Virus-Induced Host Chemokine CCL2 in COVID-19 Pathogenesis: Potential Prognostic Marker and Target of Anti-Inflammatory Strategy.

A wide variety of inflammatory mediators, mainly cytokines and chemokines, are induced during SARS CoV-2 infection. Among these proinflammatory mediators, chemokines tend to play a pivotal role in virus-mediated immunopathology. The C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and strong chemoattractant of monocytes, macrophages and CD4+ T cells bearing C-C chemokine receptor type-2 (CCR2). Besides controlling immune cell trafficking, CCL2 is also involved in multiple pathophysiological processes including systemic hyperinflammation associated cytokine release syndrome (CRS), organ fibrosis and blood coagulation. These pathological features are commonly manifested in severe and fatal cases of COVID-19. Given the crucial role of CCL2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis, the CCL2:CCR2 axis may constitute a potential therapeutic target to control virus-induced hyperinflammation and multi-organ dysfunction. Herein we describe recent advances on elucidating the role of CCL2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis, prognosis, and a potential target of anti-inflammatory interventions.

Understanding clinical outcomes and factors influencing mortality in intensive care unit patients with COVID-19-associated candidemia.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID pandemic, research has shown an increase in candidemia cases following severe COVID infection and the identification of risk factors associated with candidemia. However, there is a lack of studies that specifically explore clinical outcomes and mortality rates related to candidemia after COVID infection. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this international study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and identify factors influencing mortality in patients who developed candidemia during their COVID infection. PATIENTS/METHODS: This study included adult patients (18 years of age or older) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and diagnosed with COVID-associated candidemia (CAC). The research was conducted through ID-IRI network and in collaboration with 34 medical centres across 18 countries retrospectively, spanning from the beginning of the COVID pandemic until December 2021. RESULTS: A total of 293 patients diagnosed with CAC were included. The median age of the patients was 67, and 63% of them were male. The most common Candida species detected was C. albicans. The crude 30-day mortality rate was recorded at 62.4%. The logistic regression analysis identified several factors significantly impacting mortality, including age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.07, p < .0005), SOFA score (OR 1.307, 95% CI 1.17-1.45, p < .0005), invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 7.95, 95% CI 1.44-43.83, p < .017) and duration of mechanical ventilation (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96-0.99, p < .020). CONCLUSIONS: By recognising these prognostic factors, medical professionals can customise their treatment approaches to offer more targeted care, leading to improved patient outcomes and higher survival rates for individuals with COVID-associated candidemia.

Genomic Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella in Qatar: Emergence and Dissemination of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 383 Strains.

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant, hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae is a new threat to health care. We studied the molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Qatar using whole-genome sequence data. We also characterized the prevalence and genetic basis of hypervirulent phenotypes and established the virulence potential using a Galleria mellonella model. Of 100 Klebsiella isolates studied, NDM and OXA-48 were the most common carbapenemases. Core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis indicated the presence of diverse sequence types and clonal lineages; isolates belonging to Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae sequence type 196 (ST196) and ST1416 may be disseminated among several health care centers. Ten K. pneumoniae isolates carried rmpA and/or truncated rmpA2, and 2 isolates belonged to KL2, indicating low prevalence of classical hypervirulent isolates. Isolates carrying both carbapenem resistance and hypervirulence genes were confined mainly to ST231 and ST383 isolates. One ST383 isolate was further investigated by MinION sequencing, and the assembled genome indicated that blaNDM was located on an IncHI1B-type plasmid (pFQ61_ST383_NDM-5) which coharbored several virulence factors, including the regulator of the mucoid phenotype (rmpA), the regulator of mucoid phenotype 2 (rmpA2), and aerobactin (iucABCD and iutA), likely resulting from recombination events. Comparative genomics indicated that this hybrid plasmid may be present in two additional Qatari ST383 isolates. Carbapenem-resistant, hypervirulent K. pneumoniae ST383 isolates pose an emerging threat to global health due to their simultaneous hypervirulence and multidrug resistance.

Soluble ACE2 and angiotensin II levels are modulated in hypertensive COVID-19 patients treated with different antihypertension drugs.

