[Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis: do they have an impact on prognosis?] / Endocarditis infecciosa: ¿Afectan su pronóstico las complicaciones neurológicas?

Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis have been observed in 20-40% of cases. Our aim was to determine the frequency of neurologic involvement, clinical manifestations, lesional patterns and evolution in patients with infective endocarditis. This was a prospective cohort study. We included 98 patients with left-sided infective endocarditis. Forty seven percent presented neurologic involvement at some time of the disease. The frequency of symptoms was: focal deficit 61%, sensory disturbance 17% and seizures 2%, while 20% remain asymptomatic. The most prevailing lesion was cerebral ischemia (76%). Vegetations larger than 1 cm were associated to neurologic involvement (57% vs. 31%, p = 0.01). Valvular replacement was more common among patients with neurologic involvement (70% vs. 44%, p = 0.01). Hospital mortality was 20% in patients with neurologic manifestation versus 15% of those without it (p = 0.5). The length of stay was significantly prolonged in patients with neurologic affection (32 ± 27 vs. 21 ± 15 days, p = 0.01) and a favorable Rankin assessment at the discharge was less likely in patients with neurologic involvement (36% vs. 74%, p = 0.0001). In this cohort, the most frequent clinical manifestation was focal deficit and the most prevalent pattern of lesion was cerebral ischemia. Those with neurologic involvement presented an increased length of stay and more disability at the discharge but not statistical significant difference in hospital mortality.

[Barlow syndrome: A rare etiology of sudden death]. / Síndrome de Barlow: causa olvidada de miocardiopatía dilatada y muerte súbita.

We present the case of a 60-year-old woman, with a history of mitral valve prolapse, who consulted for dyspnea and palpitations of 2 weeks of evolution up to functional class IV. The admission electrocardiogram showed a moderately responsive atrial fibrillation rhythm with frequent ventricular extra systoles. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed which showed mitral valve prolapse with severe impairment of ventricular function. Barlow syndrome was diagnosed. During hospitalization, the patient presented three episodes of cardiorespiratory arrest that were reversed with advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers. During admission, a negative balance was performed, sinus rhythm was reverted and an implantable automatic defibrillator was placed in secondary prevention. During follow-up, severe deterioration of ventricular function persisted. We highlight Barlow syndrome as a rare cause of sudden death and its association with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 60 años, con antecedente de prolapso de la válvula mitral, que consultó por disnea y palpitaciones de 2 semanas de evolución hasta clase funcional IV. En el electrocardiograma de ingreso se evidenció ritmo de fibrilación auricular de moderada respuesta con extrasístoles ventriculares frecuentes. Se realizó ecocardiograma transtorácico donde se observó prolapso de la válvula mitral con deterioro grave de la función ventricular. Se diagnosticó síndrome de Barlow. La paciente intercurrió durante la internación con tres episodios de paro cardiorrespiratorio que revirtieron con maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada. Durante la internación se realizó balance negativo, se revirtió a ritmo sinusal y se colocó cardiodesfibrilador implantable en prevención secundaria. En el seguimiento persiste con deterioro grave de la función ventricular. Destacamos el síndrome de Barlow como una causa poco frecuente de muerte súbita y su asociación con miocardiopatía dilatada.

Prognostic value of NT-proBNP, and echocardiographic indices of diastolic function, in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Several parameters have proven useful in assessing prognosis in outpatients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In contrast, prognostic determinants in HFpEF hospitalized for an acute event are poorly investìgated. AIM: To determine the predictive value of NT-proBNP, and diastolic function (assessed by E/e'), in patients with HFpEF hospitalized for acute heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 205 consecutive HFpEF patients admitted for acute heart failure (median age: 76[53,81], 36% male, median EF: 61 [54,77]). We assessed clinical, echocardiographic, and NT-proBNP values, on admission and at discharge. Primary end-point was the composite of all-cause death and/or HF rehospitalization. After a mean follow up of 28±10 months, 82 patients met the primary end-point; there were 30 deaths (14.6%), and 72 patients (35%) were rehospitalized for HF. By multivariable analysis, predictors of the composite end-point were: discharge E/e´ ≥14 (HR: 4.63 CI 95%: 2.71-18.2, p<0.0001), discharge NT-proBNP ≥1500 pg/ml (HR: 5.23, CI 95%: 2.87-17.8, p < 0.0001), ≥50% NT-proBNP decrease between admission and discharge (HR: 0.62, CI 95%: 0.25-0.79, p = 0.019). Combining E/e´ and NT-proBNP values at discharge further and significantly improved discrimination power compared to each variable analyzed separately (AUC, NT-proBNP at discharge: 0.80; E/e´ at discharge: 0.77; E/e´ + NT-proBNP: 0.88; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In HFpEF patients hospitalized with acute heart failure, assessment of E/e´ ratio and NT-proBNP at discharge provides prognostic information on top of other variables, and allows to easily identify a population at higher risk of subsequent death or rehospitalization for heart failure, during a medium-term follow up.

