Adiposity and feeding practices in the first two years of life among toddlers in Guadalajara, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Feeding practices in the first two years of life have a direct impact on nutritional status and adiposity. The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in feeding practices during the first two years of life by sex and type of feeding in the first semester of postnatal life and their relationships with adiposity in toddlers. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study that included 150 toddlers aged 12 to 24 months who were healthy, full-term, and had adequate weight for their gestational ages, was conducted at the New Civil Hospital and at a private practice in Guadalajara. Body compositions were obtained by bioelectrical impedance (BIA) measurements, and a modified questionnaire was used. Then, the parents completed two 24-h dietary recalls. In addition to the descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used in the contrast analysis of the quantitative variables. To analyze the qualitative variables, we used X2 tests. Afterward, linear regression tests were conducted to identify the relationships between adiposity and feeding practices during the first two years. RESULTS: There were direct relationships between adiposity and duration of full breastfeeding (r = 0.610, p = 0.021), age of introduction of ultra-processed products (r = 0.311, p = 0.011), sugar (r = 0.186; p = 0.024) and age at which eggs were introduced (r = -0.202; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Adiposity was related to feeding practices in the first two years of life in toddlers.

Anthropometric Indicators and Dietary Intake in Toddlers Aged from 12 to 24 Months Who Attended Private Clinics in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara.

The objective was to evaluate the anthropometric indicators and dietary intake of toddlers attending private clinics in Guadalajara. In a cross-sectional study, 101 toddlers aged 12 to 24 months were included. They were born full term, had an adequate weight for gestational age, and attended private clinics in Guadalajara. Two 24 h dietary recalls were administered. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and anthropometric indices were estimated. Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and odds ratio were used for quantitative or qualitative variables. Males had lower Z scores for the weight/age index than females. During the week, energy intake was excessive in males [OR = 5.5 (95% CI 1.4, 20.8)], and cholesterol intake was insufficient in females [OR = 3.03 (95% CI 1.2, 7.1)]. On weekends, energy [OR = 2.5 (95% CI 1.1, 5.7)] and fiber intake [OR = 3.1 (95% CI 1.2, 7.8)] were insufficient in females. Most of the toddlers who attend the private clinics in the upper-middle socioeconomic stratum of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area had excessive protein intake, excessive consumption of added sugars was frequent, and there was insufficient intake of vitamin D and calcium. Sex was shown to be a factor influencing nutrient intake in these toddlers aged 12-24 months. Males had a Z-score of weight/age lower than females, suggesting nutritional risk.

Densidad mineral ósea e indicadores bioquímicos y hormonales en niños con parálisis cerebral cuadripléjica.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: children with cerebral palsy (CP) have multiple risk factors for low bone mineral density or osteoporosis. Objective: to explore the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical and hormonal indicators of bone metabolism in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: a cross-sectional analytical study included 59 participants from six to 18 years of age with quadriplegic CP. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, 25OHD metabolite, parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase, and thyroid hormones were determined using standardized methods. The BMD measurement was obtained from the lumbar spine expressed in g/cm2 and Z-score. Unpaired Student's t-test, Chi-square test, odds ratio and Pearson's correlation were performed. Results: participants with CP and malnutrition had lower serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. Those who had low BMD showed lower serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. Most participants with low and normal BMD had vitamin D deficiency (27.1% and 10%) and insufficiency (35.4% and 30%), respectively. There was a significant correlation between BMD and serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). There were no differences in the biochemical and hormonal indicators by level of gross motor function, use of anticonvulsants and oral versus enteral feeding method. Conclusion: malnutrition and alteration of vitamin D nutritional status were associated with low BMD and alterations of biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in pediatric patients with quadriplegic CP. The relationship between BMD and biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in children with quadriplegic CP was also demonstrated.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los niños con parálisis cerebral (PC) presentan múltiples factores de riesgo de densidad mineral ósea baja u osteoporosis. Objetivo: explorar la asociación entre la baja densidad mineral ósea (DMO) e indicadores bioquímicos y hormonales del metabolismo óseo en niños con PC cuadripléjica. Métodos: un estudio transversal analítico incluyó a 59 participantes de entre seis y 18 años de edad con PC cuadripléjica. Las concentraciones séricas de calcio, fósforo, metabolito 25OHD, hormona paratiroidea (PTH), fosfatasa alcalina y hormonas tiroideas se determinaron utilizando métodos estandarizados. La medición de DMO se obtuvo de la columna lumbar expresada en g/cm2 y puntaje Z. Se realizaron pruebas t de Student no pareada, Chi-cuadrado, razón de momios y correlación de Pearson. Resultados: los participantes con PC y desnutrición tenían concentraciones séricas más bajas de calcio, fósforo y fosfatasa alcalina. Los participantes con DMO baja tuvieron menor concentración sérica de calcio, fósforo y fosfatasa alcalina. Los participantes con DMO baja y normal tenían deficiencia de vitamina D (27.1% y 10%) e insuficiencia (35.4% y 30%), respectivamente. Hubo una correlación significativa entre DMO y las concentraciones séricas de calcio, fósforo, fosfatasa alcalina, vitamina D y hormona estimulante de la tiroides. Conclusión: la desnutrición y la alteración del estado nutricio de la vitamina D se asociaron con DMO baja y alteraciones de los indicadores bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo. Se demostró una asociación entre DMO e indicadores bioquímicos y hormonales del metabolismo óseo en niños con PC cuadripléjica.

