Factors associated with the use of fashion braces of the Saudi Arabian Youth: application of the Health Belief Model.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the fact that fashion braces (FBs) have been in the spotlight in recent years among both orthodontists and the general public in several countries, there is still limited evidence regarding FBs. The aim was to identify health-related behaviors in using FBs by considering the Health Belief Model (HBM). METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a random sampling technique was conducted in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The data was obtained from different middle and high schools students, and first-year students at Jazan University. The questionnaire collected data on demographic characteristics and 27 items to examine the constructs of the HBM. Chi Square test was carried out to establish the factors associated with using, the intention to use, and previous knowledge on the use of fashion braces. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to determine the factors associated with the use of fashion braces. RESULTS: 406 study participants completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 88.3%. Majority of respondents were males (52.2%) and > 19 years old (44.3%). Only 9.9% students had used the FBs. However, 25.7% of students had the intention to use them. The perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and cues to action constructs scores were fair with the mean values of 15.38 (SD = 9.4), 28.17 (SD = 10.8) and 6.65 (SD = 2.50), respectively. However, the perceived barrier score was high with the mean values of 22.14 (SD = 7.50), and lower score of self-efficacy with mean of 8.73 (SD = 3.30). Gender, age, monthly income (family), and education level were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the use of fashion braces among the study's participants. Based on the results of logistic regression analysis family income, perceived susceptibility, and risk severity constructs predict the use of fashion braces in the study's sample. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that the family income, perceived susceptibility, and risk severity of students significantly influence the use of fashion braces. Hence, it is recommended that researchers should investigate effective educational strategies and programs for improving young people's knowledge about fashion braces and focus more on low family income students so that their using of fashion brace will be decreased.

Bite Force and Occlusal Patterns in the Mixed Dentition of Children with Down Syndrome.

PURPOSE: Oral function in Down Syndrome (DS) patients has been of interest to clinicians and researchers. This study aimed to evaluate the parameters of occlusal force and pattern of children with Down syndrome (DS) during mixed dentition when compared to age and gender-matched controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty DS and 30 healthy children, aged 7 to 12 years, participated in the evaluation of the parameters of the occlusal pattern and occlusal force distribution analysis. Both groups underwent clinical examination, occlusal force and pattern measurements using a computerized occlusal analysis system (T-Scan 8 occlusal analysis, Tekscan, Inc., S. Boston, MA). Occlusion time, percentage of force distribution, force outliers, center of force target area, center of force trajectory and evaluation of closure arc were compared between the two groups using the Pearson's Chi Square test. RESULTS: Children with DS had more occlusal and vertical malocclusion compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The occlusion time for DS group (0.75 ± 0.7s) was significantly longer than the control group (0.015 ± 0.05s) (p < 0.001). The closure arc for DS group was mostly irregular (53%), while the control group showed ideal closure arc. In control group, the age had a significant influence on the occlusion time, while height, weight, and BMI had a significant influence on the mouth opening. None of these variables had such effect on children with DS. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed high prevalence of orofacial dysfunction among DS population. The occlusal analysis showed that children with DS had longer occlusion time and a lack of ideal occlusion pattern compared to age matched controls.

Metal endocrown approach for a maxillary second molar: a novel technique.

Nonvital teeth with repeated restoration failures are particularly challenging to dental practitioners. This case report describes the fabrication of a novel cast metal endocrown following the failure of 2 different types of restorations (post and core-retained crown and ceramic endocrown). This approach was used to preserve the tooth and avoid extraction.

The long-term effect of previous dental treatment under general anaesthesia on children's dental fear and anxiety.

