Activating Killer-Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors Are Associated With the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019.

BACKGROUND: Etiopathogenesis of the clinical variability of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains mostly unknown. In this study, we investigate the role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)/human leukocyte antigen class-I (HLA-I) interactions in the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. METHODS: We performed KIR and HLA-I genotyping and natural killer cell (NKc) receptors immunophenotyping in 201 symptomatic patients and 210 noninfected controls. RESULTS: The NKcs with a distinctive immunophenotype, suggestive of recent activation (KIR2DS4low CD16low CD226low CD56high TIGIThigh NKG2Ahigh), expanded in patients with severe COVID-19. This was associated with a higher frequency of the functional A-telomeric activating KIR2DS4 in severe versus mild and/or moderate patients and controls (83.7%, 55.7% and 36.2%, P < 7.7 × 10-9). In patients with mild and/or moderate infection, HLA-B*15:01 was associated with higher frequencies of activating B-telomeric KIR3DS1 compared with patients with other HLA-B*15 subtypes and noninfected controls (90.9%, 42.9%, and 47.3%; P < .002; Pc = 0.022). This strongly suggests that HLA-B*15:01 specifically presenting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 peptides could form a neoligand interacting with KIR3DS1. Likewise, a putative neoligand for KIR2DS4 could arise from other HLA-I molecules presenting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 peptides expressed on infected an/or activated lung antigen-presenting cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support a crucial role of NKcs in the clinical variability of COVID-19 with specific KIR/ligand interactions associated with disease severity.

HLA-C*07 is associated with symptomatic HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and immune dysregulation.

BACKGROUND: HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in stable patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) may result from ongoing immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation. A contributing factor may result from the unstable HLA class I allele, HLA-C*07. OBJECTIVE: To assess the genetic profile of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), human leukocyte antigens (HLA), and immune activation or senescence markers and their association with HAND in stable HIV-1 patients receiving ART. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out with 96 patients with asymptomatic or symptomatic HAND. HLA and KIR as well as immune activation/senescence biomarkers in peripheral blood cells were assessed by SSO-Luminex typing and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS: HLA-C*07 is associated with symptomatic HAND. The frequency of two copies of HLA-C*07 was higher in patients with symptomatic than with asymptomatic HAND (12.0 vs. 2.2%, ρ < 0.001). The percentage of senescent CD8+CD28- T-cells was higher in patients with two copies of HLA-C*07 (ρ < 0.05). In patients with symptomatic HAND, the percentages of non-senescent CD8+CD28+ T cells were inversely proportional to the number of copies of the HLA-C*07 (ρ < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with symptomatic HAND showed a higher frequency of the homozygotic unstable HLA-C*07 allotype, which could be associated with neurocognitive complications. Two copies of HLA-C*07 were associated with immune senescent T lymphocyte profiles characterized by the loss of CD28 expression.

Remdesivir plus dexamethasone is associated to improvement in the clinical outcome of COVID-19 hospitalized patients regardless of their vaccination status.

INTRODUCTION: Remdesivir seems to reduce the risk of hospitalization and improve clinical outcome in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical outcome of COVID-19 hospitalized patients treated with remdesivir plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone, according to their vaccination status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out in 165 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 from October 2021 to January 2022. Multivariate logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier and the log-rank tests were used to evaluate the event (need for ventilation or death). RESULTS: Patients treated with remdesivir plus dexamethasone (n=87) compared with dexamethasone alone (n=78) showed similar age (60±16, 47-70 vs. 62±37, 51-74 years) and number of comorbidities: 1 (0-2) versus 1.5 (1-3). Among 73 fully vaccinated patients, 42 (47.1%) were in remdesivir plus dexamethasone and 31 (41%) in dexamethasone alone. Patients treated with remdesivir plus dexamethasone needed intensive care less frequently (17.2% vs. 31%; p=0.002), high-flow oxygen (25.3% vs. 50.0%; p=0.002) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (16.1% vs. 47.4%; p<0.001). Furthermore, they had less complications during hospitalization (31.0% vs. 52.6%; p=0.008), need of antibiotics (32.2% vs. 59%; p=0.001) and radiologic worsening (21.8% vs. 44.9%; p=0.005). Treatment with remdesivir plus dexamethasone (aHR, 0.26; 95% CI: 0.14-0.48; p<0.001) and vaccination (aHR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.21-0.74) were independent factors associated with lower progression to mechanical ventilation or death. CONCLUSIONS: Remdesivir in combination with dexamethasone and vaccination independently and synergistically protects hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen therapy from progression to severe disease or dead.