Síndrome de barlow: causa olvidada de miocardiopatía dilatada y muerte súbita / Barlow syndrome: A rare etiology of sudden death

Resumen Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 60 años, con an tecedente de prolapso de la válvula mitral, que consultó por disnea y palpitaciones de 2 semanas de evolución hasta clase funcional IV. En el electrocardiograma de ingreso se evidenció ritmo de fibrilación auricular de moderada respuesta con extrasístoles ventriculares fre cuentes. Se realizó ecocardiograma transtorácico donde se observó prolapso de la válvula mitral con deterioro grave de la función ventricular. Se diagnosticó síndrome de Barlow. La paciente intercurrió durante la internación con tres episodios de paro cardiorrespiratorio que revir tieron con maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar avanzada. Durante la internación se realizó balance negativo, se revirtió a ritmo sinusal y se colocó cardio desfibrilador implantable en prevención secundaria. En el seguimiento persiste con deterioro grave de la función ventricular. Destacamos el síndrome de Barlow como una causa poco frecuente de muerte súbita y su asociación con miocardiopatía dilatada.

Abstract We present the case of a 60-year-old woman, with a history of mitral valve prolapse, who consulted for dyspnea and palpitations of 2 weeks of evolution up to functional class IV. The admission electrocardio gram showed a moderately responsive atrial fibrilla tion rhythm with frequent ventricular extra systoles. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed which showed mitral valve prolapse with severe impairment of ventricular function. Barlow syndrome was diagnosed. During hospitalization, the patient presented three epi sodes of cardiorespiratory arrest that were reversed with advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers. During admission, a negative balance was performed, sinus rhythm was reverted and an implantable auto matic defibrillator was placed in secondary prevention. During follow-up, severe deterioration of ventricular function persisted. We highlight Barlow syndrome as a rare cause of sudden death and its association with dilated cardiomyopathy.

[Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and predictors of its occurrence in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers]. / Prevalencia de fibrilación auricular y factores predictores de su aparición en pacientes portadores de marcapasos bicamerales.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers (DP), determine the variables associated with development of AF and evaluate the changes in AF's management by physicians. METHODS: Five hundred patients with DP were prospectively included and interrogated. When AF was detected physicians in charge of the patient were warned. Changes in AF's management were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 77 years, with 51% of men. AF was detected in 13.2% of patients. These findings led treatment changes in 64.7%. The variables analyzed by logistic regression model which were associated with the occurrence of AF were: arterial hypertension (OR=2.62; CI 95% 1.01-6.8; P<.048), history of AF (OR=4.30; CI 95% 2.26-8.32; P<.001), sick sinus syndrome as cause of device implantation (OR=2.09; CI 95% 1.09-3.97; P<.025) and burden of supraventricular extrasystoles series(OR= 1.000033 per serie; CI 95% 0.000011-0.000055; P<.003.). CONCLUSION: We have detected a high prevalence of AF in patients with DP. The diagnose of AF led to change in treatment. Four clinical variables increase the likelihood of developing this arrhythmia.

[Plasmatic pattern and clinical outcomes of lactic acid in heart transplantation]. / Comportamiento plasmático y clínico del ácido láctico en el trasplante cardíaco.