PURPOSE: This study examines the effect of antihypertensive drugs on ACE2 and Angiotensin II levels in hypertensive COVID-19 patients. INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a common comorbidity among severe COVID-19 patients. ACE2 expression can be modulated by antihypertensive drugs such as ACEis and ARBs, which may affect COVID-19's prognosis. BB and CCB reduce mortality, according to some evidence. Their effect on circulating levels of ACE2 and angiotensin II, as well as the severity of COVID-19, is less well studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical data were collected from 200 patients in four different antihypertensive medication classes (ACEi, ARB, BB, and CCB). Angiotensin II and ACE2 levels were determined using standard ELISA kits. ACE2, angiotensin II, and other clinical indices were evaluated by linear regression models. RESULTS: Patients on ACEi (n = 57), ARB (n = 68), BB (n = 15), or CCB (n = 30) in this study had mild (n = 76), moderate (n = 76), or severe (n = 52) COVID-19. ACE2 levels were higher in COVID-19 patients with severe disease (p = 0.04) than mild (p = 0.07) and moderate (p = 0.007). The length of hospital stay is correlated with ACE2 levels (r = 0.3, p = 0.003). Angiotensin II levels decreased with severity (p = 0.04). Higher ACE2 levels are associated with higher CRP and D-dimer levels. Elevated Angiotensin II was associated with low levels of CRP, D-dimer, and troponin. ACE2 levels increase with disease severity in patients taking an ARB (p = 0.01), patients taking ACEi, the degree of disease severity was associated with a decrease in angiotensin II. BB patients had the lowest disease severity. CONCLUSION: We found different levels of soluble ACE2, and angiotensin II are observed among COVID-19 patients taking different antihypertensive medications and exhibiting varying levels of disease severity. COVID-19 severity increases with elevated ACE2 levels and lower angiotensin II levels indicating that BB treatment reduces severity regardless of levels of ACE2 and angiotensin II.

Incidence and clinical outcome of Cryptococcosis in a nation with advanced HIV surveillance program.

BACKGROUND: Cryptococcosis is a major opportunistic invasive mycosis that mostly affects immunocompromised patients. METHODS: This was an observational study of all culture-confirmed cases of cryptococcosis conducted in the State of Qatar from January 2005 to December 2016. Cryptococcus fungi were identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). RESULTS: Fourteen culture-confirmed cases of cryptococcosis were identified during the study period. Four patients had a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection with low CD4 count and five were receiving immunosuppressant medications. The rest of the patients were apparently immuno-competent. The central nervous system was the most common site of infection (57%) followed by bloodstream infection (36%) and pneumonia (14%). One patient had a cryptococcal scrotal infection. Twelve isolates were Cryptococcus neoformans and 2 were Cryptococcus laurentii. All isolates were within the wild type ECV values to amphotericin B and fluconazole. Only 2 patients with bloodstream infection (HIV negative) died. The rest were cured of the infection. CONCLUSION: Cryptococcosis is a rare fungal disease in the State of Qatar, mostly diagnosed in Asian immigrants. The central nervous system is the most common site of infection. The presence of the fungus in the blood carries a high mortality.

Epidemiological characteristics of de novo hepatitis B infection in liver transplant recipients-An experience from a tertiary care centre in Qatar.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of hepatitis B surface antigen in a patient with previously negative hepatitis B virus (HBV) serology post-orthotropic liver transplant (OTLX) is known as de novo hepatitis B (DNHB). As there are no data on patients with DNHB available from Qatar, we aim to do a pioneer study indexing their clinical profile and epidemiology of patients with DNHB in Qatar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive epidemiological study was done by retrospectively reviewing records of 159 post-OTLX patients. HBV serology of these patients post-OTLX was reviewed, and 17 were identified as DNHB cases. Baseline epidemiological characteristics were defined and compared between DNHB cases and the rest. DNHB cases were analyzed statistically using the chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier curve. RESULTS: The majority of the subjects were men (65%) and Qataris (40%). Mean age was 57.4 ± 12.5 years. Bulk of them underwent OTLX in China (44%). The overall incidence of DNHB was 10.7%, with transplants in China having significantly higher incidence than transplants from all other countries. The mortality rate was 23.5% in DNHB cases compared to 2.8% in non-DNHB. 67% of patients survived at least 64 months after the diagnosis of DNHB. Five-year survival did not vary significantly between those with DNHB and those without. CONCLUSION: Orthotropic liver transplant in centers selecting donors liberally without screening for HBV poses the risk of DNHB. We recommend having protective levels of HBs antibodies before OTLX. Prophylactic antiviral treatment should be considered until peri-operative HBV transmission has been excluded by screening hepatic tissue for HBV DNA.

