Nine weeks versus 1 year adjuvant trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy: final results of the phase III randomized Short-HER study‡.

Background: Chemotherapy plus 1-year trastuzumab is the standard adjuvant treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. The efficacy of less extended trastuzumab exposure is under investigation. The short-HER study was aimed to assess the non-inferiority of 9 weeks versus 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy. Patients and methods: HER2-positive breast cancer patients with node-positive or, if node negative, with at least one risk factor (pT>2 cm, G3, lympho-vascular invasion, Ki-67 > 20%, age ≤35 years, or hormone receptor negativity) were randomly assigned to receive sequential anthracycline-taxane combinations plus 1-year trastuzumab (arm A, long) or plus 9 weeks trastuzumab (arm B, short). This study was designed as a non-inferiority trial with disease-free survival (DFS) as primary end point. A DFS hazard ratio (HR) <1.29 was chosen as the non-inferiority margin. Analyses according to the frequentist and Bayesian approach were planned. Secondary end points included 2-year failure rate and cardiac safety. Results: A total of 1254 patients from 82 centers were randomized (arm A, long: n = 627; arm B, short: n = 626). Five-year DFS is 88% in the long and 85% in the short arm. The HR is 1.13 (90% CI 0.89-1.42), with the upper limit of the CI crossing the non-inferiority margin. According to the Bayesian analysis, the probability that the short arm is non-inferior to the long one is 80%. The 5-year overall survival (OS) is 95.2% in the long and 95.0% in the short arm (HR 1.07, 90% CI 0.74-1.56). Cardiac events are significantly lower in the short arm (risk-ratio 0.33, 95% CI 0.22-0.50, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study failed to show the non-inferiority of a shorter trastuzumab administration. One-year trastuzumab remains the standard. However, a 9-week administration decreases the risk of severe cardiac toxicity and can be an option for patients with cardiac events during treatment and for those with a low risk of relapse. Trial Registration: EUDRACT number: 2007-004326-25; NCI ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00629278.

Dynamic changes of live/apoptotic circulating tumour cells as predictive marker of response to sunitinib in metastatic renal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recently, we developed an apoptotic assay for expanding the monitoring capabilities of the circulating tumour cells (CTC) test during therapy. An automated platform for computing CTCs was integrated with a mAb (M30) targeting a neoepitope disclosed by caspase cleavage at cytokeratin 18 in early apoptosis; we showed that live CTCs were associated with progression, consistent with enhanced cell migration and invasion. The test was first applied here to mRCC. METHODS: Live/apoptotic CTCs changes were measured in mRCC patients receiving first-line Sunitinib and compared with circulating endothelial cell (CEC) levels. RESULTS: The presence of EpCAM-positive, live CTCs predicts progression in individual mRCC patient, being associated with distant metastasis under first-line Sunitinib. Synchronous detection of CTCs and CEC levels discloses for the first time an association between their dynamic changes and outcome: a rapid increase of the CEC number as early as the first cycle of therapy is associated with CTC decrease in non-progressed patients, whereas a delayed response of CECs is related to higher CTC values in the progressed group indicating treatment failure. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that a delayed response to antiangiogenic treatment indicated by persistent detection of CECs correlates with persistent live CTCs and more aggressive disease.

The clinical impact of a cardiologic follow-up in breast cancer survivors: an observational study.

Anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (A-CHT) can induce late cardiotoxicity adding a considerable burden to cardiovascular risk. Irradiation of left breast cancer has also been associated to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this observational study is to prove the usefulness of an accurate cardiovascular evaluation in left breast cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy (RT) and A-CHT. Patients with left breast cancer, on follow-up after treatment with A-CHT plus RT in an adjuvant setting, were eligible for this observational study. Patients underwent cardiovascular assessment with myocardial perfusion imaging. Thirty patients were enrolled in the study: mean age at diagnosis 55.8 years; stage: I/III; Er and/or pgR status: positive in 24/30 pts; 3 patients in pre-menopausal status. Twenty-two patients (73.3 percent) had normal perfusion imaging, 1 patient (3.3 percent) had a fixed myocardial perfusion defect, 7 patients (23.3 percent) had reversible myocardial perfusion defects; 1 patient (3 percent) with normal perfusion scan showed depressed rest and stress LVEF. Only 1 patient had a large defect and underwent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Five patients with small defect showed normal coronary arteries at Multislice Computed Tomography. Cardiovascular followup may reveal signs of A-CHT or RT-induced cardiotoxicity. A stress test combined with MPI- and GATED-derived data of ventricular systolic performance after stress can give information on the coronary reserve and the contractile reserve and allow early appropriate treatment.