BACKGROUND: Dental treatment under general anaesthesia (DGA) is deemed to contribute to children's dental fear and anxiety (DFA), both in the short term and long term. OBJECTIVE: To compare DFA between children who had previous DGA and those who did not. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey included 5- to 12-year-old children who had undergone DGA (n = 43) and a control group who had not (n = 55). Questionnaires were completed by parents regarding sociodemographic and dental profiles. Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (faces) (MCDASf) were completed by children. RESULTS: The mean age of the control group and the DGA group was 9.5 ± 1.7 and 8.8 ± 1.5 years old, respectively (P > 0.05). The time passed since DGA was experienced ranged between 1.2 and 6.9 years ago (mean: 4.2 ± 1.1 years). The mean CFSS-DS and MCDASf scores for the DGA group (34.3 and 20.4, respectively) were significantly greater when compared to the control group (23.6 and 12.7, respectively) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Children who experienced DGA are a high-risk group for DFA several years after the procedure. The DGA status could be used for identifying anxious children to promote better behaviour management.

Shaping and Designing Health Communication Messages Around Culture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia launched several health campaigns tailored to the Saudis' culture over the past few years. These campaigns drew attention toward shifting to and maintaining healthy lifestyles and health-disorder management, particularly diabetes. Almost all the campaigns achieved success stories. These success stories were manifested by fruitful outcomes such as increasing vaccination rates and receiving awards (i.e., the "Marketing Pioneers Award"). This paper presents the development strategy and communicates the most recently culturally adapted health campaigns implemented by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health.

Mobilizing a Kingdom During a Pandemic: The Health Marketing Campaigns Applied by the Saudi Ministry of Health to Promote (COVID-19) Vaccine Confidence and Uptake.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy is threatening the global intended herd immunity. Social marketing integration rocketed in promoting public health through awareness campaigns. Saudi Arabia was one of the countries that used social marketing to promote COVID-19 vaccinations for all age groups through successive campaigns. This study aims to describe the content of the campaigns held by the Saudi Ministry of Health to promote COVID-19 vaccine uptake. METHODS: A track's working strategy was created to contain COVID-19 spread in Saudi Arabia followed by a vaccination track. Six tracks were maintained over six months extended from June 2020 to December 2020. As a result, different campaigns were launched, and key performance indicators were identified and collected. Data from campaigns and key indicators were collected to determine outreach and impact. RESULTS: Five campaigns were initiated receiving high interactions from governmental entities and the public. The individuals' percentage who received full vaccination doses and booster vaccinations increased. Moreover, the last campaign promoting vaccinations in children achieved a 60% willingness rate among adults to vaccinate their children. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 awareness campaigns achieved successful outcomes in Saudi Arabia and currently the Kingdom sustained higher vaccination proportions than the average vaccination attainment worldwide.

Patients' Satisfaction With the Quality of Services at Primary Healthcare Centers in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Patients' satisfaction is an essential indicator used to measure the quality of healthcare services. The evaluation of patients' satisfaction with primary healthcare center (PHC) visits is therefore essential when it comes to assessing the quality of healthcare services provided. AIM: To assess patients' overall satisfaction with the quality of services provided at PHCs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data collected from 2,390 PHCs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected by the Patient Experience Measurement Program in the Ministry of Health (MOH) using the Press Ganey Survey from January 2022 to December 2022. The Press Ganey Survey is a standardized tool used by the Saudi MOH to assess patients' satisfaction with the health services provided in different specialties and healthcare facilities. The assessment tool (Press Ganey survey) involves six domains (Access, Moving through, Nurse, Care provider, Personal issue, and Overall assessment). The data were tabulated and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). RESULTS: In total, there were 536,406 study participants, with their mean age being 28.7±21.1. The overall patients' satisfaction score was 4.2 out of 5 (83.8%). Male participants reported more satisfaction with PHC services than did females (86.6%, 81%), respectively. The domain with the highest patients' satisfaction scores was that of the Care provider (84.8%), while the domain with the lowest rating was Moving through (82.8%). CONCLUSION: This baseline study found that patients were generally satisfied, with the highest levels of satisfaction with their care providers, highlighting the crucial role of professionals in the patient experience. Further research is recommended to give a more in-depth analysis and thus highlight additional correlating and predicted elements of patients' satisfaction with PHC treatments in Saudi Arabia.

Exploring Predictors of Patient Satisfaction in Dental Services: A Secondary Analysis Study.