Clinical characteristics, microbiology, and outcomes of infective endocarditis in Qatar.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease. The epidemiology, treatment options, and outcomes have changed considerably over the last two decades. The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients with IE in Qatar. METHODS: Patients were identified from Hamad Medical Corporation hospitals' electronic records, the national referral center for the State of Qatar. We included those aged ≥ 18 years with Duke Criteria-based diagnosis of IE during the period from January 2015 to September 2017. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved. Descriptive statistics were performed, and logistic regression analysis was used to describe the relationship between patient characteristics and all-cause in-hospital mortality. All potentially relevant variables were included in the univariate analysis, while those with p < 0.1 in the univariate logistic regression model were included in the multivariate analysis. For the final model, we calculated odds ratios (OR) adjusted for each of the variables included, along with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Data were analyzed using STATA software version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA). The study was approved by the Institutional Research Board with a waiver for informed consent. RESULTS: Fifty-seven cases were included, of which 70% were males. The mean age was 51 years ( ± 16.8 years). Eleven (19%) were associated with prosthetic valves, and 6 (11%) with implantable cardiac devices. Fever (84%), dyspnea (46%), and heart failure (37%) were the most common presentations. Only 58% of patients had known preexisting valvular heart disease or an intracardiac device. Skin infections (10 patients, 18%) were the most prevalent portals of infection, followed by venous catheters, recent valve surgery, and implantable cardiac devices. Staphylococci were implicated in 19 (34%) and Streptococcaceae in 9 (16%) patients, whereas 21 (37%) patients were culture negative. Left-side IE (49 patients, 86%) was predominant. Acute kidney injury (AKI) (17 patients, 30%) and heart failure (11 patients, 19%) were common complications. The majority of patients received targeted antimicrobial therapy with at least two active agents. Only 9 (16%) patients underwent surgical intervention. Fourteen (25%) patients died of any cause before hospital discharge. Logistic regression analysis identified septic shock [OR 57.8, 95% CI 2.6-1360.2; p < 0.01] and AKI OR 33.9, 95% CI 2.9-398.1; p < 0.01) as the only risk factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Staphylococci are the most common microbiological cause of IE in Qatar. Surgical intervention is uncommon, and mortality is relatively high. Our findings suggest that efforts should be directed toward improving IE prevention strategies in high-risk patients, encouraging early microbiological investigations and improving medical and surgical management.

Mental wellbeing of healthcare workers working in quarantine centers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers managing Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) patients are at increased risk of poor mental wellbeing. The available literature on the psychological impact in the Arabian Gulf region is limited, and a more in-depth analysis of factors affecting frontline healthcare workers' mental wellbeing is warranted. The aim of this study was to evaluate and explore healthcare workers' wellbeing working in quarantine centers in Qatar. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional, web-based survey conducted on healthcare workers managing patients in designated quarantine centers. Healthcare workers associated with 51 COVID-19 quarantine centers were eligible to participate in this survey from April 19 to May 3, 2020. The primary outcome of interest was mental wellbeing as measured by the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS). RESULTS: A total of 127 of 169 contacted staff members completed the survey, with a participation rate of 75%. Approximately 17.4% of participants had well-being scores of less than 45, indicating suboptimal wellbeing and a high risk of psychological distress and depression. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that nurses are associated with increased risk (more than the fivefold higher risk of having WEMWBS score < 45) of adverse mental wellbeing (adjusted OR 5.65; 95% CI 0.57, 56.4; p = 0.140). CONCLUSION: The psychological impact of working in quarantine centers on healthcare workers was less than what has been reported globally. Nurses are the most vulnerable group. It is essential that health services monitor the psychological impact on its workforce and puts appropriate mitigation strategies in place.

