Immunogenicity and Safety Following 1 Dose of AS01E-Adjuvanted Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Vaccine in Older Adults: A Phase 3 Trial.

BACKGROUND: The recently approved AS01E-adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein-based vaccine for older adults (RSVPreF3 OA) demonstrated high efficacy against RSV-related disease in ≥60-year-olds. METHODS: This ongoing phase 3 study in ≥60-year-olds evaluates immune persistence until 3 years after RSVPreF3 OA vaccination. Here, we describe interim results on humoral and cell-mediated immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety until 1 year post-dose 1. RESULTS: In total, 1653 participants were vaccinated. One month post-dose 1, neutralization titers increased 10.5-fold (RSV-A) and 7.8-fold (RSV-B) vs pre-dose 1. Titers then declined to levels 4.4-fold (RSV-A) and 3.5-fold (RSV-B) above pre-dose 1 at month 6 and remained 3.1-fold (RSV-A) and 2.3-fold (RSV-B) above pre-dose 1 levels after 1 year. RSVPreF3-binding immunoglobulin G levels and CD4+ T-cell frequencies showed similar kinetics. Solicited administration-site and systemic adverse events (mostly mild to moderate and transient) were reported by 62.2% and 49.5% of participants. Serious adverse events were reported by 3.9% of participants within 6 months post-dose 1; 1 case was considered vaccine related. CONCLUSIONS: One RSVPreF3 OA dose elicited cell-mediated and RSV-A- and RSV-B-specific humoral immune responses that declined over time but remained above pre-dose 1 levels for at least 1 year. The vaccine was well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04732871 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of illness and hospitalization in older adults. An RSV vaccine for older adults developed by GSK was recently approved. The vaccine was well tolerated and provided protection against RSV disease in adults aged ≥60 years during at least 1 RSV season. In this ongoing study, we are evaluating the magnitude and durability of the immune response, as well as vaccine safety, until 3 years after vaccination of adults aged ≥60 years from 5 countries. Here, we report the results of an interim analysis until 1 year after vaccination with 1 dose. In total, 1653 participants were vaccinated. We found that the vaccine induced a strong immune response that was evident 1 month after vaccination, after which it declined but persisted for at least 1 year. Study participants most often reported pain at the injection site, muscle pain, tiredness, and headache as adverse reactions, which were mostly mild to moderate and of short duration. One serious adverse reaction was considered related to the vaccine. The long-term immune response that was observed in this study is consistent with the vaccine providing protection during at least 1 RSV season.

Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of survodutide, a glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist, in cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Survodutide is a glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist in development for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). We investigated the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of survodutide in people with cirrhosis. METHODS: This multinational, non-randomized, open-label, phase I clinical trial initially evaluated a single subcutaneous dose of survodutide 0.3 mg in people with Child-Pugh class A, B or C cirrhosis and healthy individuals with or without overweight/obesity matched for age, sex, and weight; the primary endpoints were the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) and maximal plasma concentration (Cmax). Subsequently, people with overweight/obesity with or without cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class A or B) received once-weekly subcutaneous doses escalated from 0.3 mg to 6.0 mg over 24 weeks then maintained for 4 weeks; the primary endpoint was drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events, with MASH/cirrhosis-related endpoints explored. RESULTS: In the single-dose cohorts (n = 41), mean AUC0-∞ and Cmax were similar in those with cirrhosis compared with healthy individuals (90% CIs for adjusted geometric mean ratios spanned 1). Drug-related adverse events occurred in 25.0% of healthy individuals and ≤25.0% of those with cirrhosis after single doses, and 82.4% and 87.5%, respectively, of the multiple-dose cohorts (n = 41) over 28 weeks. Liver fat content, liver stiffness, liver volume, body weight, and other hepatic and metabolic disease markers were generally reduced after 28 weeks of survodutide treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Survodutide is generally tolerable in people with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis, does not require pharmacokinetic-related dose adjustment, and may improve liver-related non-invasive tests, supporting its investigation for MASH-related cirrhosis. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Survodutide is a glucagon receptor/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist in development for treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which causes cirrhosis in ∼20% of cases. This trial delineates the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of survodutide in people with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis, and revealed associated reductions in liver fat content, markers of liver fibrosis and body weight. These findings have potential relevance for people with MASH-including those with decompensated cirrhosis, who are usually excluded from clinical trials of investigational drugs. Based on this study, further investigation of survodutide for MASH-related cirrhosis is warranted. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT05296733.

