The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa.

Although fossil remains show that anatomically modern humans dispersed out of Africa into the Near East ∼100 to 130 ka, genetic evidence from extant populations has suggested that non-Africans descend primarily from a single successful later migration. Within the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tree, haplogroup L3 encompasses not only many sub-Saharan Africans but also all ancient non-African lineages, and its age therefore provides an upper bound for the dispersal out of Africa. An analysis of 369 complete African L3 sequences places this maximum at ∼70 ka, virtually ruling out a successful exit before 74 ka, the date of the Toba volcanic supereruption in Sumatra. The similarity of the age of L3 to its two non-African daughter haplogroups, M and N, suggests that the same process was likely responsible for both the L3 expansion in Eastern Africa and the dispersal of a small group of modern humans out of Africa to settle the rest of the world. The timing of the expansion of L3 suggests a link to improved climatic conditions after ∼70 ka in Eastern and Central Africa rather than to symbolically mediated behavior, which evidently arose considerably earlier. The L3 mtDNA pool within Africa suggests a migration from Eastern Africa to Central Africa ∼60 to 35 ka and major migrations in the immediate postglacial again linked to climate. The largest population size increase seen in the L3 data is 3-4 ka in Central Africa, corresponding to Bantu expansions, leading diverse L3 lineages to spread into Eastern and Southern Africa in the last 3-2 ka.

Estimated BVDV-prevalence, -contact and -vaccine use in dairy herds in Northern Portugal.

A study to evaluate BVDV-prevalence, recent -contact and -vaccine use in dairy herds in the "Entre Douro e Minho" (EDM) region in North Portugal was carried out in 124 dairy herds in 2003. Herds were visited to ascertain BVDV-vaccine use and to collect a bulk tank milk (BTM) sample and serum from 1268 cattle to analyse BVDV-antibodies using an NS2-3 ELISA. Fifty-three percent of farmers used inactivated BVDV-vaccines whilst the remaining farmers were not presently using BVDV-vaccines. BMT-antibody results included 35% positives, 25% negative and 39% inconclusive, and were similar in vaccinated and non-vaccinated herds (p>0.05) and allowed estimating a 10% BVDV herd-prevalence from prior knowledge of the relationship between BMT-antibody results and probability of PI cattle in the herd. Overall individual seroprevalence was 27% and was 23% in non-vaccinated and 36% in vaccinated cattle (p<0.05). Contact of the herd with BVDV was assessed according to seroprevalence in young and adult cattle in the herd and it was estimated that 35% of herds were infected or had recent contact with BVDV, 40% were not infected and did not have recent contact with BVDV and the BVDV-infection and -contact status of remaining herds was undetermined. The results from this study indicate BVDV is endemic and BVDV-vaccines are widespread in the dairy-cattle population in EDM region in Portugal.

Armed Conflict, Psychosocial Impact and Reparation in Colombia: Women's Voice / Conflicto armado, impacto psicosocial y reparación en Colombia: la voz de las mujeres

Abstract The armed conflict in Colombia has gone on for fifty years and produced numerous victims. Women make up a collective that has been especially affected and made invisible by the violence. Based on 935 interviews of Colombian women (17-83 years) belonging to different ethnic communities (who had identified themselves as mixed-race, Afro-Americans, indigenous, or white), the present study explores the Human Rights violations they experienced, the psychosocial impact of these violations, the strategies these women used to cope with the violence, and the measures they consider valuable to redress the damage inflicted. Using a feminist methodological perspective (Harding, 1987), data collection was carried out by women interviewing other women who wanted to bring back often invisibilized experiences of violence and thus contribute to their collective learning and empowerment process. They were to do this based on a shared redefinition of the facts. The instrument used included study methods used in other contexts of human rights violations (Arnoso, Beristain & González Hidalgo, 2014; Beristain, 2009) and the answers were coded for further quantitative and qualitative treatment. A relationship was found between the different types of violence and the regions the sample came from, with indigenous and Afro-American women affected more negatively by the conflict. The results indicate that the paramilitary groups were the agents identified most often as the perpetrators of the violence.

Resumen El conflicto armado en Colombia ha durado cincuenta años y ha producido numerosas víctimas. Las mujeres constituyen un colectivo que ha sido especialmente afectado e invisibilizado por la violencia. A partir de 935 entrevistas a mujeres colombianas (17-83 años) pertenecientes a diferentes comunidades étnicas (que se identificaron como mestizas, afroamericanas, indígenas o blancas), el presente estudio explora las violaciones a los derechos humanos que sufrieron, el impacto psicosocial de las mismas, las estrategias utilizadas por las mujeres para hacer frente a la violencia y las medidas que consideran relevantes para reparar los daños que les fueron ocasionados. Utilizando una perspectiva metodológica feminista (Harding, 1987), la recolección de datos fue realizada por mujeres entrevistando a otras mujeres que querían compartir experiencias de violencia a menudo invisibilizadas y, a través de ellas, poder generar un aprendizaje colectivo y proceso de empoderamiento mutuo a partir de una resignificación colectiva de los hechos acontecidos. El instrumento utilizado incluyó una metodología ya contrastada en otros contextos donde se han producidoe violaciones a los derechos humanos (Arnoso et al., 2014; Beristain, 2009). Las respuestas fueron codificadas para un tratamiento adicional cuantitativo y cualitativo. Se encontró una relación entre los diferentes tipos de violencia y las regiones de origen de las participantes, siendo las mujeres indígenas y afroamericanas quienes más negativamente afectadas se mostraron por el conflicto. Los resultados indican que los grupos paramilitares fueron los agentes con mayor frecuencia identificados como autores de la violencia.