Optimal dose and duration of enteral erythromycin as a prokinetic: A surgical intensive care experience.

BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding has various advantages over parenteral feeding in critically ill patients. Acutely ill patients are at risk of developing enteral feeding intolerance. Prokinetic medications improve gastrointestinal mobility and enteral feed migration and absorption. Among the available prokinetic agents, erythromycin is the most potent. Erythromycin is used in different dosages and durations with variable efficacy. Intravenous erythromycin has an early and high rate of tachyphylaxis; hence, enteral route is preferred. Recently, the combination of prokinetic medications has been increasingly used because they accelerate the prokinetic action and decrease the adverse effects. AIM: This study aimed to determine the optimal effective prokinetic dose and duration of administering enteral erythromycin in combination with metoclopramide in critically ill patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study has a prospective observation design. After obtaining permission from the medical research center of the institution, all patients in the surgical and trauma intensive care unit having enteral feed intolerance and those who were already on metoclopramide for 24 hour (h) were enrolled in the study. Patients' demographic data, diagnosis, surgical intervention, disease severity scores, erythromycin dose, duration of administration, any adverse effects, factors affecting erythromycin response, and outcome were recorded. All patients received 125 mg syrup erythromycin twice daily through a nasogastric tube (NGT). The NGT was clamped for 2 h, and half amount of previous enteral feeds was resumed. If the patient did not tolerate the feeds, the erythromycin dose was increased every 24 h in the increment of 250, 500, and 1000 mg (Figure 1). Statistical significance was considered at P <  0.05. A total of 313 patients were enrolled in the study. Majority of the patients were male, and the mean age was 45 years. RESULTS: Majority (48.2%) of the patients (96) with feed intolerance were post laparotomy. Ninety percent (284) of the patients responded to prokinetic erythromycin therapy, and 54% received lower dose (125 mg twice daily). In addition, 14% had diarrhea, and none of these patients tested positive for Clostridium difficile toxin or multidrug resistance bacteria. The mean duration of erythromycin therapy was 4.98 days. The most effective prokinetic dose of erythromycin was 125 mg twice daily (P = 0.001). Erythromycin was significantly effective in patients with multiple organ dysfunction and shock (P = 0.001). Patients with high disease severity index and multiple organ dysfunction had significantly higher mortality (p < 0.05). Patients not responding to erythromycin therapy also had a significant higher mortality (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Post-laparotomy patients had high enteral feed intolerance. Enteral erythromycin in combination with metoclopramide was effective in low dose and was required for short duration. Patients who did not tolerate feeds despite increasing dose of erythromycin had higher mortality.

Evaluation of in vitro activity of ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Qatar.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the in vitro activity of ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam against clinical isolates of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Qatar, as well as the mechanisms of resistance. METHODS: MDR P. aeruginosa isolated between October 2014 and September 2015 from all public hospitals in Qatar were included. The BD PhoenixTM system was used for identification and initial antimicrobial susceptibility testing, while Liofilchem MIC Test Strips (Liofilchem, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy) were used for confirmation of ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam susceptibility. Ten ceftazidime/avibactam- and/or ceftolozane/tazobactam-resistant isolates were randomly selected for WGS. RESULTS: A total of 205 MDR P. aeruginosa isolates were included. Of these, 141 (68.8%) were susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam, 129 (62.9%) were susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam, 121 (59.0%) were susceptible to both and 56 (27.3%) were susceptible to neither. Twenty (9.8%) isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam but not to ceftolozane/tazobactam and only 8 (3.9%) were susceptible to ceftolozane/tazobactam but not to ceftazidime/avibactam. Less than 50% of XDR isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam or ceftolozane/tazobactam. The 10 sequenced isolates belonged to six different STs and all produced AmpC and OXA enzymes; 5 (50%) produced ESBL and 4 (40%) produced VIM enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: MDR P. aeruginosa susceptibility rates to ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam were higher than those to all existing antipseudomonal agents, except colistin, but were less than 50% in extremely resistant isolates. Non-susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam was largely due to the production of ESBL and VIM enzymes. Ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam are possible options for some patients with MDR P. aeruginosa in Qatar.

