The effect of pre-ceramic soldering on marginal and internal fit of 4-unit zirconia frameworks and monolithic zirconia fixed dental prostheses.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of pre-ceramic soldering on the marginal and internal fit of 4-unit zirconia fixed dental prostheses (FPDs) that have two abutments and two pontics. 4-unit zirconia frameworks (Zirkonzahn ICE Translucent) (Z Group) and monolithic zirconia (Zirkonzahn Prettau) (M Group) FPDs were manufactured. Groups were divided into two groups (n = 10) control (ZC and MC) and soldering (ZS and MS). Samples of ZS and MS groups were cut into two pieces under cooling water and soldered with a bonding material (DCM Zircon HotBond). The marginal and internal fit of the restorations were measured from 36 points of each sample and cement space volume was calculated using reverse engineering software (Geomagic Design X). The mean and standard deviations were submitted to Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) analysis (α = 0.05). Statistical differences between groups before and after pre-ceramic soldering on point measurements were found. In total cement spacing measurements, a significant difference was found amongst all groups (P < 0.05). However, in premolars, a statistically significant difference was found between ZC and ZS groups and MC and MS groups (P < 0.05). All discrepancies after pre-ceramic soldering were found to be lower than before.

The investigation of the toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) by using in silico toxicity prediction platform ProTox- 3.0.

From the past to the present, many chemicals have been used for the purpose of flame retardant. Due to PBDEs' (Polybrominated diphenyl ether) lipophilic and accumulative properties, some of them are banned from the market. As an alternative to these chemicals, OPFRs (organophosphorus flame retardants) have started to be used as flame retardants. In this article, acute toxicity profiles, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, blood-brain barrier permeability, ecotoxicity and nutritional toxicity as also AHR, ER affinity and MMP, aromatase affinity, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 interaction of the of 16 different compounds of the OPFRs were investigated using a computational toxicology method; ProTox- 3.0. According to our results, eight compounds were found to be active in terms of carcinogenic effect, whereas two compounds were found to be active for mutagenicity. On the other hand, all compounds were found to be active in terms of blood-barrier permeability. Fourteen compounds and four compounds are found to have ecotoxic and nutritional toxic potency, respectively. Eight compounds were determined as active to AhR, and four chemicals were found to be active in Estrogen Receptor alpha. Eight chemicals were found to be active in terms of mitochondrial membrane potency. Lastly, three chemicals were found to be active in aromatase enzymes. In terms of CYP interaction potencies, eight compounds were found to be active in both CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. This research provided novel insights into the potential toxic effects of OPFRs. However, further studies are needed to evaluate their toxicity. Moreover, these findings lay the groundwork for in vitro and in vivo toxicity research.

Evaluation of the effects of different hemostatic agent applications on mental nerve.

PURPOSE: Evaluating the effect of ABS (Ankaferd Blood Stopper®), Tranexamic Acid (Transamin®) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (Floseal®) on the mental nerve of rats by using histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 Wistar Albino rats were used. Rats were randomly selected into 4 groups as Control (G1), ABS (G2), Tranexamic Acid (G3) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (G4). In the control group G1, the left mental nerve was exposed and 0.3 ml of sterile saline was applied for 5 min, then closed with suture. In the other three groups, the left mental nerve was exposed and 0.3 ml ABS, Tranexamic Acid and Floseal was applied to groups, respectively. After 5 min, wounds were closed with suture. Immunohistochemical and histopathologic examinations were performed on mental nerves after 28 days. RESULTS: The total histopathologic and immunohistochemical semiquantitative scores were significantly higher in ABS (G2) compared to Control (G1), Tranexamic Acid (G3) and Thrombin-Containing Hemostatic Matrix (G4) (P < 0.05). Myelin thickness were significantly lower in G2 compared to G1, G2 and G3 (P < 0.05). G3 has the most reliable results compared to G2 and G4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study results suggest that ABS has neurotoxic effects and should not be used close to the nerve, and thrombin-containing hemostatic matrix should be used carefully. Tranexamic acid, on the other hand, was found to be the most reliable hemostatic agent for use in close proximity to neural tissues. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of the hemostatic agents on peripheral nerve degeneration.