Risk of the use of electrocautery in patient with metallic ornaments / Risco do uso do eletrocautério em pacientes portadores de adornos metálicos

INTRODUÇÃO: A eletrocirurgia é tecnologia conhecida há longo tempo que, atualmente, tem adquirido cada vez mais destaque. Apesar disso, ainda apresenta vários riscos quanto à sua utilização. Várias lesões podem ser causadas por eletrocautérios, sendo as queimaduras a complicação mais frequente. Nem sempre existe a cooperção do paciente frente a medidas preventivas. MÉTODO: Revisão da literatura pertinente em função de questionamento jurídico de paciente que se negou a retirar seus ornamentos no início de procedimento cirúrgico, já estando ela na sala de operações. CONCLUSÃO: É essencial o conhecimento dos fundamentos da eletrocirurgia, seu uso correto, equipamento seguro, monitoramento constante e investigação imediata diante de quaisquer suspeitas, para minimizar o risco de acidentes em paciente com adornos metálicos, e a cooperação do paciente na obediência das medidas preventivas de acidentes deve ser obrigatória.

INTRODUCTION: Electrosurgery technology is known in a long time ago, and has gained increasing prominence. Nevertheless, it still presents many risks as to its use. Several lesions can be caused by electrocautery, and burns are the most frequent complications. There is not always patient's cooperation regarding preventive measures. METHOD: Review of relevant literature on the basis of legal questioning of a patient who refused to remove their ornaments at the beginning of surgery, being already in the operating room. CONCLUSION: It is essential to have the knowledge of the fundamentals of electrosurgery, its correct use, safety equipment, constant monitoring and immediate investigation to minimize the risk of accidents in patients with metal ornaments, and patient cooperation in obeying the preventive measures of accidents should be mandatory.

Tratamento da obesidade na infância e adolescência: uma revisão da literatura / Treatment of adolescence and childhood obesity: a literature revision

É consenso que a obesidade na infância e adolescência vem aumentando de forma significativa, nas últimas décadas, já sendo reconhecida como uma verdadeira epidemia mundial. A obesidade é um problema com grande prevalência e complexidade, levando à frustração profissionais de saúde e pacientes, representando um desafio terapêutico. Este estudo discute as inúmeras abordagens terapêuticas para o problema da obesidade nesta faixa etária, como o atendimento ambulatorial individualizado, programas de educação em grupo, medicamentos e abordagens cirúrgicas. A importância do atendimento multidisciplinar no tratamento da obesidade é ressaltada. Os agentes farmacológicos atuais não estão aprovados para tratamento da obesidade na infância, e o tratamento cirúrgico permanece como última opção, pois os efeitos, a longo prazo, ainda não são completamente conhecidos. É recomendado que a intervenção comece precocemente, que os programas de tratamento instituam mudanças permanentes e que auxiliem as famílias a fazerem alterações pequenas e graduais. Dietas muito restritivas não são aconselháveis e podem promover déficit de crescimento estatural. Como os programas de intervenção ainda têm pouco consenso, a prevenção continua sendo o melhor caminho. Prevenir a obesidade na infância e adolescência significa diminuir de forma racional e menos onerosa a incidência de doenças crônico-degenerativas.

It’s been a consensus that adolescence and childhood obesity has been rising conspicuously in the past decades, and now it’s been acknowledged as a world epidemic. Obesity is a prevalent and complex problem that led patients and specialists to serious frustration, and it’s a striking challenge. This study discusses the countless therapeutic approaches focusing on the obesity matter, over such aging span, such as private emergency assistance, team educational programs, and medication and surgical issues. It also highlights the relevance of multidisciplinary assistance as to the obesity treatment. The current pharmacologic components aiming a childhood obesity treatment still haven’t been approved of. The surgical treatment is to be seen as a last choice, for its effects, in the long run, hasn’t fully come out yet. It’s advisable that taking steps procedures start as soon as possible and, ontop of it, that the treatment arrangements address themselves to permanent switches, besides helping families to take up little by little changes. Pretty restrictive diets aren’t recommendable, due to the fact that they may faster height growth deficit. Since the intervention programs still keep little consensus, prevention must be seen as the best way to follow. Avoiding obesity either in childhood or in adolescence means the reduction of chronic- degenerative disease incidence, as well as its emotional aftermath, and less onerous practice.