Moderate to Intense Physical Activity Is Associated With Improved Clinical, CD4/CD8 Ratio, and Immune Activation Status in HIV-Infected Patients on ART.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity has anti-inflammatory effects and reduces morbidity and mortality in the general population, but its role in the clinical, CD4/CD8 ratio, and immune activation status of HIV-infected patients has been poorly studied. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a cohort of 155 HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) to compare clinical, biochemical, CD4/CD8 ratio, and immune activation status according to their physical activity in the last 2 years (sedentary/low vs moderate/intense) assessed by the iPAQ. A binary logistic regression and mixed analysis of variance were performed to evaluate the impact of levels of physical activity on CD4/CD8 ratio. RESULTS: In our series, 77 (49.7%) out of 155 patients were sedentary, and 78 (50.3%) practiced moderate/intense physical activity. Moderate/intense physical activity was associated with better metabolic control (lower body mass index, P = .024; glucose, P = .024; and triglyceride, P = .002) and CDC HIV stage (P = .046), lower CD8+ (P =  .018), CD4+CD8+ (P = .026), CD4+CD86+ (P = .045), CD4+HLA-DR+ (P = .011), CD8+HLA-DR+ (P = .048) T lymphocytes and CD16+HLA-DR+ natural killer cells (P = .026), and higher CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes (P = .016) and CD4/CD8 ratio (P = .001). Sedentary lifestyle (odds ratio [OR], 2.12; P = .042), CD4 nadir (OR, 1.005; P < .001), and CD8+CD38+ T cells (OR, 1.27; P = .006) were independently associated with low CD4/CD8 ratio (<0.8). Earlier and more intense CD4/CD8 ratio recovery was observed in patients with higher physical activity in the 2-year follow-up with a significant interaction between these variables: F(2, 124) = 3.31; P = .049; partial η2 = 0.042. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to high physical activity is associated with beneficial health effects, improvement in metabolic profile, and reduction of chronic inflammation in patients with HIV. Although more studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings, a healthy lifestyle including at least moderate physical activity should be recommended to HIV patients on stable ART.

Brief Report: Patients' Experiences and Opinions After Desimplification of Their Single-Tablet Regimens for the Treatment of HIV Infection: A Survey in a Multicentre Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to describe patients' experiences after single-tablet regimen (STR) desimplification and its impact on self-reported treatment adherence and quality of life. METHODS: We performed a survey among all patients from the multicenter cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Network who had desimplified the STRs dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (DGT/ABC/3TC) or rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine to their separate components (DTG + generic ABC/3TC or RPV + generic TDF/FTC) between December 2016 and November 2018. RESULTS: Among 216 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria, 138 (63.9%) completed the questionnaire. Most of the patients (78.3%) knew what generic drugs are, only 8.7% believed that treatment with 2 pills is less effective than treatment with an STR, and 67.4% agreed that it is reasonable to take 2 pills instead of 1 for HIV treatment to decrease costs for the health care system. After desimplification, 13.0% of the patients stated they had more secondary effects, 8.0% had forgotten one or more doses more frequently than before, and 10.9% had sometimes forgotten to take 1 pill, but not the other. A proportion of 30.4% reported not being happy to take more pills a day, and 10.1% experienced a worse quality of life after the treatment desimplification. CONCLUSIONS: After STR desimplification, most of the patients had a fair knowledge about generic antiretrovirals, and they agreed to desimplify their STR to decrease costs. Although almost a third of the respondents were not happy to take 2 pills a day, only a minority reported worse adherence or quality of life.

