Global gene expression profiling of progesterone receptor modulators in T47D cells provides a new classification system.

Progesterone receptor modulators (PRMs) play an important role in women's health. They are widely used in oral contraception or hormone therapy, and provide an attractive treatment approach for gynecological disorders such as uterine leiomyomas, endometriosis or breast cancer. Due to the broad range of activities, various studies were conducted to assess progesterone receptor antagonists (PAs) and selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) with respect to progesterone receptor (PR) agonistic and antagonistic activities in vivo. These properties are not always adequately reflected in classical in vitro models, especially differences in the agonistic potential of SPRMs, such as asoprisnil, J1042, and J912, and mixed antagonists, such as mifepristone, are not sufficiently substantiated. The effects of PRMs upon gene expression in progesterone target tissues such as breast epithelium and uterus are poorly understood. This study compares the properties of PR ligands using mammalian two-hybrid assays and gene expression profiling. The protein-protein interaction analyses in HeLa cells provide for specific ligand-induced PR conformations, whereas Affymetrix GeneChip HG-U133Plus2.0 analyses in T47D breast cancer cells indicate the transcriptional activity on the level of target genes. The analyses comprise the pure agonist R5020, the non-steroidal PR modulator PRA-910, SPRMs (J1042, asoprisnil, J912), the mixed antagonist mifepristone, classical antagonists (onapristone, ZK 137316) and the pure antagonist lonaprisan to consider all types of ligands described before. Marginal differences were identified in coactivator interaction profiles at all, but significant differences between SPRMs and PR antagonists (PAs) were observed in recruiting the LXXLL-motif containing peptide (LX-H10), very similar to in vivo activities in endometrial transformation in the rabbit (McPhail test). Global gene expression profiles demonstrated progesterone-independent effects for all PR modulators examined and emphasised similarities of asoprisnil and J1042 compared to J912 and all types of PR antagonists. In summary, the data support the popular concept of PR modulator classification in agonists, selective progesterone receptor modulators, mixed and pure antagonists. It further refines previous classification models and accentuates unique effects for each PR modulator.

In vitro characterization of ZK 230211--A type III progesterone receptor antagonist with enhanced antiproliferative properties.

The progesterone receptor (PR) is a key regulator of female reproductive functions. Compounds with progesterone inhibiting effects (PR antagonists) have found numerous utilities in female reproductive health, ranging from contraception to potential treatment of progesterone-dependent diseases like uterine leiomyomas. Based on in vitro characteristics such as DNA binding activity and partial agonistic transcriptional behavior in the presence of protein kinase A activators (cyclic-AMP), three types of PR modulators with antagonistic properties have been defined. In this study, we analyzed the in vitro characteristics of the PR antagonist ZK 230211 in comparison to the classical antagonists onapristone and mifepristone. We focused on PR actions in genomic signaling pathways, including DNA binding activity, nuclear localization and association with the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) as well as actions in non-genomic signaling, such as the activation of c-Src kinase signaling and cyclin D1 gene promoter activity. ZK 230211 represents a type of PR antagonist with increased inhibitory properties in comparison to mifepristone and onapristone. When liganded to the progesterone receptor, ZK 230211 induces a strong and persistent binding to its target response element (PRE) and increases NCoR recruitment in CV-1 cells. Furthermore, ZK 230211 displays less agonistic properties with regard to the association of PR isoform B and the cytoplasmic c-Src kinase in HeLa cells. It represses T47D cell cycle progression, in particular estradiol-induced S phase entry. In summary, our studies demonstrate ZK 230211 to be a type III progesterone receptor antagonist which is characterized by very strong DNA binding activity and strong antiproliferative effects in the cancer cell lines HeLa and T47D.