INTRODUCTION: It is not well established the prognostic value of elevated lactic acid after heart transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the plasmatic pattern and the prognostic value of elevated lactate after heart transplantation. METHODS: One-hundred and twenty seven patients were included between 2011 and 2014, 71 comprising the transplantation group and 56 the control group, represented by on pump coronary artery by-pass surgery patients. Lactic acid levels were compared between groups before, within and after surgery upon Coronary Care Unit admission, at 6, 12 and 24h. In addition, in the transplantation group univariate and bivariate analysis were performed between lactic acid levels and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The mean age of the entire cohort was 57 years. Among transplanted patients, lactic acid levels were significantly higher over control group: within the surgery; and after surgery (P<.001), but not before surgery (P=.143; unadjusted comparisons). In transplanted patients, lactic acid levels were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality during surgery, at admission, and thereafter but not before surgery. Lactic acid at admission was associated with in-hospital mortality after adjustment of postoperative cardiac output (P=.011),≥2 inotropic drug support within 24h (P=.033), glycemic level at admission (P=.004), age≥60 years (P=.015), on pump time (P=.027), and pH (P=.017). CONCLUSIONS: Acid lactic levels were higher in transplanted patients than in the control group and was associated to higher in-hospital mortality.

Aplicación sistemática de un algoritmo para el manejo lipídico en pacientes de muy alto riesgo cardiovascular. Impacto en los objetivos lipídicos / Systematic Application of an Algorithm for Lipid Management in Cardiovascular High-Risk Patients. Impact on Lipid Goals

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el tratamiento hipolipemiante indicado y verificar el cumplimiento de las metas lipídicas recomendadas durante la internación y en el seguimiento precoz, luego de aplicar sistemáticamente un algoritmo para el manejo lipídico basado en las recomendaciones actuales. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron en forma consecutiva pacientes internados con síndrome coronario agudo o revascularización programada. Se aplicó sistemáticamente un algoritmo para el manejo lipídico, que incluyó: 1) indicación precoz de estatinas de alta intensidad en la internación; 2) seguimiento precoz (controles a las 6 y 12 semanas). La terapia indicada se basó en los documentos de posición de la Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología. Se analizó el cumplimiento de las metas de C-LDL (<70 mg/dl) a las 6 y 12 semanas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 292 pacientes. Se indicó estatinas (95,9% de alta intensidad) a todos los pacientes al alta hospitalaria. A las 6 semanas, el 62,5% alcanzó la meta de C-LDL. Se modificó el esquema terapéutico en el 36,3% de los sujetos (aumento de la dosis de estatinas: 19,7%; agregado de ezetimibe: 67,7%). A las 12 semanas, el 69,1% del subgrupo que no había alcanzado la meta a las 6 semanas logró el objetivo lipídico. Se indicó un inhibidor de la PCSK9 (iPCSK9) a 7 pacientes. Globalmente, el 88,4% alcanzó la meta de C-LDL a las 12 semanas. Conclusión: La aplicación sistemática de un algoritmo basado en las guías determinó que muchos sujetos de alto riesgo cardiovascular alcanzaran las metas de C-LDL a las 12 semanas. La indicación de un iPCSK9 quedó reservada para un grupo reducido de pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the indicated lipid-lowering therapy and verify the achievement of the recommended lipid goals during hospitalization and early follow-up, after the systematic application of a lipid management algorithm based on current recommendations. Methods: Patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome or programmed revascularization surgery were prospectively included in the study. A lipid management algorithm, including; 1) early indication of high-intensity statins during hospitalization and 2) early follow-up (6 and 12-week controls), was systematically applied. The therapy indicated was based on position documents of the Argentine Society of Cardiology. Achievement of LDL-C goals (<70 mg/dl) at 6 and 12 weeks was analyzed. Results: A total of 292 patients were prescribed statins (high-intensity in 95.9% of cases) at hospital discharge. AT 6 weeks, 62.5% reached the LDL-C goal. The therapeutic plan was modified in 36.3% of patients (increased dose of statins in 19.7% and addition of ezetimibe in 67.7%). At 12 weeks, 69.1% of the subgroup which has not fulfilled the goal at 6 weeks, attained the lipid target. A PCSK9 inhibitor (PCSK9i) was indicated in 7 patients. Overall, 88.4% of patients achieved the LDL-C goal at 12 weeks. Conclusion: Many cardiovascular high-risk patients reached LDL-C goals at 12 weeks with the systematic application of a guideline-based algorithm. The indication of a PCSK9i was reserved for a reduced group of patients.