Purpose: Understanding the factors that influence the level of patient satisfaction with dental services and identifying the strengths and weaknesses in dental clinics will subsequently increase patient satisfaction and contribute to improving dental care quality. This study aims to evaluate the variables that impact patients' satisfaction with dental services received in specialized dental care centers of the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods: Secondary data at the national level from a patient experience program were used in this study. Completed Press Ganey® surveys submitted by patients during the first half of 2022 were included. The effect of the different domains (access to dental clinic, moving through dental visit and dentist) on the overall assessment rating of patient satisfaction was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and multiple linear regression models. Results: A total of 964 surveys were completed and subsequently analyzed. The overall assessment rate of patient satisfaction was 73.4%. All items of the domains showed highly significant correlation levels (P < 0.001). However, the Dentist domain exhibited the highest correlation with the overall assessment rate of patient satisfaction. Conclusion: The dentist acts as the most significant predictor of patient satisfaction.

Patient Satisfaction in Dental Healthcare Settings at Saudi Ministry of Health: A Descriptive Study.

Background: Patient satisfaction is crucial for assessing healthcare quality and identifying strengths and weaknesses in healthcare organizations. In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Health (MOH) implemented the Patient Experience Measurement Program to enhance patient experience and healthcare quality. This study aimed to identify specific aspects of patient satisfaction with dental visits in Saudi Arabia to improve dental care quality and inform dental services development. Methods: The study used a standardized self-administered questionnaire (Health Links/Press Ganey) and analyzed surveys from patients who visited MOH-specialized dental clinics in Saudi Arabia during the first half of 2022. The dental section comprised 20 questions across five domains, with patients rating their experience on a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Results: A total of 964 patients were surveyed. The overall patient satisfaction with dental settings was 3.61 out of 5.0 (72.2%). The highest satisfaction score was for personal issues with the dental clinic domain (3.93/5; 78.6%), while the least satisfaction score was for access to the dental clinic domain (3.29/5; 65.8%). Among all items, the cleanliness of the facility showed the highest satisfaction score (4.11/5; 82.2%). The least satisfaction was for the ease of contacting the dental clinic (2.71/5; 54.2%). Conclusion: The study found high levels of satisfaction among Saudi patients with dental services provided through MOH facilities across various component domains. This highlights the crucial role of dentists in ensuring high-quality dental care and serves as an indication of the overall healthcare quality in MOH facilities.

Patient Satisfaction as a Determinant of Patient Loyalty to the Dentist in Dental Clinics.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of patient satisfaction with a dentist on their loyalty to that dentist in Saudi Ministry of Health dental clinics. Retrospective data were recruited from the patient experience program (Press Ganey Survey) during the first half of 2022. Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient (r), and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the impact on loyalty to that dentist. Among the 964 respondents who submitted their responses to the survey, the highest mean satisfaction score was for the item concerning the good listening of the dentist to the patient (3.86 of 5; 77.2%). There was a highly significant correlation between each item related to the dentist and the likelihood of the patient to recommend a certain dentist to others "that is, patient loyalty" (P < .001). The highest predictor of patient loyalty to his dentist was the dentist's explanation of the treatment options to his patient (t: 8.632, P < .001). Dentists have a crucial role to play in boosting patient satisfaction and thereby patient loyalty.

Barriers to Professional Dental Care among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Aims were to: (1) investigate the parental difficulties toward their ASD children dental care and, (2) analyze factors influencing their access to such services. Questionnaires were completed by 142 mothers of ASD children. Children aged between 2.5 and 14 years old, with 3.9:1 male to female ratio. 68.3% perceived difficulties in finding dental care. Most barriers were: Cost (75.4%), finding a dentist to treat ASD child (74.6%), and behavior of their ASD child (45.1%). There was no difference among age and "difficulty finding dental care" (p = 0.429). Having medical insurance and previous bad experience showed significant effects on the difficulty in finding dental care (p < 0.05). Children with ASD and their parents encounter various barriers to dental services.