Long-term trends in human-induced water storage changes for China detected from GRACE data.

Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) plays a pivotal role in water resource management by providing a comprehensive measure of both surface water and groundwater availability. This study investigates changes in TWS driven by human activities from 2003 to 2023, and forecasts future TWS trends under various climate change and development scenarios. Our findings reveal a continuous decline in China's TWS since 2003, with an average annual decrease of approximately 1.36 mm. This reduction is primarily attributed to the combined effects of climate change and human activities, including irrigation, industrial water use, and domestic water consumption. Notably, TWS exhibits significant seasonal and annual fluctuations, with variations ranging ±10 mm. For the future period (2024-2030), we project greater disparities between water resource supply and demand in specific years for the Songliao, Southwest, and Yangtze basins. Consequently, future water resource management must prioritize water conservation during wet seasons, particularly in years when supply-demand conflicts for limited water resources intensify. This study is valuable for effective planning and sustainable utilization of water resources.

Safety and Immunogenicity of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F (RSVPreF3) Candidate Vaccine in Older Adults: Phase 1/2 Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate safety and immunogenicity of vaccine formulations against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) containing the stabilized prefusion conformation of RSV fusion protein (RSVPreF3). METHODS: This phase 1/2, randomized controlled, observer-blind study enrolled 48 young adults (YAs; aged 18-40 years) and 1005 older adults (OAs; aged 60-80 years) between January and August 2019. Participants were randomized into equally sized groups to receive 2 doses of unadjuvanted (YAs and OAs) or AS01-adjuvanted (OAs) vaccine or placebo 2 months apart. Vaccine safety and immunogenicity were assessed until 1 month (YAs) or 12 months (OAs) after second vaccination. RESULTS: The RSVPreF3 vaccines boosted humoral (RSVPreF3-specific immunoglobulin G [IgG] and RSV-A neutralizing antibody) responses, which increased in an antigen concentration-dependent manner and were highest after dose 1. Compared to prevaccination, the geometric mean frequencies of polyfunctional CD4+ T cells increased after each dose and were significantly higher in adjuvanted than unadjuvanted vaccinees. Postvaccination immune responses persisted until end of follow-up. Solicited adverse events were mostly mild to moderate and transient. Despite a higher observed reactogenicity of AS01-containing vaccines, no safety concerns were identified for any assessed formulation. CONCLUSIONS: Based on safety and immunogenicity profiles, the AS01E-adjuvanted vaccine containing 120 µg of RSVPreF3 was selected for further clinical development. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT03814590.

Peripheral Insertion of Pediatric Central Venous Catheters in Adults with Difficult I.V. Access.

BACKGROUND: Difficult intravenous access is a frequent occurrence in critical care and emergency medicine. Prior intravenous access, chemotherapy use, and obesity are a few factors associated with difficult access. Alternatives to peripheral access are often contraindicated, not feasible, or not readily available. OBJECTIVES: To describe the feasibility and safety of peripheral insertion of peripherally inserted pediatric central venous catheters (PIPCVC) in a cohort of adult critical care patients with difficult intravenous access. METHODS: Prospective observational study of adult patients with difficult intravenous access who underwent peripheral insertion of pediatric PIPCVCs at a large university hospital. RESULTS: During a 1-year period, 46 patients were evaluated for PIPCVC; 40 catheters were placed successfully. The median age of the patients was 59 years (range 19-95 years) and 20 (50%) were female. The median body mass index was 27.2 (range 17.1-41.8). The basilic vein was accessed in 25/40 (63%) patients, the cephalic in 10/40 (25%), and the accessed vessel was missing in 5/40 (13%) cases. The PIPCVCs were in place for a median of 8 days (range 1-32). One superficial thrombosis and one deep occurred; pulmonary embolism did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: PIPCVC placement seems to be a feasible option in patients in whom peripheral intravenous access is difficult. The safety of this technique needs to be evaluated in prospective studies.

The Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Confers Long-Term Protection Against Herpes Zoster: Interim Results of an Extension Study of the Pivotal Phase 3 Clinical Trials ZOE-50 and ZOE-70.

BACKGROUND: This ongoing follow-up study evaluated the persistence of efficacy and immune responses for 6 additional years in adults vaccinated with the glycoprotein E (gE)-based adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) at age ≥50 years in 2 pivotal efficacy trials (ZOE-50 and ZOE-70). The present interim analysis was performed after ≥2 additional years of follow-up (between 5.1 and 7.1 years [mean] post-vaccination) and includes partial data for year (Y) 8 post-vaccination. METHODS: Annual assessments were performed for efficacy against herpes zoster (HZ) from Y6 post-vaccination and for anti-gE antibody concentrations and gE-specific CD4[2+] T-cell (expressing ≥2 of 4 assessed activation markers) frequencies from Y5 post-vaccination. RESULTS: Of 7413 participants enrolled for the long-term efficacy assessment, 7277 (mean age at vaccination, 67.2 years), 813, and 108 were included in the cohorts evaluating efficacy, humoral immune responses, and cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. Efficacy of RZV against HZ through this interim analysis was 84.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75.9-89.8) from the start of this follow-up study and 90.9% (95% CI, 88.2-93.2) from vaccination in ZOE-50/70. Annual vaccine efficacy estimates were >84% for each year since vaccination and remained stable through this interim analysis. Anti-gE antibody geometric mean concentrations and median frequencies of gE-specific CD4[2+] T cells reached a plateau at approximately 6-fold above pre-vaccination levels. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy against HZ and immune responses to RZV remained high, suggesting that the clinical benefit of RZV in older adults is sustained for at least 7 years post-vaccination. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02723773.

Large-scale provocation studies identify maladaptive responses to ubiquitous aeroallergens as a correlate of severe allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma.

BACKGROUND: Allergic asthma (AA) and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) are common comorbid environmentally triggered diseases. We hypothesized that severe AA/ARC reflects a maladaptive or unrestrained response to ubiquitous aeroallergens. METHODS: We performed provocation studies wherein six separate cohorts of persons (total n = 217) with ARC, with or without AA, were challenged once or more with fixed concentrations of seasonal or perennial aeroallergens in an aeroallergen challenge chamber (ACC). RESULTS: Aeroallergen challenges elicited fully or partially restrained vs. unrestrained evoked symptom responsiveness, corresponding to the resilient and adaptive vs. maladaptive AA/ARC phenotypes, respectively. The maladaptive phenotype was evoked more commonly during challenge with a non-endemic versus endemic seasonal aeroallergen. In an AA cohort, symptom responses evoked after house dust mite (HDM) challenges vs. recorded in the natural environment were more accurate and precise predictors of asthma severity and control, lung function (FEV1), and mechanistic correlates of maladaptation. Correlates included elevated levels of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, eosinophils, and T-cell activation, as well as gene expression proxies for ineffectual epithelial injury/repair responses. Evoked symptom severity after HDM challenge appeared to be more closely related to levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells than eosinophils, neutrophils, or HDM-specific IgE. CONCLUSIONS: Provocation studies support the concept that resilience, adaptation, and maladaptation to environmental disease triggers calibrate AA/ARC severity. Despite the ubiquity of aeroallergens, in response to these disease triggers in controlled settings (ie, ACC), most atopic persons manifest the resilient or adaptive phenotype. Thus, ARC/AA disease progression may reflect the failure to preserve the resilient or adaptive phenotype. The triangulation of CD8+ T-cell activation, airway epithelial injury/repair processes and maladaptation in mediating AA disease severity needs more investigation.

Human daily dietary intakes of antibiotic residues: Dominant sources and health risks.

Antibiotic use in crops is an emerging concern, however, human exposure to antibiotics residues through consumption of plant-derived food has generally been neglected. This study is a comprehensive evaluation based on full consideration of exposure sources and analysis for nearly 100 antibiotics. A total of 58 antibiotic compounds were detected in drinking water (n = 66) and 49 in food samples (n = 150) from Shenzhen, China. The probable daily intake from drinking water and food consumption based on the total concentration of all the detected antibiotic compounds was 310, 200, and 130 ng/kg-body weight/day for preschool children, adolescents, and adults, with a maximum of up to 1400, 970 and 530 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively. Consumption of plant-derived food products, rather than animal-derived food, was the main source of the daily intake, and drinking water was a minor source. Risk assessment suggested a potentially unacceptable health risk from daily intake of norfloxacin, lincomycin and ciprofloxacin. Further research is warranted to alleviate food safety concerns related to antibiotic residues in plant-derived and animal-derived food products.