Bone mineral density and nutritional status in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy.

This study demonstrated the relationship of low bone mineral density (BMD) with the degree of motor impairment, method of feeding, anthropometric indicators, and malnutrition in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP). The control of these factors could optimize adequate bone mineralization, avoid the risk of osteoporosis, and would improve the quality of life. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between low BMD and nutritional status in children with quadriplegic CP. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional analytical study included 59 participants aged 6 to 18 years with quadriplegic CP. Weight and height were obtained with alternative measurements, and weight/age, height/age, and BMI/age indexes were estimated. The BMD measurement obtained from the lumbar spine was expressed in grams per square centimeter and Z score (Z). Unpaired Student's t tests, chi-square tests, odds ratios, Pearson's correlations, and linear regressions were performed. RESULTS: The mean of BMD Z score was lower in adolescents than in school-aged children (p = 0.002). Patients with low BMD were at the most affected levels of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Participants at level V of the GMFCS were more likely to have low BMD than levels III and IV [odds ratio (OR) = 5.8 (confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.4, 24.8), p = 0.010]. There was a higher probability of low BMD in tube-feeding patients [OR = 8.6 (CI 95% 1.0, 73.4), p = 0.023]. The probability of low BMD was higher in malnourished children with weight/age and BMI indices [OR = 11.4 (1.3, 94), p = 0.009] and [OR = 9.4 (CI 95% 1.1, 79.7), p = 0.017], respectively. CONCLUSION: There was a significant relationship between low BMD, degree of motor impairment, method of feeding, and malnutrition. Optimizing these factors could reduce the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis and attain a significant improvement of quality of life in children with quadriplegic CP.

Bone mineral density and biochemical and hormonal indicators in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy / Densidad mineral ósea e indicadores bioquímicos y hormonales en niños con parálisis cerebral cuadripléjica

Introduction: children with cerebral palsy (CP) have multiple risk factors for low bone mineral density or osteoporosis. Objective: to explore the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical and hormonal indicators of bone metabolism in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: a cross-sectional analytical study included 59 participants from six to 18 years of age with quadriplegic CP. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, 25OHD metabolite, parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase, and thyroid hormones were determined using standardized methods. The BMD measurement was obtained from the lumbar spine expressed in g/cm2 and Z-score. Unpaired Student's t-test, Chi-square test, odds ratio and Pearson's correlation were performed. Results: participants with CP and malnutrition had lower serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. Those who had low BMD showed lower serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase. Most participants with low and normal BMD had vitamin D deficiency (27.1% and 10%) and insufficiency (35.4% and 30%), respectively. There was a significant correlation between BMD and serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). There were no differences in the biochemical and hormonal indicators by level of gross motor function, use of anticonvulsants and oral versus enteral feeding method. Conclusion: malnutrition and alteration of vitamin D nutritional status were associated with low BMD and alterations of biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in pediatric patients with quadriplegic CP. The relationship between BMD and biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in children with quadriplegic CP was also demonstrated

Introducción: los niños con parálisis cerebral (PC) presentan múltiples factores de riesgo de densidad mineral ósea baja u osteoporosis. Objetivo: explorar la asociación entre la baja densidad mineral ósea (DMO) e indicadores bioquímicos y hormonales del metabolismo óseo en niños con PC cuadripléjica. Métodos: un estudio transversal analítico incluyó a 59 participantes de entre seis y 18 años de edad con PC cuadripléjica. Las concentraciones séricas de calcio, fósforo, metabolito 25OHD, hormona paratiroidea (PTH), fosfatasa alcalina y hormonas tiroideas se determinaron utilizando métodos estandarizados. La medición de DMO se obtuvo de la columna lumbar expresada en g/cm2 y puntaje Z. Se realizaron pruebas t de Student no pareada, Chi-cuadrado, razón de momios y correlación de Pearson. Resultados: los participantes con PC y desnutrición tenían concentraciones séricas más bajas de calcio, fósforo y fosfatasa alcalina. Los participantes con DMO baja tuvieron menor concentración sérica de calcio, fósforo y fosfatasa alcalina. Los participantes con DMO baja y normal tenían deficiencia de vitamina D (27.1% y 10%) e insuficiencia (35.4% y 30%), respectivamente. Hubo una correlación significativa entre DMO y las concentraciones séricas de calcio, fósforo, fosfatasa alcalina, vitamina D y hormona estimulante de la tiroides. Conclusión: la desnutrición y la alteración del estado nutricio de la vitamina D se asociaron con DMO baja y alteraciones de los indicadores bioquímicos del metabolismo óseo. Se demostró una asociación entre DMO e indicadores bioquímicos y hormonales del metabolismo óseo en niños con PC cuadripléjica