RESUMEN
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS1. Astrocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis2, but little is known about the heterogeneity of astrocytes and its regulation. Here we report the analysis of astrocytes in multiple sclerosis and its preclinical model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by single-cell RNA sequencing in combination with cell-specific Ribotag RNA profiling, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP-seq), genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and in vivo CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic perturbations. We identified astrocytes in EAE and multiple sclerosis that were characterized by decreased expression of NRF2 and increased expression of MAFG, which cooperates with MAT2α to promote DNA methylation and represses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory transcriptional programs. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signalling in astrocytes drives the expression of MAFG and MAT2α and pro-inflammatory transcriptional modules, contributing to CNS pathology in EAE and, potentially, multiple sclerosis. Our results identify candidate therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis.
Asunto(s)
Astrocitos/patología , Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Inflamación/patología , Factor de Transcripción MafG/genética , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismo , Metilación de ADN , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/genética , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Femenino , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamación/genética , Masculino , Metionina Adenosiltransferasa/genética , Ratones , Esclerosis Múltiple/genética , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Transducción de Señal , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
Frank-Ter Haar syndrome (FTHS), sometimes referred to as Ter Haar syndrome, is a rare hereditary disorder that manifests in skeletal, cardiac, and ocular anomalies, including hypertelorism, glaucoma, prominent eyes, and facial abnormalities. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify the genetic component responsible for the phenotype of the index patient, a male infant born to a consanguineous family from Saudi Arabia. The analysis revealed a homozygous missense variant, c.280C>G, in the SH3PXD2B gene, which cosegregates with the familial phenotype with a plausible autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance, indicating a potential disease-causing association. The SH3PXD2B gene encodes a TKS4 podosome adaptor protein that regulates the epidermal growth factor signaling pathway. This study validates the critical function of the TKS4 podosome protein by suggesting a common mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of FTHS.