Subclinical atherosclerosis and immune activation in young HIV-infected patients with telomere shortening.

BACKGROUND: To date, available data on premature aging in young HIV-infected adults are scarce and no reports offer comprehensive assessment of telomere shortening (TS) in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA). In this study, we investigate if telomere shortening and immune activation markers are associated with SCA, which is one of the main degenerative diseases in young HIV-infected adults. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 149 HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral regimen (ART). Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was estimated by carotid ultrasound. Quantitative singleplex PCR was performed to evaluate TS. The expression of activation/senescence markers was evaluated by multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS: TS was observed in 73 patients (49%). Higher cIMT was observed in patients with TS than those without it (0.86 vs. 0.80 mm; p=0.041). Patients under the age of 50 (defined as young adults) with TS showed higher absolute numbers of activated lymphocyte T cells CD8+CD38+ (3.94 vs. 2.34 cell/µl; p=0.07) and lymphocyte B cells CD19+CD38+ (3.07 vs. 2.10 cell/µl; p=0.004) compared to those without TS. In the multivariate analysis, the only factor independently associated with TS was the absolute number of lymphocyte T cells CD8+CD38+ T cells (OR = 1.18; 95%-CI = 1.00-1.39; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Young HIV-infected adults show premature biological aging with accentuated immune activation. Chronic inflammation with excessive T-cells activation could be associated to TS, premature aging, and SCA in young HIV-infected adults.

Circulating MR-proADM levels, as an indicator of endothelial dysfunction, for early risk stratification of mid-term mortality in COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Thromboinflammation, resulting from a complex interaction between thrombocytopathy, coagulopathy, and endotheliopathy, contributes to increased mortality in COVID-19 patients. MR-proADM, as a surrogate of adrenomedullin system disruption, leading to endothelial damage, has been reported as a promising biomarker for short-term prognosis. We evaluated the role of MR-proADM in the mid-term mortality in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A prospective, observational study enrolling COVID-19 patients from August to October 2020. A blood sample for laboratory test analysis was drawn on arrival in the emergency department. The primary endpoint was 90-day mortality. The area under the curve (AUC) and Cox regression analyses were used to assess discriminatory ability and association with the endpoint. RESULTS: A total of 359 patients were enrolled, and the 90-day mortality rate was 8.9%. ROC AUC for MR-proADM predicting 90-day mortality was 0.832. An optimal cutoff of 0.80 nmol/L showed a sensitivity of 96.9% and a specificity of 58.4%, with a negative predictive value of 99.5%. Circulating MR-proADM levels (inverse transformed), after adjusting by a propensity score including eleven potential confounders, were an independent predictor of 90-day mortality (HR: 0.162 [95% CI: 0.043-0.480]) CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm that MR-proADM has a role in the mid-term prognosis of COVID-19 patients and might assist physicians with risk stratification.

Amniotic membrane induces epithelialization in massive posttraumatic wounds.

Large-surface or deep wounds often become senescent in the inflammatory or proliferation stages and cannot progress to reepithelialization. This failure makes intervention necessary to provide the final sealing epithelial layer. The best current treatment is autologous skin graft, although there are other choices such as allogenic or autologous skin substitutes and synthetic dressings. Amniotic membrane (AM) is a tissue of interest as a biological dressing due to its biological properties and immunologic characteristics. It has low immunogenicity and beneficial reepithelialization effects, with antiinflammatory, antifibrotic, antimicrobial, and nontumorigenic properties. These properties are related to its capacity to synthesize and release cytokines and growth factors. We report the use of AM as a wound dressing in two patients with large and deep traumatic wounds. Negative pressure wound therapy followed by AM application was capable of restoring skin integrity avoiding the need for skin graft reconstruction. AM induced the formation of a well-structured epidermis. To understand this effect, we designed some assays on human keratinocyte-derived HaCaT cells. AM treatment of HaCaT induced ERK1/2 and SAP/JNK kinases phosphorylation and c-jun expression, a gene critical for keratinocytes migration; however, it did not affect cell cycle distribution. These data suggest that AM substantially modifies the behavior of keratinocytes in chronic wounds, thereby allowing effective reepithelialization.

