonstrate intragenic complementation between reciprocal pairs of domain mutants during development, providing evidence for separability of dSARM functional domains in TLR signaling. Surprisingly, dSARM's NAD+ hydrolase activity is strictly required for both degenerative and developmental signaling, demonstrating that TLR signal transduction requires dSARM's enzymatic activity. In contrast, while SAM domain-mediated dSARM multimerization is important for axon degeneration, it is dispensable for TLR signaling. Finally, dSARM functions in a linear genetic pathway with the MAP3K Ask1 during development but not in degenerating axons. Thus, we propose that dSARM exists in distinct signaling states in developmental and pathological contexts.

Why Did New York State Hospitals Rank So Poorly?

BACKGROUND: According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services star ratings, New York State (NYS) hospitals are relatively poor performers, with 33% achieving 1 star compared with 5% of hospitals across the United States. OBJECTIVES: We compared NYS hospitals to all United States hospitals using Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Value-Based Purchasing (HVBP) and star ratings component measures. We perform risk adjustment for hospital and market characteristics associated poor performance. RESEARCH DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional observational study. SUBJECTS: All acute care hospitals in the United States which had HVBP scores for 2019 in April 21, 2021, Hospital Care Compare database. MEASURES: Analysis of variance was used to compare NYS hospitals to all United States hospitals. Multivariable-based risk adjustment was applied to NYS hospitals with adjustment for hospital characteristics (eg, occupancy, size), hospital fiscal ratios (eg, operating margin), and market characteristics (eg, percent of hospital market that has a high school diploma). RESULTS: NYS hospitals averaged lower patient satisfaction and higher readmissions. These domains were statistically significantly associated with lower socioeconomic status in the hospital market area. Risk adjustment reduced but did not eliminate these differences. NYS also performed poorly on pressure ulcers and deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism prevention. NYS hospitals were similar to the United States in mortality and hospital-acquired infections. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the demographic makeup of hospital markets account for some of the poor performance of NYS hospitals. Some aspects, such as long length of stay, may be associated with wider regional trends.

Motor function and safety after allogeneic cord blood and cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in cerebral palsy: An open-label, randomized trial.

AIM: To evaluate safety and motor function after treatment with allogeneic umbilical cord blood (AlloCB) or umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hCT-MSC) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: Ninety-one children (52 males, 39 females; median age 3 years 7 months [range 2-5 years]) with CP due to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, stroke, or periventricular leukomalacia were randomized to three arms: (1) the AlloCB group received 10 × 107 AlloCB total nucleated cells (TNC) per kilogram at baseline (n = 31); (2) the hCT-MSC group received 2 × 106 hCT-MSC at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months (n = 28); (3) the natural history control group received 10 × 107 AlloCB TNC per kilogram at 12 months (n = 31). Motor function was assessed with the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 (GMFM-66) and Peabody Developmental Motor Scale, Second Edition. RESULTS: Infusions (n = 143) were well tolerated, with eight infusion reactions (three in the AlloCB group, five in hCT-MSC) and no other safety concerns. At 12 months, the mean differences (95% confidence intervals [CI]) between actual and expected changes in GMFM-66 score were AlloCB 5.8 points (3.4-8.2), hCT-MSC 4.3 (2.2-6.4), and natural history 3.1 (1.4-5.0). In exploratory, post hoc analysis, the mean GMFM-66 score (95% CI) of the hCT-MSC group was 1.4 points higher than natural history (-1.1 to 4.0; p = 0.27), and the AlloCB group was 3.3 points higher than natural history (0.59-5.93; p = 0.02) after adjustment for baseline Gross Motor Function Classification System level, GMFM-66 score, and etiology. INTERPRETATION: High-dose AlloCB is a potential cell therapy for CP and should be further tested in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Unrelated donor allogeneic umbilical cord blood (AlloCB) and human umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cell infusion is safe in young children with cerebral palsy. Significant changes in motor function were not observed 6 months after treatment. One year later, treatment with AlloCB was associated with greater increases in Gross Motor Function Measure-66 scores.