Prognostic value of left atrial volume in asymptomatic organic mitral regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Basal left atrial volume (LAV) indexed to body surface area (LAVI) predicts adverse events in patients with organic mitral regurgitation, but information is lacking regarding change in left atrial volume during follow-up. METHODS: One hundred forty-four asymptomatic patients (mean age, 71 ± 12 years; 66% women; mean ejection fraction, 66 ± 4.8%) with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation were prospectively included, with a median follow-up period of 2.76 years (interquartile range, 1.86-3.48 years). RESULTS: Fifty-four patients (37.50%) reached the combined end point of dyspnea and/or systolic dysfunction. Both basal and change in LAV were independently associated with the combined end point on multivariate analysis: for basal LAVI ≥ 55 mL/m(2), odds ratio, 2.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-4.88; P = .038), and for change in LAV ≥ 14 mL, odds ratio, 7.32 (95% confidence interval, 3.25-16.48; P < .001), adjusted for effective regurgitant orifice area and deceleration time. Combined event-free survival at 1, 2, and 3 years was significantly less in patients with basal LAVI ≥ 55 mL/m(2) (75%, 58%, and 43%) than in those with basal LAVI < 55 mL/m(2) (95%, 89%, and 77%) (log-rank test = 15.38, P = .0001). The incidence of the combined end point was highest (88%) in patients with basal LAVI ≥ 55 mL/m(2) and change in LAV ≥ 14 mL. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of basal LAV and its increase during follow-up predict an adverse course in patients with moderate and severe asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. Hence, its assessment could be incorporated into the currently used algorithm for risk stratification and decision making in this group of patients.

Características clínicas y evolutivas del síndrome de Takotsubo en un hospital universitario / Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo Syndrome at a University Hospital

RESUMEN: Introducción: El síndrome de Takotsubo (ST) es una miocardiopatía reversible que tiene diversas formas de presentación. Hasta el momento no se han publicado datos de ST en nuestro medio. Material y Métodos: Desde el 2005 al 2017 se incluyeron a 115 pacientes con diagnóstico de ST primario o secundario en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. El objetivo fue evaluar las características clínicas del ST durante la internación. Resultados: La mediana de edad de la población fue de 78 años (64-84), el 90% eran mujeres, y el 22% presentó enfermedad coronaria asociada. El 57% eran ST primarios, 31% tuvieron un gatillo emocional y 44%, físico. El síndrome de presentación fue como shock: 9%, insuficiencia cardiaca 12%, "tipo SCA" 70%, ACV/embolia 5% y, arritmias, 4%. La mediana de Fey al ingreso fue del 40% (36-50) y su recuperación, desde el ingreso al alta (mediana de internación de 4 días, 3-8), fue del 20%, p < 0.001. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue de 4/115 (3,48%). En el análisis univariado, las variables asociadas a mayor mortalidad fueron: shock respecto a otras formas de presentación (p = 0.0035) y ST secundario respecto al primario, p = 0.020. Además, existió una relación directa entre la mortalidad y los niveles de NT-pro-BNP máximo (p = 0.0082) y glóbulos blancos (p = 0.0101). Asimismo, la mortalidad hospitalaria mostró una relación inversa con el hematocrito (p = 0.0084) y con las alteraciones en el ECG de ingreso; es decir, que los pacientes que fallecieron durante la internación tuvieron ECG normal al ingreso con mayor frecuencia (p < 0.001). Conclusión: En este registro unicéntrico se observó que los pacientes tuvieron más comorbilidades y similar mortalidad respecto a registros internacionales.