A nationwide survey assessing the satisfaction of dental colleges graduates with their undergraduate experience in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To date, there are no publications on the Saudi graduates' perceived value of their dental curriculum. The aim of this nation-wide survey was to investigate graduates' satisfaction with specific disciplines of their dental education and training. The first part of this study addressed findings according to the respondents' gender and the number of years of postgraduate experience (Graduate-related factors). METHODS: An electronic questionnaire was emailed to registrants of the Saudi Dental Society, specifically dental interns, general dentists, and specialized dentists who graduated from private and governmental dental colleges in Saudi Arabia (n = 2185). RESULTS: The response rate was 36.4 %. The number of male respondents was (n = 352, 44.2 %), the remainder being female (n = 444, 55.8 %). The number of recent dentists (≤ 5 years since graduation) was (n = 428, 53.8 %) and experienced dentists (n = 368, 46.2 %). There were statistically significant gender variations in satisfaction levels, and among dentists with different post-graduation experiences. Although male and female dental students are taught similar curriculums and have similar graduation requirements, there were statistically significant differences in various subjects covered. Similarly, recent and experienced dentists reported statistically significant differences in satisfaction in various subjects. CONCLUSION: This study provides graduates' perspectives on the strengths and weaknesses of their dental education in Saudi Arabia. The findings help in curriculum reform and collaborations between the dental colleges nationally. Ultimately this can lead to formulating a national dental accreditation and assessment body. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The findings of this study provide graduates' perspective on the dental education received in Saudi Arabia. This will help stimulate discussion and collaboration within and amongst the colleges on improving their curriculum in this fast-paced, evolving field of dentistry.

Influence of dental college funding and time established on the satisfaction of dental graduates with their undergraduate experience in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: With the emergence of graduates from all government and private-funded dental colleges in Saudi Arabia (SA), it is pressing to explore the graduates' satisfaction with the dental undergraduate education and training they received. The aim of the present study was to investigate the graduates' satisfaction with their education and training according to college funding arrangements (government vs private-funded) and time since establishment (established- >15 years vs new-<15 years). METHODS: A piloted, electronic questionnaire was emailed to all the members of the Saudi Dental Society who had graduated from government and and private dental colleges in SA (2,185 registrants). RESULTS: The response rate was 36.4%, with 580 government-funded college graduates (72.9%) and 216 private college graduates (27.1%) having completed and returned the questionnaire. The distribution of participants between established and new colleges was 'established' 396 (49.8%) and 'new' 400 (50.2%). Levels of dissatisfaction were recorded for graduates from established and new, government-funded and private colleges. The levels of dissatisfaction were greater amongst the graduates of established and government-funded colleges. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study indicate concerning levels of dissatisfaction with important aspects of dental education in SA. It is suggested that there is a pressing need for more integration of basic and clinical sciences and an emphasis on hands-on training. National coordination of arrangements for dental curricula could make a major contribution to addressing the problems identified.

Association between Dental Caries and Obesity in Children and Young People: A Narrative Review.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between obesity and dental caries in children and adolescents. Furthermore, to consider the possible reasons behind this relationship. METHODS: A database search for papers published between January 2015 and May 2018, inclusive, addressing the association between obesity and dental caries was conducted. A review and critical appraisal of all included studies was performed. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were included in this review from different populations worldwide. Eight studies assessed the primary dentition, nine studies were conducted on permanent dentition, and remaining nine studies on both dentitions. The results regarding the association between obesity and dental caries were conflicting and inconsistent. Nine studies concluded that there was no relationship between obesity and dental caries. A positive association was reported in five studies, while the inverse association was reported in eleven studies. Studies included in this review had significant variations in methodology and the investigated cofactors. Possible explanations of the controversial association between obesity and dental caries are discussed in this review. CONCLUSION: Both obesity and dental caries are multifactorial diseases, and their association is far more complex that can be explained by a single common risk factor, presenting evidence for the complexity of this association.