T cell senescence predicts subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients similarly to traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the predictive capacity of T cell activation/senescence in subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA) in a group of HIV-infected patients. So, a cross-sectional analysis was performed on 91 long-term triple-ART therapy HIV-infected patients from an observational and prospective cohort. Carotid Intima Media Thickness (cIMT) was measured. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate independent variables associated with SCA. Compared to patients without SCA, patients with SCA (60.4%) were older (41.33 ±â€¯9.04 vs. 51.73 ±â€¯8.44 years old, p < 0.001) and showed Framingham risk score (2.63 ±â€¯3.127 vs. 7.66 ±â€¯5.84, p = 0.008), as well as higher numbers of CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells (0.50 ±â€¯0.42% vs. 0.81 ±â€¯0.79%, p = 0.037), CD8+CD28- T cells (41.70 ±â€¯16.96% vs. 50.22 ±â€¯16.15%, p = 0.018), higher expression of CD28 on CD8+CD28+ T cells (1865 ±â€¯789 vs. 2243 ±â€¯917 MFI, P = 0.046). In contrast, they showed lower expression of CD38 on CD19+ B cells (65.38 ±â€¯27.47% vs. 42.67 ±â€¯30.26%, P < 0.001). Logistic multivariable analysis showed that Framingham risk score >10% (OR = 14.84, CI95% 1.63-125; p = 0.016) and numbers of CD8+CD28- T cells (OR = 1.032, CI 95% 1-1.065; p = 0.045) were independent factors associated with SCA. Patients with CD8+CD28- T cells ≥59% compared to those <59% had higher risk of SCA (OR = 4, CI95% 1.19-13.3, p = 0.024). Interestingly, 27.4% of patients with low Framingham risk score had elevated levels of CD8+CD28- T cells. In conclusion, immune senescence represented by accumulation of CD8+CD28- T cells may contribute to improve the predictive capacity of the Framingham risk score, especially when the scores are low and can explain, at least in part, the higher prevalence of SCA observed in long-term ART-treated stable HIV infected patients.

Association Between Erectile Dysfunction and Carotid Subclinical Atherosclerosis in HIV-Infected Patients.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is frequent in HIV-infected patients, and it can be associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. So, the objective was to evaluate whether the presence of moderate-severe ED was a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA) in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of HIV-infected patients. The presence of ED was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. The presence of SCA was determined by calculating the mean carotid intima-media thickness with Doppler ultrasound. A logistic regression analysis was performed to check the variables associated with SCA. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-nine men of 45 (10) years of age were included, of which 130 (94.9%) received antiretroviral therapy. In 30 (22%) patients, the Framingham score was higher than 10%. In 36 (25.9%) patients, ED was detected in a moderate-severe degree and in 53 (38.1%), SCA was detected. In the multivariate analysis, variables independently associated with the presence of SCA were as follows: older age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, confidence interval (CI) 95%: 1.1 to 1.35, P < 0.001] and moderate-severe ED (OR = 4.68, CI 95%: 1.18 to 18.5; P = 0.028). Variables associated with moderate-severe ED were as follows: age (OR = 1.107, CI 95%: 1.041 to 1.17, P < 0.001) and having antibodies for hepatitis C virus (OR = 5.12, CI 95%: 1.54 to 17.03, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-Infected patients often have moderate-severe ED, especially the elderly and coinfected patients with hepatitis C virus. ED can be an early clinical manifestation of incipient atherosclerosis, so its presence should involve a deep control of cardiovascular risk factors and using a regimen with a better atherogenic profile.