Birch-naive, oak-allergic subjects' response to birch pollen in an environmental chamber.

Background: Oak and birch pollens are strongly cross-reactive. It is unknown how robust this cross-reactivity is in patients without natural exposure to pollen of both trees. We assessed the symptom response to birch pollen in subjects with skin-prick test (SPT) results positive to oak and birch but only naturally exposed to oak by using an allergen challenge chamber. Methods: The subjects with SPT results positive to oak and birch had their serum-specific immunoglobulin E (ssIgE) to oak and birch antigens measured. Residential historical data were obtained. The subjects were exposed to birch pollen (3500 ± 700 grains/m³) in two consecutive 3-hour challenges. Symptoms were recorded at baseline and 30-minute intervals. Results: Twenty-four subjects, 12 men; ages 20-58 years, completed the study. Sixteen subjects (66.7%) responded with high Total Symptom Scores (TSS) ≥10 of a maximum 21. Twelve subjects (50%) had ssIgE values ≥0.70 kU/L to oak, 10 of whom had ssIgE values ≥0.70 kU/L to birch. These 10 subjects had a significantly higher maximum TSS than the rest. Also, 15 subjects without a previous natural exposure to birch pollen responded with TSS equivalent to the 9 subjects with previous exposure. Conclusion: Virginia live oak ssIgE levels of patients allergic to oak and birch correlated with the symptom response to birch pollen exposure, even without previous natural exposure to birch. The subjects naive to birch pollen responded to birch pollen exposure with symptoms comparable with both those with previous sustained exposure and also those who resided in endemic areas, as reported by other researchers.

CN-105 in Participants with Acute Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage (CATCH) Trial.

BACKGROUND: Endogenous apolipoprotein (apo) E mediates neuroinflammatory responses and recovery after brain injury. Exogenously administered apoE-mimetic peptides effectively penetrate the central nervous system compartment and downregulate acute inflammation. CN-105 is a novel apoE-mimetic pentapeptide with excellent evidence of functional and histological improvement in preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The CN-105 in participants with Acute supraTentorial intraCerebral Hemorrhage (CATCH) trial is a first-in-disease-state multicenter open-label trial evaluating safety and feasability of CN-105 administration in patients with acute primary supratentorial ICH. METHODS: Eligible patients were aged 30-80 years, had confirmed primary supratentorial ICH, and were able to intiate CN-105 administration (1.0 mg/kg every 6 h for 72 h) within 12 h of symptom onset. A priori defined safety end points, including hematoma volume, pharmacokinetics, and 30-day neurological outcomes, were analyzed. For clinical outcomes, CATCH participants were compared 1:1 with a closely matched contemporary ICH cohort through random selection. Hematoma volumes determined from computed tomography images on days 0, 1, 2, and 5 and ordinal modified Rankin Scale score at 30 days after ICH were compared. RESULTS: In 38 participants enrolled across six study sites in the United States, adverse events occurred at an expected rate without increase in hematoma expansion or neurological deterioration. CN-105 treatment had an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.69 (1.31-5.51) for lower 30-day modified Rankin Scale score, after adjustment for ICH score, sex, and race/ethnicity, as compared with a matched contemporary cohort. CONCLUSIONS: CN-105 administration represents an excellent translational candidate for treatment of acute ICH because of its safety, dosing feasibility, favorable pharmacokinetics, and possible improvement in neurological recovery.

Repetitive aeroallergen challenges elucidate maladaptive epithelial and inflammatory traits that underpin allergic airway diseases.