Keeping Neurons Young and Foxy: FoxOs Promote Neuronal Plasticity.

Any adult who has tried to take up the piano or learn a new language is faced with the sobering realization that acquiring such skills is more challenging as an adult than as a child. Neuronal plasticity, or the malleability of brain circuits, declines with age. Young neurons tend to be more adaptable and can alter the size and strength of their connections more readily than can old neurons. Myriad circuit- and synapse-level mechanisms that shape plasticity have been identified. Yet, molecular mechanisms setting the overall competence of young neurons for distinct forms of plasticity remain largely obscure. Recent studies indicate evolutionarily conserved roles for FoxO proteins in establishing the capacity for cell-fate, morphological, and synaptic plasticity in neurons.

Evaluation of Cell-Based and Surrogate SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assays.

Determinants of protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection require the development of well-standardized, reproducible antibody assays. This need has led to the emergence of a variety of neutralization assays. Head-to-head evaluation of different SARS-CoV-2 neutralization platforms could facilitate comparisons across studies and laboratories. Five neutralization assays were compared using 40 plasma samples from convalescent individuals with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): four cell-based systems using either live recombinant SARS-CoV-2 or pseudotyped viral particles created with lentivirus (LV) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) packaging and one surrogate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based test that measures inhibition of the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) binding its receptor human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Vero cells, Vero E6 cells, HEK293T cells expressing hACE2, and TZM-bl cells expressing hACE2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 were tested. All cell-based assays showed 50% neutralizing dilution (ND50) geometric mean titers (GMTs) that were highly correlated (Pearson r = 0.81 to 0.89) and ranged within 3.4-fold. The live virus assay and LV pseudovirus assays with HEK293T/hACE2 cells showed very similar mean titers, 141 and 178, respectively. ND50 titers positively correlated with plasma IgG targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RBD (r = 0.63 to 0.89), but moderately correlated with nucleoprotein IgG (r = 0.46 to 0.73). ND80 GMTs mirrored ND50 data and showed similar correlation between assays and with IgG concentrations. The VSV pseudovirus assay and LV pseudovirus assay with HEK293T/hACE2 cells in low- and high-throughput versions were calibrated against the WHO SARS-CoV-2 IgG standard. High concordance between the outcomes of cell-based assays with live and pseudotyped virions enables valid cross-study comparison using these platforms.

Sex differences in associations between birth characteristics and childhood cancers: a five-state registry-linkage study.

BACKGROUND: There is a well-recognized male excess in childhood cancer incidence; however, it is unclear whether there is etiologic heterogeneity by sex when defined by epidemiologic risk factors. METHODS: Using a 5-state registry-linkage study (cases n = 16,411; controls n = 69,816), we estimated sex-stratified odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) between birth and demographic characteristics for 16 pediatric cancers. Evidence of statistical interaction (p-interaction < 0.01) by sex was evaluated for each characteristic in each cancer. RESULTS: Males comprised > 50% of cases for all cancers, except Wilms tumor (49.6%). Sex interacted with a number of risk factors (all p-interaction < 0.01) including gestational age for ALL (female, 40 vs. 37-39 weeks OR: 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.97) and ependymoma (female, 40 vs. 37-39 OR: 1.78, 95% CI 1.14-2.79; female, ≥ 41 OR: 2.01. 95% CI 1.29-3.14), birth order for AML (female, ≥ 3rd vs. 1st OR: 1.39, 95% CI 1.01-1.92), maternal education for Hodgkin lymphoma (male, any college vs. < high school[HS] OR: 1.47, 95% CI 1.03-2.09) and Wilms tumor (female, any college vs. HS OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.93), maternal race/ethnicity for neuroblastoma (male, black vs. white OR: 2.21, 95% CI 1.21-4.03; male, Hispanic vs. white OR: 1.86, 95% CI 1.26-2.75; female, Asian/Pacific Islander vs. white OR: 0.28, 95% CI 0.12-0.69), and paternal age (years) for hepatoblastoma in males (< 24 vs. 25-29 OR: 2.17, 95% CI 1.13-4.19; ≥ 35 vs. 25-29 OR: 2.44, 95% CI 1.28-4.64). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest etiologic heterogeneity by sex for childhood cancers for gestational age, maternal education, and race/ethnicity and paternal age.