Effects of chronic L-NAME on nitrotyrosine expression and renal vascular reactivity in rats with chronic bile-duct ligation.

In liver cirrhosis, elevated levels of NO and ROS (reactive oxygen species) might greatly favour the generation of peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite is a highly reactive oxidant and it can potentially alter the vascular reactivity and the function of different organs. In the present study, we evaluated whether peroxynitrite levels are related to the progression of renal vascular and excretory dysfunction during experimental cirrhosis induced by chronic BDL (bile-duct ligation) in rats. Experiments were performed at 7, 15 and 21 days after BDL in rats and in rats 21 days post-BDL chronically treated with L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). Sodium balance, BP (blood pressure), basal RPP (renal perfusion pressure) and the renal vascular response to PHE (phenylephrine) and ACh (acetylcholine) in isolated perfused kidneys were measured. NO levels were calculated as 24-h urinary excretion of nitrites, ROS as TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances), and peroxynitrite formation as the renal expression of nitrotyrosine. BDL rats had progressive sodium retention, and decreased BP, RPP and renal vascular responses to PHE and ACh in the time following BDL. They also had increasing levels of NO and ROS, and renal nitrotyrosine accumulation,especially in the medulla. All of these changes were either prevented or significantly decreased by chronic L-NAME administration. In conclusion, these results suggest that the increasing levels of peroxynitrite might contribute to the altered renal vascular response and sodium retention in the development of the experimental biliary cirrhosis. Moreover, the beneficial effects of decreasing NO synthesis are, at least in part, mediated by anti-peroxinitrite-related effects.

Low-Level Viremia Is Associated With Clinical Progression in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term impact of low-level viremia (LLV) on all-cause mortality, AIDS and non-AIDS events (NAEs), and virological failure in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: We analyzed ART-naive adults from the cohort of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (CoRIS) who initiated ART from 2004 to 2015 and achieved plasma viral load (VL) below 50 copies per milliliter. LLV50-199 was defined as 2 consecutive VL between 50 and 199 copies per milliliter, and LLV200-499 as 2 consecutive VL between 50 and 499 copies per milliliter with at least one between 200 and 499 copies per milliliter. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate the association of LLV with AIDS events/death, non-AIDS events, and virological failure. RESULTS: Of 5986 patients included, 237 (4.0%) experienced LLV50-199 and 168 (2.8%) developed LLV200-499. One hundred seventy-one patients died or developed an AIDS event, 245 had any serious NAE and 280 had virological failure. LLV200-499 was strongly associated with a higher risk of both AIDS events/death [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 2.89; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.41 to 5.92] and virological failure (aHR, 3.25; 95% CI: 1.77 to 5.99), whereas no differences were observed between LLV50-199 and no LLV neither for AIDS events/death (aHR, 1.84; 95% CI: 0.89 to 3.82) nor virological failure (aHR, 1.42; 95% CI: 0.78 to 2.58). LLV was not associated with the occurrence of any serious NAE. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, LLV200-499 was strongly associated with AIDS events/death and virological failure, but not with any serious NAE. Therefore, vigorous treatment should be implemented in patients with more than 200 copies per milliliter.