Cardiovascular toxicity following sunitinib therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent data have shown that cardiotoxicity represents a potentially important side-effect in patients treated with sunitinib. We reviewed cardiac adverse events in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who underwent treatment with this agent. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 175 patients with metastatic RCC treated with sunitinib at eight Italian institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Alterations in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and blood pressure were evaluated. Patients with preexisting cardiac risk factors were specifically scrutinized for increased expression of cardiac changes. RESULTS: Grade 3 hypertension was seen in 17 patients (9.7%); in 12 of these 17, hypertension developed after receiving the third sunitinib cycle. Among these 17 patients, 12 (70.6%) also experienced left ventricular systolic (LVEF) dysfunction; in all, 33 of the 175 patients (18.9%) developed some degree of cardiac abnormality, of which 12 were classified as grade 3 LVEF dysfunction and/or congestive heart failure (CHF) (6.9%). Significant univariate associations for predictors of CHF were history of hypertension (P = 0.008), history of coronary heart disease (P = 0.0005) and prior treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis suggested that a history of coronary artery disease [odds ratio (OR) 18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4-160, P = 0.005] and hypertension (OR 3, 95% CI 1.5-80, P = 0.04) was the only significant independent predictors of CHF. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing sunitinib, especially those with a previous history of hypertension and coronary heart disease, are at increased risk for cardiovascular events and should be monitored for exacerbations of their hypertension and for evidence of LVEF dysfunction during treatment.

Salvage treatment with epirubicin and/or paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer patients relapsed after high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood progenitor cells.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To evaluate feasibility and efficacy of paclitaxel as a single agent or in combination with epirubicin in breast cancer taxane-naive patients who have failed previous high-dose chemotherapy. METHODS: Since February 1995, we have treated 32 patients in first relapse or progression after high-dose chemotherapy. Nineteen patients had metastatic breast cancer, 12 more than 3 involved axillary lymph nodes, and 1 inflammatory breast cancer at inclusion to the program. The median time to relapse after high-dose chemotherapy was 12 months (range, 2-43). At relapse, 12 patients were treated with epirubicin (90 mg/m2) plus paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) administered on day 1 every 21 days. In 20 patients who had previously received more than 350 mg/m2 of a cumulative dose of epirubicin and in one patient pretreated with chemotherapy containing mitoxantrone, we employed paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) alone. A median number of five courses was administered (range, 2-10). RESULTS: The overall response rate after 3 courses (29 of 32 patients were assessable) was 55% and after 6 courses (21 of 32 patients were assessable) was 57%. The median time to progression was 7 months (95% CI, 5.7-9.2), and median survival was 27.5 months (95% CI, 17.8-37.0). Toxicity was recorded for 180 cycles (epirubicin + paclitaxel for 62 cycles and paclitaxel alone for 118 cycles). The main toxicity in both regimens was hematologic. We observed WHO grade 3-4 neutropenia (in 8 patients, 25%), for which G-CSF (5 microg/kg/day s.c.) was employed. WHO grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 2 patients (6%) and WHO grade 3 anemia in 1 patient (3%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that paclitaxel (alone or in combination with epirubicin) is feasible as salvage treatment in heavily pretreated patients.

[High-dose chemotherapy of metastatic breast carcinoma]. / Chemioterapia ad alte dosi del carcinoma metastatico della mammella.

PURPOSE: To evaluate efficacy and toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search from January 1988 until July 1998 about the treatment of metastatic breast cancer with high dose chemotherapy was conducted. RESULTS: After HDCT the overall response rate was about 80%, with 50% of complete remissions. The median survival was > 18 months. Approximately 20% of the patients experienced long-term progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Although current results appear promising, randomised trials are required to determine the role of HDCT in the treatment of patients with MBC.

Long-term survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving intensified chemotherapy and stem cell rescue: data from the Italian registry.