Improving influenza vaccination rates of healthcare workers: a multipronged approach in Qatar.

We assessed whether an influenza vaccination (IV) campaign was effective at increasing vaccination rate in healthcare workers (HCWs) in 2 hospitals in Doha, Qatar that had no mandatory IV policy. The campaign comprised promotional, educational and vaccine delivery interventions; a dedicated IV team; telephone hotline; free IV with improved access, leadership involvement; incentives; group educational sessions; and reporting/tracking activities. During the 2014/15 influenza season, IV rates according to hospital and HCW category were calculated and compared with the 2 seasons before the intervention. The combined mean rate for IV for both hospitals increased for 2014/15 (64.3%) compared with 2013/14 (37.2%) and 2012/13 (28.4%). There was increased IV uptake among doctors and nurses at each hospital, and the IV rate for the 2 hospitals (59.1 and 69.5%) were higher than in 2013/14 (21.1% and 53.2%) and 2012/13 (17.2% and 39.6%). The findings highlight the importance of improving IV rates among HCWs in hospitals with no mandatory vaccination policies through multicomponent interventions.

Diagnostic difficulties in human rabies: A case report and review of the literature.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease with the highest fatality rate of any infectious disease. The clinical features of rabies encephalopathy are highly nonspecific at the onset and clinicians from low endemic areas usually face difficulties in recognizing cases during the early stages. The need for establishing a rapid and accurate test to identify rabies during the ante-mortem period is important. However, in actual clinical practice, the latter may remain difficult for various reasons. In human rabies, positively identifying the antigen, antibody or genetic material by various diagnostic methods during the symptomatic period is affected by the unpredictable nature of viremia, levels of antibody immune response of the host, and the virulence of the infecting strain. Also, more advanced testing with greater sensitivity may not be readily available at all centers. Here we describe a case of a young male who was bitten by a rabid dog and developed progressive encephalopathy with a fatal outcome, with negative antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A review of the literature on the clinical features, diagnostic tests, treatment and prevention of rabies is also presented.

Odoribacter splanchnicus bacteremia secondary to acute appendicitis: a case report with review of literature.

This report describes a rare instance of Odoribacter splanchnicus bacteremia secondary to acute appendicitis in a young man. Initially presenting with symptoms typical of appendicitis, he was diagnosed through clinical examination, laboratory tests, and computed tomography imaging, which confirmed an inflamed appendix with sealed perforation and abscess. O. splanchnicus, a Gram-negative anaerobe commonly found in the human gut, was identified as the causative agent through blood culture. The patient underwent successful laparoscopic appendectomy and was treated with intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate, leading to a full recovery. This case highlights the potential of O. splanchnicus to act as an opportunistic pathogen in the context of intra-abdominal inflammation. It underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by O. splanchnicus, and the efficacy of advanced diagnostic tools like matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in identifying such rare infections.

Hepatic micro-abscesses as an unusual initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: Hepatic micro-abscesses can be a rare initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This case highlights the importance of considering autoimmune etiologies when infectious causes are ruled out and emphasizes the need for early recognition and appropriate treatment of atypical hepatic manifestations in SLE to achieve favorable outcomes. Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, including the liver. While hepatic involvement in SLE is typically subclinical or associated with mild liver enzyme elevations, rare manifestations such as hepatic micro-abscesses and hepatic vasculitis have been reported. We report the case of a 27-year-old female who presented with persistent high-grade fever, bilateral exudative lymphocytic pleural effusion, hepatic micro-abscesses, anemia, and lymphopenia. Despite extensive investigations and antibiotic therapy, the patient's condition continued to worsen. The diagnosis of hepatic vasculitis, a rare manifestation of SLE, was ultimately made based on clinical suspicion, positive autoimmune markers, and negative septic workup. The patient responded well to high-dose corticosteroid therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin, with resolution of liver lesions and clinical improvement. Hepatic involvement in SLE is diverse, and atypical presentations can pose diagnostic challenges. Hepatic vasculitis, although rare, should be considered in SLE patients presenting with liver lesions. The management involves immunosuppressive therapy, and prompt diagnosis is crucial to prevent further vascular damage. Hepatic micro-abscesses, another rare manifestation of SLE, are thought to result from immune complex deposition. The exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Hepatic micro-abscesses can have both infectious and non-infectious causes, and it is very important to rule out common microbial pathogens. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying SLE activity with immunosuppressive agents. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and management considerations in atypical hepatic manifestations of SLE. Awareness of rare presentations and collaboration among multiple specialties are essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Dissecting bloodstream infections in febrile neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies, a decade-long single center retrospective observational study (2009-2019).