Validation of the efficacy of age assessment by the Brothwell tooth wear chart, using skulls of known age at death.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to validate the efficacy of age assessment by the Brothwell tooth wear chart, uniquely using skulls of recorded known age at death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty Chinese skulls, of known age recorded at death, ranging from 16 to 62 years, were used. All the skulls were anonymized laid out, numbered 1-50, and using randomized tables. A 70-mm, ×3 magnification glass with light (Rolson, Ruscombe, Twyford, Berkshire, United Kingdom) was used to evaluate tooth wear patterns, and the age assessed using newly devised "age calculator" based on the Brothwell Chart. RESULTS: The recorded age at death versus the estimated age derived from the Brothwell chart was statistically compared the weighted kappa score = 0.877, suggestive of a "very good" strength of agreement. CONCLUSION: The Brothwell chart, based on tooth wear, can be used as a consistent method of age assessment, allowing for easier and more rapid data collection with no loss of overall accuracy.

Light energy transmission through six different makes of ceramic orthodontic brackets.

OBJECTIVE: To measure Total Light Energy (TLE) Transmission through six makes of ceramic orthodontic brackets alone and bracket-plus-adhesive samples, using the MARC™-Resin Calibrator (RC). METHODS: Six makes, three each monocrystalline (M) and polycrystalline (P) were used; PureSapphire (M), SPA Aesthetic (M), Ghost (M), Mist (P), Reflections (P), and Dual Ceramic (P). The Ortholux™ Light Curing Unit (LCU) was used to cure the orthodontic adhesive Transbond™XT. The LCU's tip irradiance was measured and TLE transmitted through the ceramic bracket was obtained, then adhesive added to the bracket, and transmitted TLE measured through bracket-plus-adhesive samples. The LCU was set at five seconds as recommended for curing adhesive through ceramic brackets. RESULTS: Mean tip irradiance was 1859.2±16.2mW/cm2. The TLE transmitted through brackets alone ranged 1.7 to 3.9J/cm2, in the descending order: Ghost>Pure Sapphire>Reflections>Mist>SPA Aesthetics>Dual Ceramic. The TLE transmitted through bracket-plus-adhesive samples ranged 1.6 to 3.7J/cm2, in the descending order: Ghost>Mist>Reflections>Pure Sapphire>SPA Aesthetics>Dual Ceramic. TLE was reduced with the addition of adhesive (range -0.1 to -0.7J/cm2). There was a significant difference for Pure Sapphire, Reflections, and Mist (P<0.05), but not for SPA Aesthetics, Ghost, and Dual Ceramic. There was no overall significant difference between the monocrystalline and polycrystalline makes. The two best makes were of the monocrystalline type, concerning TLE transmission, but with the exception of polycrystalline Dual Ceramic; the next worst make was a monocrystalline bracket, SPA Aesthetics. CONCLUSION: Light energy attenuation through ceramic orthodontic brackets is make-dependent, with no overall difference between monocrystalline and polycrystalline brackets. Light energy is further attenuated with the addition of resin-based orthodontic adhesive.

A survey of fissure sealants and dental caries prevalence in the first permanent molars among primary school girls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of caries and fissure sealants on the first permanent molars (FPMs) among 6-9-year-old girls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The FPMs of 17,891 school girls from 120 randomly selected public primary schools were evaluated by visual and tactile examination for the carious status and the presence of fissure sealants. Chi-square test was used to analyze the data at level of 5%. RESULTS: A total of 58,140 FPMs were assessed in the 17,891 children. Nearly 64.6% of the children were caries free. Only 1.3% of the children had at least one fissure sealant applied. At tooth level, the decayed FPMs counted for 24.6%. There was obvious underutilization of fissure sealants on the FPMs; 0.8% (n = 478). The caries prevalence in the mandibular FPMs (33%) was significantly higher than in the maxillary FPMs, 18.2% (P < 0.01). The proportion of carious FPMs increased with age of the children significantly (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the proportion of the presence of fissure sealants among the three different grade/age groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Caries prevalence in the FPMs was high and serious among this cohort of young students. This was contrasting the very low prevalence of fissure sealants.