Parental Age and Risk of Infant Leukaemia: A Pooled Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Infant leukaemia (IL) is extremely rare with fewer than 150 cases occurring each year in the United States. Little is known about its causes. However, recent evidence supports a role of de novo mutations in IL aetiology. Parental age has been associated with several adverse outcomes in offspring, including childhood cancers. Given the role of older parental age in de novo mutations in offspring, we carried out an analysis of parental age and IL. METHODS: We evaluated the relationship between parental age and IL in a case-control study using registry data from New York, Minnesota, California, Texas, and Washington. Records from 402 cases [219 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), 131 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and 52 other] and 45 392 controls born during 1981-2004 were analysed. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by logistic regression. Estimates were adjusted for infant sex, birth year category, maternal race, state, and mutually adjusted for paternal or maternal age, respectively. RESULTS: Infants with mothers' age ≥40 years had an increased risk of developing AML (OR 4.80, 95% CI 1.80, 12.76). In contrast, paternal age <20 was associated with increased risk of ALL (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.62, 8.41). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates increased risk of infant ALL in relation to young paternal age. Given record linkage, there is little concern with recall or selection bias, although data are lacking on MLL gene status and other potentially important variables. Parent of origin effects, de novo mutations, and/or carcinogenic exposures may be involved in IL aetiology.

Repeated autologous umbilical cord blood infusions are feasible and had no acute safety issues in young babies with congenital hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND: Babies with congenital hydrocephalus often experience developmental disabilities due to brain injury associated with prolonged increased pressure on the developing brain parenchyma. Umbilical cord blood (CB) infusion has favorable effects in animal models of brain hypoxia and stroke and is being investigated in clinical trials of brain injury in both children and adults. We sought to establish the safety and feasibility of repeated intravenous infusions of autologous CB in young babies with congenital hydrocephalus. METHODS: Infants with severe congenital hydrocephalus and an available qualified autologous CB unit traveled to Duke for evaluation and CB infusion. When possible, the CB unit was utilized for multiple infusions. Patient and CB data were obtained at the time of infusion and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: From October 2006 to August 2014, 76 patients with congenital hydrocephalus received 143 autologous CB infusions. Most babies received repeated doses, for a total of two (n = 45), three (n = 18), or four (n = 4) infusions. There were no infusion-related adverse events. As expected, all babies experienced developmental delays. CONCLUSION: Cryopreserved CB products may be effectively manipulated to provide multiple CB doses. Repeated intravenous infusion of autologous CB is safe and feasible in young babies with congenital hydrocephalus.

Dimensionality reduction simplifies synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit.

The distribution of postsynaptic partners in three-dimensional (3D) space presents complex choices for a navigating axon. Here, we discovered a dimensionality reduction principle in establishing the 3D glomerular map in the fly antennal lobe. Olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons first contact partner projection neuron (PN) dendrites at the 2D spherical surface of the antennal lobe during development, regardless of whether the adult glomeruli are at the surface or interior of the antennal lobe. Along the antennal lobe surface, axons of each ORN type take a specific 1D arc-shaped trajectory that precisely intersects with their partner PN dendrites. Altering axon trajectories compromises synaptic partner matching. Thus, a 3D search problem is reduced to 1D, which simplifies synaptic partner matching and may generalize to the wiring process of more complex brains.

