Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and conformational investigation of endomorphin-2 hybrid analogues.

This study reports on new pharmacologically active endomorphin-2 analogues, incorporating ß(2)-hPhe, ß(3)-hPhe and ß(3)-hTic unnatural amino acids in the place of the Phe(3)-Phe(4)residues. Such α, ß-hybrid analogues were designed to exploit the great potential of ß-amino acids in generating conformational variation at the key positions 3 and 4, with the aim of evaluating the effect on the opioid binding affinity. Ligand-stimulated binding assays indicated that some analogues retained a significant affinity, especially for the δ receptor. (1)H NMR and molecular modelling suggested the predominance of bent structures for all compounds. The molecular docking with the µ-opioid receptor model was also performed, highlighting a common binding mode for active compounds and helping to rationalize the observed structure-activity data.

The diketopiperazine-fused tetrahydro-ß-carboline scaffold as a model peptidomimetic with an unusual α-turn secondary structure.

Aiming at restricting the conformational freedom of tryptophan-containing peptide ligands, we designed a THBC (tetrahydro-ß-carboline)-DKP (diketopiperazine)-based peptidomimetic scaffold capable of arranging in an unusual α-turn conformation. The synthesis is based on a diastereoselective Pictet-Spengler condensation to give the THBC core, followed by an intramolecular lactamization to complete the tetracyclic THBC-DKP fused ring system. The presence of conformers bearing the intramolecular thirteen-membered hydrogen bond that characterizes the α-turn structure is confirmed by (1)H NMR conformational studies. To the best of our knowledge, this scaffold represents one of the rare examples of a designed constrained α-turn mimic.

3-Oxo-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxylic Acid as a Drug Chiral Bicyclic Scaffold: Structure-Based Design and Preparation of Conformationally Constrained Covalent and Noncovalent Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors.

Bicyclic chiral scaffolds are privileged motifs in medicinal chemistry. Over the years, we have reported covalent bicyclic prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors that were highly selective for POP over a number of homologous proteins. Herein, we wish to report the structure-based design and synthesis of a novel class of POP inhibitors based on hexahydroisoindoles. A docking study guided the selection of structures for synthesis. The stereochemistry, decoration, and position within the molecule of the bicyclic scaffolds were assessed virtually. Following the synthesis of the best candidates, in vitro assays revealed that one member of this chemical series was more active than any of our previous inhibitors with a Ki of 1.0 nM. Additional assays also showed that the scaffold of this potent inhibitor, in contrast to one of our previously reported chemical series, is highly metabolically stable, despite the foreseen potential sites of metabolism. Interestingly, computer docking calculations accurately predicted the optimal features of the inhibitors.

Structural and biological exploration of phe(3)-phe(4)-modified endomorphin-2 peptidomimetics.

This study reports on our ongoing investigation on hybrid EM-2 analogues, in which the great potential of ß-amino acids was exploited to generate multiple conformational modifications at the key positions 3 and 4 of the parent peptide. The effect on the opioid binding affinity was evaluated, by means of ligand stimulated binding assays, which indicated a high nanomolar affinity toward the µ-receptor, with appreciable µ/δ selectivity, for some of the new compounds. The three-dimensional properties of the high affinity µ opioid receptor (MOR) ligands were investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular dynamics, and docking studies. In solution, the structures showed extended conformations, which are in agreement with the commonly accepted pharmacophore model for EM-2. From docking studies on an active form of the MOR model, different ligand-receptor interactions have been identified, thus confirming the ability of active compounds to assume a biologically active conformation.