ABSTRACT: Background: Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is a reversible cardiomyopathy with many different forms of presentations. There is no local data of TS published so far. Methods: One hundred and fifteen patients with either primary or secondary TS were retrospectively studied at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires from 2005 to 2017. The purpose of the study was to assess the clinical features of this population during hospitalization. Results: Median of age was 78 years (64-84); 90% of patients were female, and 22% had associated coronary artery disease. Fifty-seven percent of cases were primary TS, 31% experienced an emotional trigger and 44% had a physical origin. The presentation syndrome was as follows: 9% shock, 12% heart failure, 70 % mimicking acute coronary syndrome, 5% stroke/peripheral embolism and 4% arrhythmias. Median ejection fraction at admission was 40% (36-50) and recovery from admission to discharge [median hospital stay: 4 days (3-8)] was 20%, p <0.001. In-hospital mortality was 4/115 cases (3.48%). In univariate analysis, shock compared with other forms of presentation (p=0.0035) and secondary TS (p=0.020) were associated with higher in-hospital mortality. There was a direct relationship between in-hospital mortality and maximum NT-pro-BNP levels (p= 0.0082) and white cell count (p=0.0101). In addition, in-hospital mortality was inversely associated with hematocrit (p=0.0084) and with ECG abnormalities at admission; i.e. patients who died during hospitalization had more frequently normal ECG at admission, (p<0.001). Conclusion: Compared with international registries, this single center population had more comorbidities, but similar in-hospital mortality rates.

Endocarditis infecciosa: ¿afectan su pronóstico las complicaciones neurológicas? / Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis: do they have an impact on prognosis?

De acuerdo a la literatura, en un 20 a 40% de las endocarditis infecciosas se producen complicaciones neurológicas. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia de compromiso neurológico en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa de válvulas izquierdas, considerando la presentación clínica, tipo de lesión en las imágenes y su influencia en la evolución. Se incluyeron en forma prospectiva 98 pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa de válvulas izquierdas. El 47% (46 casos) presentó compromiso neurológico. En 28 casos (61%) el síntoma fue el déficit focal, en 9 (20%) la alteración de estado de conciencia; el 17% (8) fue asintomático y 2% (1 caso) presentó convulsiones. En las imágenes, la isquemia cerebral (76%) fue la lesión más frecuente. El tamaño de la vegetación mayor a 1 cm se asoció a compromiso neurológico (57% vs. 31%, p = 0.01). Aquellos pacientes con compromiso neurológico tuvieron mayor frecuencia de reemplazo valvular (70% vs. 44%, p = 0.01) y la mortalidad hospitalaria también fue mayor (20% vs. 15%, p = 0.5). El tiempo total de internación fue significativamente más prolongado en sujetos con compromiso neurológico (32 ± 27 vs. 21 ± 15 días, p = 0.01) y la discapacidad fue mayor en los que tenían manifestaciones neurológicas (74% vs. 36% p = 0.0001). En nuestra serie, el síntoma más frecuente fue el déficit focal, y en las imágenes la isquemia cerebral fue el patrón más común. Los casos con lesión neurológica presentaron mayor tiempo de internación y grado de discapacidad al alta, pero no mayor mortalidad hospitalaria.

Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis have been observed in 20-40% of cases. Our aim was to determine the frequency of neurologic involvement, clinical manifestations, lesional patterns and evolution in patients with infective endocarditis. This was a prospective cohort study. We included 98 patients with left-sided infective endocarditis. Forty seven percent presented neurologic involvement at some time of the disease. The frequency of symptoms was: focal deficit 61%, sensory disturbance 17% and seizures 2%, while 20% remain asymptomatic. The most prevailing lesion was cerebral ischemia (76%). Vegetations larger than 1 cm were associated to neurologic involvement (57% vs. 31%, p = 0.01). Valvular replacement was more common among patients with neurologic involvement (70% vs. 44%, p = 0.01). Hospital mortality was 20% in patients with neurologic manifestation versus 15% of those without it (p = 0.5). The length of stay was significantly prolonged in patients with neurologic affection (32 ± 27 vs. 21 ± 15 days, p = 0.01) and a favorable Rankin assessment at the discharge was less likely in patients with neurologic involvement (36% vs. 74%, p = 0.0001). In this cohort, the most frequent clinical manifestation was focal deficit and the most prevalent pattern of lesion was cerebral ischemia. Those with neurologic involvement presented an increased length of stay and more disability at the discharge but not statistical significant difference in hospital mortality.