BACKGROUND: The use of ill-suited antibiotics is a significant risk factor behind the increase in the mortality, morbidity, and economic burden for patients who are under treatment for hematological malignancy (HM) and bloodstream infections (BSI). Such unfitting treatment choices intensify the evolution of resistant variants which is a public health concern due to possible healthcare-associated infection spread to the general population. Hence, this study aims to evaluate antibiograms of patients with BSI and risk factors associated with septicemia. METHODS: A total of 1166 febrile neutropenia episodes (FNE) among 513 patients with HM from the National Center for Cancer Care and Research (NCCCR), Qatar, during 2009-2019 were used for this study. The socio-demographic, clinical, microbial, and anti-microbial data retrieved from the patient's health records were used. RESULTS: We analyzed the sensitivity of gram-negative and gram-positive bacilli reported in HM-FN-BSI patients. Out of the total 512 microorganisms isolated, 416 (81%) were gram-negative bacteria (GNB), 76 (15%) were gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and 20 (4%) were fungi. Furthermore, in 416 GNB, 298 (71.6%) were Enterobacteriaceae sp. among which 121 (41%) were ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) resistant to Cephalosporine third generation and Piperacillin-Tazobactam, 54 (18%) were Carbapenem-resistant or multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO). It's noteworthy that the predominant infectious agents in our hospital include E. coli, Klebsiella species, and P. aeruginosa. Throughout the study period, the mortality rate due to BSI was 23%. Risk factors that show a significant correlation with death are age, disease status, mono or polymicrobial BSI and septic shock. CONCLUSION: Decision pertaining to the usage of antimicrobials for HM-FN-BSI patients is a critical task that relies on the latest pattern of prevalence, treatment resistance, and clinical outcomes. Analysis of the antibiogram of HM-FN-BSI patients in Qatar calls for a reconsideration of currently followed empirical antibiotic therapy towards better infection control and antimicrobial stewardship.

Endogenous Purulent Pericarditis Due to Klebsiella aerogenes in a Patient With Traumatic Chest Injury: A Case Report.

Purulent pericarditis is a rare but serious medical condition caused by an infection that spreads to the pericardial space surrounding the heart. Gram-positive organisms are the most common pathogens associated with purulent pericarditis. However, there has been a shift in recent years toward gram-negative bacteria. Klebsiella aerogenes is a rare pathogen that has never been linked to purulent pericarditis. In this report, we describe the case of a 40-year-old male patient with chronic bronchiectasis who, two months after suffering an injury, developed purulent pericarditis due to an uncommon organism, K. aerogenes. During his stay in the hospital, the patient developed several infections caused by K. aerogenes. These included bacteremia and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Beta-lactamase-inducible K. aerogenes was grown in pericardial fluid culture following an emergency pericardiocentesis. The organism was resistant to carbapenems in a sputum culture, even though it was sensitive to meropenem in a blood culture. The patient had hypotension, requiring inotropes, and continued persistent bacteremia due to K. aerogenes. The patient had a heart attack with no pulse or electrical activity and died despite getting the best care possible. In light of this example, it is crucial to think about K. aerogenes and other rare organisms as possible pathogens in purulent pericarditis, especially in people who do not normally have known risk factors for this condition. Multidrug resistance patterns can make treatment more complicated, and aggressive care may be necessary in critically ill patients with chronic bacteremia.