Usefulness of midregional pro-adrenomedullin as a marker of organ damage and predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) is a prognostic biomarker in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and sepsis. In this paper, we examined the ability of MR-proADM to predict organ damage and long-term mortality in sepsis patients, compared to that of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and lactate. METHODS: This was a prospective observational cohort, enrolling severe sepsis or septic shock patients admitted to internal service department. The association between biomarkers and 90-day mortality was assessed by Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves. The accuracy of biomarkers for mortality was determined by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients with severe sepsis, according to the criteria of the campaign to survive sepsis, were enrolled. Eighty-five (57.4%) had sepsis according to the new criteria of Sepsis-3. MR-proADM showed the best AUROC to predict sepsis as defined by the Sepsis-3 criteria (AUROC of 0.771, 95% CI 0.692-0.850, p <0.001) and was the only marker independently associated with Sepsis-3 criteria (OR = 4.78, 95% CI 2.25-10.14; p < 0.001) in multivariate analysis. MR-proADM was the biomarker with the best AUROC to predict mortality in 90 days (AUROC of 0.731, CI 95% 0.612-0.850, p <0.001) and was the only marker that kept its independence [hazard ratio (HR) of 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.64, p <0.001] in multivariate analysis. The cut-off point of MR-proADM of 1.8 nmol/L (HR of 4.65, 95% CI 6.79-10.1, p < 0.001) was the one that had greater discriminative capacity to predict 90 days mortality. All patients with MR-proADM concentrations ≤0.60 nmol/L survived up to 90 days. In patients with SOFA ≤ 6, the addition of MR-proADM to SOFA score increased the ability of SOFA to identify non-survivors, AUROC of 0.65 (CI 95% 0.537-0.764) and AUROC of 0.700 (CI 95% 0.594-0.800), respectively (p < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS: MR-proADM is a good biomarker in the early identification of high risk septic patients and may contribute to improve the predictive capacity of SOFA scale, especially when scores are low.

Altered calcium signalling in platelets from bile-duct-ligated rats.

In the present study, we have analysed the mechanisms of Ca(2+) entry and release in platelets obtained from BDL (bile-duct-ligated) rats, 11-13 days and 4 weeks after surgery. Platelets were washed and loaded with fura-2, and [Ca(2+)](i) (cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration) was determined in cell suspensions by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Basal [Ca(2+)](i) was similar in platelets from BDL rats compared with those from their respective controls, both in the absence and presence of extracellular Ca(2+). Platelet stimulation with thrombin in the absence and presence of extracellular Ca(2+) induced a rapid rise in [Ca(2+)](i) that was of greater magnitude in platelets from BDL rats than in controls. Ca(2+) storage was significantly elevated in platelets from BDL rats, as well as the activity of SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic-reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase). Capacitative Ca(2+) entry, as evaluated by inhibition of SERCA with thapsigargin, was also altered in platelets from BDL rats, having lower rates of Ca(2+) entry. In conclusion, chronic BDL alters intracellular Ca(2+) homoeostasis in platelets, such that an enhanced Ca(2+) release is evoked by thrombin, which may be due to an increased amount of Ca(2+) stored in the intracellular organelles and secondary to an enhanced activity of SERCA. These alterations are already evident before cirrhosis has completely developed and occurs during the cholestasis phase.

Role of vascular nitric oxide in experimental liver cirrhosis.

One of the most important features of liver cirrhosis is the splanchnic and systemic arterial vasodilation, related to an increase in vascular capacity and an active vasodilation. This arterial vasodilation seems to be the consequence of the excessive generation of vasodilating substances, which also contributes to a lower than normal pressor response to circulating nervous or humoral substances. The following review analyzes the mechanisms responsible for the vascular hyporesponse to vasoconstrictors observed in the experimental models of liver cirrhosis. It has become increasingly clear that, among the great variety of substances studied, nitric oxide (NO) seems to be one of the main contributors to this vascular alteration, since elimination of the endothelium or inhibition of its synthesis corrects it. The mechanism by which NO interferes with the contractile apparatus in smooth muscle cells seems to be related to a direct effect on calcium entry from the extracellular space and release from the internal stores.

Reduced capacitative calcium entry in the mesenteric vascular bed of bile duct-ligated rats.