Prospective validation of the prognostic usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the independent and additive prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with severe asymptomatic aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. BACKGROUND: Early surgery could be advisable in selected patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation, but there are no uniform criteria to identify candidates who could benefit from this strategy. Assessment of BNP has not been studied for this purpose. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 294 consecutive patients with severe asymptomatic organic aortic regurgitation and left ventricular ejection fraction above 55%. The first 160 consecutive patients served as the derivation cohort and the next 134 patients served as a validation cohort. The combined endpoint was the occurrence of symptoms of congestive heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or death at follow-up. RESULTS: The endpoint was reached in 45 patients (28%) of the derivation set and in 35 patients (26%) of the validation cohort. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis yielded an optimal cutoff point of 130 pg/ml for BNP that was able to discriminate between patients at higher risk in both cohorts. BNP was the strongest independent predictor by multivariate analysis in the derivation set (odds ratio: 6.9 [95% confidence interval: 2.52 to 17.57], p < 0.0001) and the validation set (odds ratio: 6.7 [95% confidence interval: 2.9 to 16.9], p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with severe asymptomatic aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function, BNP ≥130 pg/ml categorizes a subgroup of patients at higher risk. Because of its incremental prognostic value, we believe BNP assessment should be used in the routine clinical evaluation of these patients.

Prevalencia de fibrilación auricular y factores predictores de su aparición en pacientes portadores de marcapasos bicamerales / Prevalence of atrial fibrillation and predictors of its occurrence in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers

Resumen Objetivos Evaluar la prevalencia de fibrilación auricular (FA) en pacientes portadores de marcapasos bicamerales (MB), las variables asociadas a su aparición y los cambios de conducta clínica que este hallazgo ha generado. Métodos Se incluyó prospectivamente a 500 pacientes ambulatorios portadores de MB. Se realizó interrogatorio sobre el MB. Se contactó a los médicos de cabecera ante la aparición de FA y luego se determinó si esta información resultaba en cambios de conducta terapéutica. Resultados La media de edad de la población fue de 77 años, con un 51% de hombres. Se detectó FA en un 13.2% de los pacientes. Esto generó modificaciones en el tratamiento en un 64.7% de ellos. En el modelo de regresión logística, a través de un análisis multivariado, se asociaron a la aparición de FA las siguientes variables: hipertensión arterial (OR = 2.62; IC 95% 1.01-6.8; p < 0.048), antecedente de FA (OR = 4.30; IC 95% 2.26-8.32; p < 0.001), enfermedad del nodo sinusal como causa de implante (OR = 2.09; IC 95% 1.09-3.97; p < 0.025) y la cantidad de series de extrasístoles supraventriculares detectadas (OR = 1.000033 por cada serie; IC 95% 0.000011-0.000055; p < 0.003). Una cantidad de series de extrasístoles supraventriculares igual o mayor de 77 en un control de marcapasos presenta un área bajo la curva de 0.81 para la detección de FA. Conclusión Se ha detectado una alta prevalencia de FA en pacientes portadores de MB. Este hallazgo condujo a importantes cambios en el tratamiento. Se han detectado 4 variables asociadas independientemente a la detección de FA.

Abstract Objectives To assess the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with dual-chamber pacemakers (DP), determine the variables associated with development of AF and evaluate the changes in AF's management by physicians. Methods Five hundred patients with DP were prospectively included and interrogated. When AF was detected physicians in charge of the patient were warned. Changes in AF's management were evaluated. Results Mean age of the study population was 77 years, with 51% of men. AF was detected in 13.2% of patients. These findings led treatment changes in 64.7%. The variables analyzed by logistic regression model which were associated with the occurrence of AF were: arterial hypertension (OR = 2.62; CI 95% 1.01-6.8; P < .048), history of AF (OR = 4.30; CI 95% 2.26-8.32; P < .001), sick sinus syndrome as cause of device implantation (OR = 2.09; CI 95% 1.09-3.97; P < .025) and burden of supraventricular extrasystoles series(OR = 1.000033 per serie; CI 95% 0.000011-0.000055; P < .003.). Conclusion We have detected a high prevalence of AF in patients with DP. The diagnose of AF led to change in treatment. Four clinical variables increase the likelihood of developing this arrhythmia.