Factors affecting mortality in COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: An international ID-IRI study.

Background: This study aimed to identify factors that influence the mortality rate of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data from 23 centers across 15 countries, spanning the period of March 2020 to December 2021, were retrospectively collected. The study population comprised patients who developed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis while being treated for COVID-19 in the intensive care unit. Cox regression and decision tree analyses were used to identify factors associated with mortality in patients with CAPA. Results: A total of 162 patients (males, 65.4 %; median age: 64 [25th-75th: 54.0-73.8] years) were included in the study, of whom 113 died during the 90-day follow-up period. The median duration from CAPA diagnosis to death was 12 (25th-75th: 7-19) days. In the multivariable Cox regression model, an age of ≥65 years (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.05, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-3.07), requiring vasopressor therapy at the time of CAPA diagnosis (HR: 1.80, 95 % CI: 1.17-2.76), and receiving renal replacement therapy at the time of CAPA diagnosis (HR: 2.27, 95 % CI: 1.35-3.82) were identified as predictors of mortality. Decision tree analysis revealed that patients with CAPA aged ≥65 years who received corticosteroid treatment for COVID-19 displayed higher mortality rates (estimated rate: 1.6, observed in 46 % of patients). Conclusion: This study concluded that elderly patients with CAPA who receive corticosteroids are at a significantly higher risk of mortality, particularly if they experience multiorgan failure.

Clinical manifestations and outcome of Mpox infection in Qatar: An observational study during the 2022 outbreak.

Mpox emerged in May 2022 as a global outbreak, mostly in hitherto non-endemic countries. To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of mpox in Qatar, data were retrospectively retrieved for all laboratory-confirmed mpox cases diagnosed in Qatar between May and November 2022. Twelve cases were identified; of which 10 were males, and the median age was 33.5 years (IQR 24.5-37.5). Recent sexual exposure was reported in 9 patients, 6 of which were outside Qatar. Seven individuals reported exclusive heterosexual contact. Pleomorphic skin lesions were present in all cases, with anogenital involvement in 11. Fever (7/12) and lymphadenopathy (4/12) were relatively common. All cases were HIV-negative. The majority of cases had an uncomplicated and self-limiting clinical illness. In conclusion, the majority of early mpox infections in Qatar were purportedly acquired through heterosexual contact, primarily among middle-aged men. The clinical course was mostly uneventful. In the absence of active case finding and the mild and self-limiting nature of the clinical illness, undetected community transmission cannot be ruled out.

The epidemiology and microbiological characteristics of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria in Qatar: national surveillance from the Study for Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART): 2017 to 2019.

Background: The global Study of Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) is a surveillance program for evaluation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from different regions including Gulf countries. Objectives: To evaluate AMR in GNB from various clinical specimens including microbiological and genetic characteristics for existing and novel antimicrobials. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on clinical specimens from Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, between 2017 and 2019 according to the SMART protocol. Consecutive GNB from different sites were evaluated including lower respiratory, urinary tract, intrabdominal and bloodstream infections. Results: Over the 3 years study period, 748 isolates were evaluated from the specified sites comprising 37 different GNB outlining four key pathogens: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.For the two major pathogens E. coli and K. pneumoniae, phenotypic ESBL was identified in 55.77% (116/208) compared to 39% (73/187), while meropenem resistance was 3.8% compared to 12.8% and imipenem/relebactam resistance was 2.97% compared to 11.76%, respectively. The overall ceftolozane/tazobactam resistance for E. coli was 9.6% (20/208) compared to 14.97% (28/187) for K. pneumoniae while resistance for ceftazidime/avibactam was 3.65% (5/137) and 5.98% (10/117), respectively. Genomic characteristics of 70 Enterobacterales including 48 carbapenem-resistant, revealed prevalence of ß-lactamases from all classes, predominated by blaCXM-15 while carbapenem resistance revealed paucity of blaKPC and dominance of blaOXA-48 and blaNDM resistance genes. Conclusions: Surveillance of GNB from Qatar showed prevalence of key pathogens similar to other regions but demonstrated significant resistance patterns to existing and novel antimicrobials with different underlying resistance mechanisms.