In this work, we analyzed the interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with some of the mechanisms known to regulate intracellular calcium levels in order to gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for the reduced vascular pressor response to vasoconstrictors observed in an experimental model of liver cirrhosis. Specifically, we hypothesized that the entry of calcium through capacitative channels is defective in this model. The experiments were performed with isolated, Krebs-perfused and de-endothelialized mesenteric arterial bed of rats with bile duct ligation (4 weeks) and their controls. Pretreatment with thapsigargin to inhibit calcium uptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum potentiated the pressor responses to methoxamine, but the response of the cirrhotic vessels was significantly lower than that of the controls. Under the same conditions, perfusion of the mesenteries with zero calcium-Krebs resulted in lower pressor responses to methoxamine, especially in the mesenteries of the bile duct-ligated rats. To specifically analyze the entry of calcium through store-operated calcium channels, the pressor response to the addition of calcium was studied in mesenteries perfused with zero calcium-Krebs and in the presence of thapsigargin. Again, the response of the cirrhotic mesenteric beds was significantly lower than that of the control vessels. Under all these experimental conditions, the differences between control and cirrhotic responses were abolished by pretreatment with the NO synthesis inhibitor N(w)-nitro-L-arginine (NNA). These results indicate that, in the mesenteric bed of bile duct-ligated rats, an excess of nitric oxide interferes with the release of calcium from thapsigargin-sensitive internal stores and also reduces the capacitative entry of calcium into vascular muscular cells induced by the depletion of calcium from internal stores. This mechanism may have an important role in the reduced pressor response observed in the mesenteric vascular bed in cirrhosis.

Amniotic Membrane Modifies the Genetic Program Induced by TGFß, Stimulating Keratinocyte Proliferation and Migration in Chronic Wounds.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic large-surface or deep wounds often cannot progress to reepithelialisation because they become irresponsive in the inflammatory stage, so intervention is necessary to provide the final sealing epidermis. Previously we have shown that Amniotic Membrane (AM) induced a robust epithelialisation in deep traumatic wounds. METHODS AND FINDINGS: To better understand this phenomenon, we used keratinocytes to investigate the effect of AM on chronic wounds. Using keratinocytes, we saw that AM treatment is able to exert an attenuating effect upon Smad2 and Smad3 TGFß-induced phosphorylation while triggering the activation of several MAPK signalling pathways, including ERK and JNK1, 2. This also has a consequence for TGFß-induced regulation on cell cycle control key players CDK1A (p21) and CDK2B (p15). The study of a wider set of TGFß regulated genes showed that the effect of AM was not wide but very concrete for some genes. TGFß exerted a powerful cell cycle arrest; the presence of AM however prevented TGFß-induced cell cycle arrest. Moreover, AM induced a powerful cell migration response that correlates well with the expression of c-Jun protein at the border of the healing assay. Consistently, the treatment with AM of human chronic wounds induced a robust expression of c-Jun at the wound border. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of AM on the modulation of TGFß responses in keratinocytes that favours proliferation together with AM-induced keratinocyte migration is the perfect match that allows chronic wounds to move on from their non-healing state and progress into epithelialization. Our results may explain why the application of AM on chronic wounds is able to promote epithelialisation.

Treatment of an infected venous leg ulcer with honey dressings.

An infectious diseases unit is potentially an ideal environment in which to carry out research into honey-based dressings. This article looks at the barriers to carrying out case study-based research, and describes the treatment of an elderly gentleman with venous leg ulcers. The patient's wounds improved with the honey-based dressing, but it failed to free the wound of microbes. One possible explanation is that the honey, instead of killing the microbes, actually provided them with a food source.

Remdesivir plus dexamethasone is associated to improvement in the clinical outcome of COVID-19 hospitalized patients regardless of their vaccination status / Remdesivir más dexametasona se asocian a una reducción de los eventos clínicos en los pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19, independientemente de su estado de vacunación