Garlic (Allium sativum)-derived SEVs inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce caspase mediated apoptosis.

As a key component of the cell-to-cell communication, small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) released from various sources are known to be affecting the physiological conditions of the target cells. Although it has been suggested that edible plant-derived nanoparticles contributes to the cross kingdom communication with the mammalian cells, the effect of these particles on cancer cell progression still needs a further exploration. Here, we isolated and then characterized garlic derived SEVs by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy and SEV surface antibodies. In order to investigate anti-cancer property of garlic SEVs A498 human kidney carcinoma, A549 human lung carcinoma were used as cell models along with the normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines. Annexin V/pI staining and analysis of apoptotic mRNA and protein expression levels suggested that garlic SEVs induced apoptosis through activation of intrinsic pathway. Furthermore, angiogenic VEGF protein expression levels significantly decreased in response to SEVs treatment in cancer cells. Our results support that garlic derived SEVs could cause apoptotic cell death among cancer cells while normal cells remain unaffected with the treatment. This study revealed for the first time that plant SEVs possess anti-cancer affects by inducing caspase mediated apoptosis and provided a new alternative for cancer treatment.

Effective Scarless Wound Healing Mediated by Erbium Borate Nanoparticles.

The developments of nanoparticle-based treatments that benefit from novel discoveries have an essential place in the regeneration of acute and chronic wounds. Furthermore, research about the treatment methods which attempt to swiftly and scarless wound recovery has increased over time. In recent years, it has been shown that metallic-based nanoparticles, especially silver and gold derived, have an accelerating effect on chronic and contaminated wound healing. The crucial factors of inducing and completion of regeneration of wound are enhanced epithelialization rate and neovascularization in the tissue. In our study, the main purpose is the investigation of the boosting effects of erbium borate nanoparticles on the wound healing process, especially scarless ones. Newly syntesized erbium borate nanoparticles (ErB-Nps) were characterized by their concentration and particle size using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). In order to examine the effect of ErB-Np on wound closure, scratch assay for dermal epithelial cells and tube formation assay for endothelial cells were performed. In addition, in order to examine the effect of the ErB-Np at a molecular level, the levels of genes related to both wound healing, inflammation, and scarless wound closure were determined with the RT-PCR experiment. Consequently, it has been shown that erbium borate nanoparticles have increased the melioration speed of scar tissue and have given clues about scarless healing potential. The investigation of the regeneration potential of erbium borate nanoparticles was done via MTS assay, quantitative PCR analysis, reactive oxygen species assay, and scratch assay. Our results show that ErB-Np is a proper agent that can be used for scarless wound healing.

In Vitro Wound Healing Activity of Wheat-Derived Nanovesicles.

Triticum aestivum plant extracts are often used as a natural healer in traditional medicine but which particles mainly have role in these processes are not scientifically proven. In other words, no attempts have been made to investigate the effects of wheat exosomes in regenerative medicine applications or drug development up to now. The current study was first time performed to demonstrate the activity of wheat exosomes in wound healing process using in vitro approaches. Although its fundamental wound healing process remains a mystery, in the current study, the efficiency of wheat grass juice-derived exosomes on cell viability and migration was examined. Increasing concentrations up to 200 µg/mL of the wheat exosome have yielded astonishing proliferative and migratory effects on endothelial, epithelial, and dermal fibroblast cells. RT-PCR analysis also showed collagen type I; mRNA levels were approximately twofold higher in expression after treating with 200 µg/mL wheat exosome. Additionally, Annexin V staining of apoptotic cells accompanied with the cell cycle analysis resulted with the reduction of the apoptotic cell number with no dispersion to the cell cycle analysis while plant exosomes have also increased tube-like structure formation of the endothelial cells. All in all, this research suggests a brand-new opening for skin wound healing therapy strategy by using wheat-derived exosomes due to its proliferative and migratory characteristics. Plant exosomes require a further research both clinically and in in vivo for wound healing drug development. Moreover, plant exosome therapy strategies would be safer and economical alternative for clinical wound healing.