The geography of Medicare's hospital value-based purchasing in relation to market demographics.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the association between the sociodemographic characteristics of hospital markets and the geographic patterns of Medicare hospital value-based purchasing (HVBP) scores. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: This is a secondary analysis of United States hospitals with a HVBP Total Performance Score (TPS) for 2019 in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Hospital Compare database (4/2021 release) and American Community Survey (ACS) data for 2015-2019. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study using spatial multivariable autoregressive models with HVBP TPS and component domain scores as dependent variables and hospital market demographics as the independent variables. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We calculated hospital market demographics using ZIP code level data from the ACS, weighted the 2019 CMS inpatient Hospital Service Area file. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Spatial autoregressive models using eight nearest neighbors with diversity index, race and ethnicity distribution, families in poverty, unemployment, and lack of health insurance among residents ages 19-64 years provided the best model fit. Diversity index had the highest statistically significant contribution to lower TPS (ß = -12.79, p < 0.0001), followed by the percent of the population coded to "non-Hispanic, some other race" (ß = -2.59, p < 0.0023), and the percent of families in poverty (ß = -0.26, p < 0.0001). Percent of the population was non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native (ß = 0.35, p < 0.0001) and percent non-Hispanic Asian (ß = 0.12, p < 0.02071) were associated with higher TPS. Lower predicted TPS was observed in large urban cities throughout the US as well as in states throughout the Southeastern US. Similar geographic patterns were observed for the predicted Patient Safety, Person and Community Engagement, and Efficiency and Cost Reduction domain scores but are not for predicted Clinical Outcomes scores. CONCLUSIONS: The lower predicted scores seen in cities and in the Southeastern region potentially reflect an inherent-that is, structural-association between market sociodemographics and HVBP scores.

Isolation and RNA sequencing of single nuclei from Drosophila tissues.

Many insect cells are encapsulated within the exoskeleton and cannot be dissociated intact, making them inaccessible to single-cell transcriptomic profiling. We have used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to extract transcriptomic information from multiple Drosophila tissues. Here, we describe procedures for the (1) dissociation of single nuclei, (2) isolation of single nuclei using two popular cell sorters, and (3) preparation of libraries for Smart-seq2 and 10× Genomics. This protocol enables generation of high-quality transcriptomes from single nuclei and can be applied to other species. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to McLaughlin et al. (2021) and Li et al. (2022).

Short-Term Mortality Associated with Outpatient Vascular Access Restoration Procedures.

This study confirms the safety of endovascular interventions for thrombosis of hemodialysis access in outpatient and office-based settings.Risk of death in the week after vascular access procedure was not associated with hemodialysis access type (fistula versus graft).

Fly Cell Atlas: A single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of the adult fruit fly.

For more than 100 years, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been one of the most studied model organisms. Here, we present a single-cell atlas of the adult fly, Tabula Drosophilae, that includes 580,000 nuclei from 15 individually dissected sexed tissues as well as the entire head and body, annotated to >250 distinct cell types. We provide an in-depth analysis of cell type-related gene signatures and transcription factor markers, as well as sexual dimorphism, across the whole animal. Analysis of common cell types between tissues, such as blood and muscle cells, reveals rare cell types and tissue-specific subtypes. This atlas provides a valuable resource for the Drosophila community and serves as a reference to study genetic perturbations and disease models at single-cell resolution.

Birth order and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis from five US States.

The causes of childhood cancers are largely unknown. Birth order has been used as a proxy for prenatal and postnatal exposures, such as frequency of infections and in utero hormone exposures. We investigated the association between birth order and childhood cancers in a pooled case-control dataset. The subjects were drawn from population-based registries of cancers and births in California, Minnesota, New York, Texas and Washington. We included 17,672 cases <15 years of age who were diagnosed from 1980 to 2004 and 57,966 randomly selected controls born 1970-2004, excluding children with Down syndrome. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression, adjusted for sex, birth year, maternal race, maternal age, multiple birth, gestational age and birth weight. Overall, we found an inverse relationship between childhood cancer risk and birth order. For children in the fourth or higher birth order category compared to first-born children, the adjusted OR was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.93) for all cancers combined. When we examined risks by cancer type, a decreasing risk with increasing birth order was seen in the central nervous system tumors, neuroblastoma, bilateral retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma. We observed increased risks with increasing birth order for acute myeloid leukemia but a slight decrease in risk for acute lymphoid leukemia. These risk estimates were based on a very large sample size, which allowed us to examine rare cancer types with greater statistical power than in most previous studies, however the biologic mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

Napabucasin Drug-Drug Interaction Potential, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Dosing in Healthy Adult Volunteers.