Introduction Remdesivir seems to reduce the risk of hospitalization and improve clinical outcome in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Objectives To compare the clinical outcome of COVID-19 hospitalized patients treated with remdesivir plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone, according to their vaccination status. Material and methods A retrospective observational study was carried out in 165 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 from October 2021 to January 2022. Multivariate logistic regression, Kaplan–Meier and the log-rank tests were used to evaluate the event (need for ventilation or death). Results Patients treated with remdesivir plus dexamethasone (n=87) compared with dexamethasone alone (n=78) showed similar age (60±16, 47–70 vs. 62±37, 51–74 years) and number of comorbidities: 1 (0–2) versus 1.5 (1–3). Among 73 fully vaccinated patients, 42 (47.1%) were in remdesivir plus dexamethasone and 31 (41%) in dexamethasone alone. Patients treated with remdesivir plus dexamethasone needed intensive care less frequently (17.2% vs. 31%; p=0.002), high-flow oxygen (25.3% vs. 50.0%; p=0.002) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (16.1% vs. 47.4%; p<0.001). Furthermore, they had less complications during hospitalization (31.0% vs. 52.6%; p=0.008), need of antibiotics (32.2% vs. 59%; p=0.001) and radiologic worsening (21.8% vs. 44.9%; p=0.005). Treatment with remdesivir plus dexamethasone (aHR, 0.26; 95% CI: 0.14–0.48; p<0.001) and vaccination (aHR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.21–0.74) were independent factors associated with lower progression to mechanical ventilation or death. Conclusions Remdesivir in combination with dexamethasone and vaccination independently and synergistically protects hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen therapy from progression to severe disease or dead (AU)

Introducción Remdesivir parece reducir el riesgo de hospitalización y mejorar el resultado clínico en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19. Objetivos Comparar el desenlace clínico de pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 tratados con remdesivir más dexametasona vs. dexametasona sola, según su estado de vacunación. Material y métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo en 165 pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 desde octubre de 2021 hasta enero de 2022. Se consideró como evento la necesidad de ventilación o muerte. esultados Los pacientes tratados con remdesivir más dexametasona (n=87) en comparación con dexametasona sola (n=78) mostraron una edad similar (60±16, 47-70 vs. 62±37, 51-74 años) y número de comorbilidades: 1 (0-2) vs. 1,5 (1-3). Entre 73 pacientes completamente vacunados, 42 (47,1%) estaban en remdesivir más dexametasona y 31 (41%) en dexametasona sola. Los pacientes tratados con remdesivir más dexametasona necesitaron cuidados intensivos con menos frecuencia (17,2 vs. 31%; p=0,002), oxígeno de alto flujo (25,3 vs. 50%; p=0,002) y ventilación mecánica no invasiva (16,1 vs. 47,4%, p<0,001). Además, tuvieron menos complicaciones durante la hospitalización (31 vs. 52,6%; p=0,008), necesidad de antibióticos (32,2 vs. 59%; p=0,001) y empeoramiento radiológico (21,8 vs. 44,9%; p=0,005). El tratamiento con remdesivir más dexametasona (aHR, 0,26; IC 95% 0,14-0,48; p<0,001) y la vacunación (aHR 0,39; IC 95% 0,21-0,74>) fueron factores independientes asociados con una menor progresión a ventilación mecánica o muerte. Conclusiones Remdesivir en combinación con dexametasona protegieron de forma independiente y sinérgica a los pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 que requieren oxigenoterapia de la progresión a la enfermedad grave o la muerte (AU)

Autocrine TGF-ß induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human amniotic epithelial cells.

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) have been the object of intense research due to their potential therapeutic use. In this paper, we present molecular evidence of a bona fide epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) undergone by hAECs. Amniotic membrane (AM)-derived hAECs showed the presence of typical epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and cytokeratins. hAECs in culture, however, underwent morphological changes acquiring a mesenchymal shape. Epithelial cell markers were lost and typical mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin and α-SMA, appeared. Several genes associated with EMT, such as SNAI1, MMP9, PAI1, or ACTA2, increased their expression. The expression of the transcription activators KLF4 or MTA3 was consistent with the downregulation of CDH1. We have shown that hAECs undergo EMT due to the autocrine production of TGF-ß. Furthermore, the addition of the TGF-ß receptor I (ALK5) inhibitor SB-431542 or TGF-ß neutralizing antibody to hAECs prevented EMT and preserved the hAECs' epithelial phenotype. Altogether, these results suggest that cultured hAECs undergo EMT through the autocrine production of TGF-ß.