BACKGROUND: Signifying the 2-compartments/1-disease paradigm, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) and asthma (AA) are prevalent, comorbid conditions triggered by environmental factors (eg, house dust mites [HDMs]). However, despite the ubiquity of triggers, progression to severe ARC/AA is infrequent, suggesting either resilience or adaptation. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether ARC/AA severity relates to maladaptive responses to disease triggers. METHODS: Adults with HDM-associated ARC were challenged repetitively with HDMs in an aeroallergen challenge chamber. Mechanistic traits associated with disease severity were identified. RESULTS: HDM challenges evoked maladaptive (persistently higher ARC symptoms), adaptive (progressive symptom reduction), and resilient (resistance to symptom induction) phenotypes. Symptom severity in the natural environment was an imprecise correlate of the phenotypes. Nasal airway traits, defined by low inflammation-effectual epithelial integrity, moderate inflammation-effectual epithelial integrity, and higher inflammation-ineffectual epithelial integrity, were hallmarks of the resilient, adaptive, and maladaptive evoked phenotypes, respectively. Highlighting a crosstalk mechanism, peripheral blood inflammatory tone calibrated these traits: ineffectual epithelial integrity associated with CD8+ T cells, whereas airway inflammation associated with both CD8+ T cells and eosinophils. Hallmark peripheral blood maladaptive traits were increased natural killer and CD8+ T cells, lower CD4+ mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and deficiencies along the TLR-IRF-IFN antiviral pathway. Maladaptive traits tracking HDM-associated ARC also contributed to AA risk and severity models. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive challenges with HDMs revealed that maladaptation to disease triggers may underpin ARC/AA disease severity. A combinatorial therapeutic approach may involve reversal of loss-of-beneficial-function traits (ineffectual epithelial integrity, TLR-IRF-IFN deficiencies), mitigation of gain-of-adverse-function traits (inflammation), and blocking of a detrimental crosstalk between the peripheral blood and airway compartments.

Reduced Uterine Tissue Damage during Chlamydia muridarum Infection in TREM-1,3-Deficient Mice.

Genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis can lead to uterine and oviduct tissue damage in the female reproductive tract. Neutrophils are strongly associated with tissue damage during chlamydial infection, while an adaptive CD4 T cell response is necessary to combat infection. Activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) on neutrophils has previously been shown to induce and/or enhance degranulation synergistically with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Additionally, TREM-1 can promote neutrophil transepithelial migration. In this study, we sought to determine the contribution of TREM-1,3 to immunopathology in the female mouse genital tract during Chlamydia muridarum infection. Relative to control mice, trem1,3-/- mice had no difference in chlamydial burden or duration of lower-genital-tract infection. We also observed a similar incidence of hydrosalpinx 45 days postinfection in trem1,3-/- compared to wild-type (WT) mice. However, compared to WT mice, trem1,3-/- mice developed significantly fewer hydrometra in uterine horns. Early in infection, trem1,3-/- mice displayed a notable decrease in the number of uterine glands containing polymorphonuclear cells and uterine horn lumens had fewer neutrophils, with increased granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). trem1,3-/- mice also had reduced erosion of the luminal epithelium. These data indicate that TREM-1,3 contributes to transepithelial neutrophil migration in the uterus and uterine glands, promoting the occurrence of hydrometra in infected mice.

Efficacy and safety of twice-daily and once-daily olopatadine-mometasone combination nasal spray for seasonal allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: GSP301 is an investigational fixed-dose combination nasal spray of olopatadine hydrochloride (antihistamine) and mometasone furoate (corticosteroid). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy and safety of GSP301 in patients with seasonal AR (SAR). METHODS: In this phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group study, patients (≥12 years of age) with SAR were equally randomized to twice-daily GSP301 (olopatadine 665 µg and mometasone 25 µg), once-daily GSP301 (olopatadine 665 µg and mometasone 50 µg), twice-daily or once-daily olopatadine monotherapy (665 µg), mometasone monotherapy (twice-daily 25 µg or once-daily 50 µg), or placebo for 14 days. The primary endpoint-mean change from baseline in morning and evening reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS)-was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA; P < .05 = statistically significant). Average morning and evening 12-hour instantaneous TNSS (iTNSS), ocular symptoms, individual symptoms, onset of action, quality of life, and adverse events (AEs) were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1111 patients were randomized. Twice-daily GSP301 provided statistically significant and clinically meaningful rTNSS improvements vs placebo (P < .001), twice-daily olopatadine (P = .049), and mometasone (P = .004). Similar significant improvements in iTNSS were observed with twice-daily GSP301 vs placebo (P < .001) and twice-daily mometasone (P = .007); improvements were not significant vs olopatadine (P = .058). Once-daily GSP301 provided significant rTNSS and iTNSS improvements vs placebo and once-daily olopatadine (P < .01, all) but improvements were not significant vs mometasone. Treatment-emergent AEs rates were 10.8%, 9.5%, and 8.2%, with twice-daily GSP301, once-daily GSP301, and placebo, respectively. CONCLUSION: Twice-daily GSP301 treatment was efficacious and well tolerated, providing statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in rTNSS (primary endpoint) vs placebo and both monotherapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT02318303.