Comportamiento plasmático y clínico del ácido láctico en el trasplante cardíaco / Plasmatic pattern and clinical outcomes of lactic acid in heart transplantation

Resumen Introducción Hay controversia en relación con el ácido láctico luego del trasplante cardíaco. Objetivo Evaluar el patrón plasmático del ácido láctico y su valor pronóstico luego del trasplante cardíaco. Métodos Entre el 2011 y el 2014 se incluyeron 127 pacientes luego de cirugía cardíaca, 71 pertenecieron al grupo trasplante y 56 al grupo "control", conformado por pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. Se compararon los niveles de ácido láctico antes de la cirugía, al ingreso en la Unidad Coronaria, y a las 6, 12 y 24 h en los 2 grupos. Dentro del grupo trasplante se realizó un análisis uni y bivariado entre niveles de ácido láctico y mortalidad hospitalaria. Resultados La media de edad fue de 57 años. Los niveles de ácido láctico fueron significativamente mayores durante y luego de la cirugía cardíaca en los pacientes del grupo trasplante respecto a los pacientes del grupo control (p<0.001), pero no existieron diferencias significativas en los valores antes de la cirugía (p=0.143; comparaciones no ajustadas). En los trasplantados, los niveles de ácido láctico se asociaron de forma significativa a una mayor mortalidad durante la cirugía, al ingreso, y a las 6, 12 y 24 h. El ácido láctico al ingreso fue un predictor de muerte ajustado por volumen minuto postoperatorio (p=0.011), uso de ≥ 2 inotrópicos (p=0.033), glucemia al ingreso (p=0.004), edad ≥ 60 años (p=0.015), tiempo de bomba (p=0.027) y pH (p=0.017). Conclusiones Los niveles de ácido láctico fueron mayores en los trasplantados y se asociaron a una mayor mortalidad hospitalaria.

Abstract Introduction It is not well established the prognostic value of elevated lactic acid after heart transplantation. Objective To evaluate the plasmatic pattern and the prognostic value of elevated lactate after heart transplantation. Methods One-hundred and twenty seven patients were included between 2011 and 2014, 71 comprising the transplantation group and 56 the control group, represented by on pump coronary artery by-pass surgery patients. Lactic acid levels were compared between groups before, within and after surgery upon Coronary Care Unit admission, at 6, 12 and 24 h. In addition, in the transplantation group univariate and bivariate analysis were performed between lactic acid levels and in-hospital mortality. Results The mean age of the entire cohort was 57 years. Among transplanted patients, lactic acid levels were significantly higher over control group: within the surgery; and after surgery (P<.001), but not before surgery (P=.143; unadjusted comparisons). In transplanted patients, lactic acid levels were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality during surgery, at admission, and thereafter but not before surgery. Lactic acid at admission was associated with in-hospital mortality after adjustment of postoperative cardiac output (P=.011), ≥ 2 inotropic drug support within 24 h (P=.033), glycemic level at admission (P=.004), age ≥ 60 years (P=.015), on pump time (P=.027), and pH (P=.017). Conclusions Acid lactic levels were higher in transplanted patients than in the control group and was associated to higher in-hospital mortality.

Prospective validation of the prognostic usefulness of brain natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to determine the independent and additive prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with severe asymptomatic mitral regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. BACKGROUND: Early surgery could be advisable in selected patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation, but there are no criteria to identify candidates who could benefit from this strategy. Assessment of BNP has not been studied in asymptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation; hence, its prognostic value remains unclear. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 269 consecutive patients with severe asymptomatic organic mitral regurgitation and left ventricular ejection fraction above 60%. The first 167 consecutive patients served as the derivation cohort, and the following 102 patients served as a validation cohort. The combined end point was the occurrence of either symptoms of congestive heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or death at follow-up. RESULTS: The end point was reached in 35 (21%) patients of the derivation set and in 21 (20.6%) patients of the validation cohort. The receiver-operating characteristics curve yielded an optimal cutoff point of 105 pg/ml of BNP that was able to discriminate patients at higher risk in both cohorts (76% vs. 5.4% and 66% vs. 4.0%, respectively). In both sets, BNP was the strongest independent predictor by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with severe asymptomatic organic mitral regurgitation, BNP > or =105 pg/ml discriminates a subgroup of patients at higher risk. Because of its incremental prognostic value, BNP assessment should be considered in clinical routine workup for risk stratification.