Napabucasin is an orally administered reactive oxygen species generator that is bioactivated by the intracellular antioxidant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Napabucasin induces cell death in cancer cells, including cancer stem cells. This phase 1 study (NCT03411122) evaluated napabucasin drug-drug interaction potential for 7 cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the breast cancer resistance protein transporter/organic anion transporter 3. Healthy volunteers who tolerated napabucasin during period 1 received probe drugs during period 2, and in period 3 received napabucasin (240 mg twice daily; days 1-11) plus a phenotyping cocktail containing omeprazole (CYP2C19), caffeine (CYP1A2), flurbiprofen (CYP2C9), bupropion (CYP2B6), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), midazolam (CYP3A) (all oral; day 6), intravenous midazolam (day 7), repaglinide (CYP2C8; day 8), and rosuvastatin (breast cancer resistance protein/organic anion transporter 3; day 9). Drug-drug interaction potential was evaluated in 17 of 30 enrolled volunteers. Napabucasin coadministration increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (geometric mean ratio [90% confidence interval]) of caffeine (124% [109.0%-141.4%]), intravenous midazolam (118% [94.4%-147.3%]), repaglinide (127% [104.7%-153.3%]), and rosuvastatin (213% [42.5%-1068.3%]) and decreased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity of dextromethorphan (71% [47.1%-108.3%]), bupropion (79% [64.6%-97.0%]), and hydroxybupropion (45% [15.7%-129.6%]). No serious adverse events/deaths were reported. Generally, napabucasin is not expected to induce/inhibit drug clearance to a clinically meaningful degree.

Sibling umbilical cord blood infusion is safe in young children with cerebral palsy.

Preclinical and early phase clinical studies suggest that an appropriately dosed umbilical cord blood (CB) infusion has the potential to help improve motor function in young children with cerebral palsy (CP). As many children with CP do not have their own CB available, use of allogeneic cells would extend access to this potentially beneficial therapy to more children. In this phase I, open-label study, 15 children, aged 1 to 6 years, with moderate to severe spastic CP were treated with a single intravenous infusion of allogeneic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched or partially matched sibling CB with a cell dose of ≥2.5 × 107 cells/kg based on the pre-cryopreservation count (median infused cell dose, 3.3 × 107 ; range, 1.8-5.2 × 107 ). There were a total of 49 adverse events (AEs) over a 2-year time period, but there were no AEs related to the CB infusions. Specifically, there were no acute infusion reactions and no antibody formation against platelets, red blood cells, or donor-specific HLA antigens. Donor cells were not detected in peripheral blood 6 months later. Six months after infusion, participants were assessed for response and experienced a mean ± SD increase of 4.7 ± 2.5 points on the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 and 1 ± 2.9 points on the Peabody Gross Motor Quotient. Appropriately dosed, allogeneic partially or fully HLA-matched sibling CB infusion is well tolerated and potentially beneficial in young children with CP.

Single-cell transcriptomes of developing and adult olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila.

Recognition of environmental cues is essential for the survival of all organisms. Transcriptional changes occur to enable the generation and function of the neural circuits underlying sensory perception. To gain insight into these changes, we generated single-cell transcriptomes of Drosophila olfactory- (ORNs), thermo-, and hygro-sensory neurons at an early developmental and adult stage using single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing. We discovered that ORNs maintain expression of the same olfactory receptors across development. Using receptor expression and computational approaches, we matched transcriptomic clusters corresponding to anatomically and physiologically defined neuron types across multiple developmental stages. We found that cell-type-specific transcriptomes partly reflected axon trajectory choices in development and sensory modality in adults. We uncovered stage-specific genes that could regulate the wiring and sensory responses of distinct ORN types. Collectively, our data reveal transcriptomic features of sensory neuron biology and provide a resource for future studies of their development and physiology.