The median survival of women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is 18-24 months, and fewer than 5% are alive and disease free at 5 years. We report toxicity and survival in a cohort of MBC patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous hematopoietic SCT (AHSCT) in Italy between 1990 and 2005. Data set for survival analysis has been obtained for 415 patients. Clinical parameters including probability of transplant-related mortality (TRM), PFS and OS. With a median follow-up of 27 months (range 0-172), OS and PFS at 5 and 10 years in the whole population were 47/23 and 32/14%, respectively. A total 239 patients are alive with a median follow-up of 33 months (range 2-174). Survival was significantly more pronounced in patients harboring hormone receptor positive tumors (P=0.028), without visceral metastases (P=0.009) and in women with chemosensitive disease (P<0.0001). Sixty eight patients (20.4%) who received HDC in partial response, stable or progressive disease underwent conversion to CR. TRM was 2.5% overall and 1.3% since 2000. Our findings suggest that could be a role for HDC and AHSCT in delaying disease progression and possibly cure a subset of MBC patient harboring chemosensitive tumors.

Immunocytochemical typing of fine needle aspirates by means of alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase method. A study of 16 selected patients.

The immunocytochemical characterization of neoplastic cells recognized by a large panel of monoclonal antibodies in fine needle aspirates obtained from 16 subjects with superficial or profound tumoral masses of unknown origin was carried out using alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunoenzymatic method. The patients were selected on the basis of particular clinical criteria or since a correct cytohistological diagnosis was not available. APAAP immunophenotyping allowed to establish the existence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 6 cases, hairy cell leukemia in 1 case and carcinoma in 5 cases, while in other 2 patients the existence of Hodgkin's disease was suspected and subsequently confirmed; only in 2 subjects diagnostic informations were lacking. Furthermore, the evaluation of growth fraction by means of Ki 67 monoclonal antibody revealed a high degree of malignancy in all cases of lymphoma. Although some cautions have to be considered in the interpretation of results, APAAP immunocytochemical typing of fine needle aspirates appears a simple and reliable noninvasive diagnostic tool in selected patients.

Relationship of serum lactate dehydrogenase level with first remission length in adult acute lymphocytic leukaemia.

Several features have a prognostic value in adults with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL). However, in about two-thirds of all cases prognosis remains quite variable, with a substantial number of early relapses. This study shows in 118 adult patients who attained complete remission (CR) between 1978 and 1984 that pretreatment serum total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was inversely correlated with first CR length. The prognostic value of LDH was higher than that of any other features both in univariable and in multivariable analysis. The value was significant in the whole series as well as in patients who lacked other high risk features. Among non-high risk and low-WBC count cases, patients with LDH less than or equal to 500 U/l had a median first CR duration of 27 months, and a projected 5-year relapse free survival of 36%, versus 9 months and 12% of patients with LDH greater than 500 U/l. These results fit well with the results of a study of ALL in children, and suggest that pretreatment serum total LDH activity is an important risk determinant in adult ALL.

Neoadjuvant high dose chemotherapy plus peripheral blood progenitor cells in inflammatory breast cancer: a multicenter phase II pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the introduction of combined modality therapy, approximately 30% of patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) are alive and free of disease at 5 years, but the lack of control of systemic disease continues to be the main reason for treatment failure. The importance of the response to primary chemotherapy and, in particular, complete tumor regression after primary chemotherapy have previously been described to be among the most reliable prognostic factors along with the dose intensity of doxorubicin. DESIGN AND METHODS: To evaluate pathologic response rate and toxicity of neoadjuvant high dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) support in patients affected by IBC, 21 patients were enrolled in a study in which it was planned that they would receive 4 courses of epirubicin 150 mg/m(2) plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) as induction and mobilizing chemotherapy. Patients with non-progressive disease were intended to receive 2 consecutive courses of a combination of high doses of mitoxantrone 40 mg/m(2) , thiotepa 500 mg/m(2) and cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg as a conditioning regimen. RESULTS: PBPC collection was successful in 20/21 patients. Twelve patients received a single course of HDCT, whereas 7/20 patients underwent a double procedure. At a median follow up of 48 months, 20/21 patients were evaluable for toxicity and 19/21 for response. At surgery 4/19 patients (21%) had no evidence of viable tumor cells in the breast and in axillary nodes, while 4 (21%) and 11 patients (58%) had microscopic and macroscopic disease, respectively. Eight patients have relapsed (35%) so far at a median of 16 months (9-54) from diagnosis. Eleven patients remain alive without evidence of disease. Five out of 20 patients experienced severe cardiotoxicity with congestive heart failure (CHF) which was responsible for the only treatment-related death. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: This neoadjuvant HDCT regimen seems to be very effective in terms of objective responses, but we observed a high rate of cardiotoxicity and only a few patients were able to receive the two planned courses of high dose chemotherapy.