Frequency of goose and duck down causation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis within an 80-patient cohort.

BACKGROUND: A variety of antigens have been identified as causative of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), which is characterized by inflammation to the lung parenchyma that is induced by exposure. Goose and duck down (GDD) bedding is often overlooked by physicians as a potential cause, yet the use of GDD has markedly increased in recent years, paralleling an increased frequency of reports of GDD-induced HP. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of GDD as the causative antigen in patients with HP who use bedding that contains GDD. METHODS: Patients referred with a working diagnosis of HP underwent a detailed environmental history. Those who were using GDD were asked to remove it as an avoidance procedure. Signs, symptoms, spirometry, and inflammatory markers were followed up at weekly intervals for up to 1 month to determine the effect of remediation. RESULTS: Eighty patients with HP were seen during an 8-year period. Thirty-two patients (40%) were using GDD bedding. Of these 32 patients, 12 (37.5% of those exposed and 15% of the total HP population experienced remission (or nonprogression) of disease by simply avoiding GDD bedding. Eleven (92%) of these 12 patients were female. In patients with GDD-induced HP, lung biopsy patterns were varied. CONCLUSION: Approximately one-third of patients with HP, who slept with GDD, had persistent improvement or remission with simple avoidance. The higher incidence of GDD-induced HP in females may be hormonal and/or sociocultural related. Lung biopsy findings were across the spectrum of histopathologic patterns. Avoidance-challenge techniques were effective in confirming diagnoses and causation and mitigating the need for additional remediation.

Clinical standardization of two controlled allergen challenge facilities: The Environmental Exposure Unit and the Biogenics Research Chamber.

BACKGROUND: Controlled allergen challenge facilities (CACF), in disparate geographic regions with dissimilar engineering and base populations, have historically functioned as single, independent sites in clinical allergy trials. We aimed to demonstrate "between-unit reproducibility" to allow controlled challenge trials of participants using 2 CACFs. OBJECTIVE: To compare and standardize 2 CACFs located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and San Antonio, Texas, by examining participant-reported symptom severity during qualifying and treatment visits and evaluating response to treatment, while using the same allergen. METHODS: At 2 different CACFs, participants were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover intervention trial with cetirizine 10 mg. Different distribution devices delivered common short ragweed pollen via laminar air flow and maintained an airborne concentration of 3500 ± 700 grains/m3 in both facilities. A 1-hour "sham" run with no pollen release preceded a priming exposure of 3 hours and was followed 3 days later by a qualifying/treatment 5-hour exposure. At least 14 days later, another priming exposure was followed by the crossover exposure and treatment. RESULTS: Forty-eight and 43 subjects completed the study at Kingston and San Antonio, respectively. Demographics were similar. Fewer than 10% exhibited symptoms with sham exposure. No significant differences were found between the 2 facilities in maximal total rhinoconjunctivitis symptom score, total nasal symptom score, and total ocular symptom score, nor in areas under the curve. In both facilities, no significant effects of cetirizine 10 mg over placebo were detected. CONCLUSION: The results were equivalent, demonstrating that the 2 CACFs can be used together in dual-center clinical trials and show the possibility of multicenter trials involving multiple CACFs.

Immune Responses to a Recombinant Glycoprotein E Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Adults Aged 50 Years or Older.

Background: The herpes zoster subunit vaccine (HZ/su), consisting of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E (gE) and AS01B Adjuvant System, was highly efficacious in preventing herpes zoster in the ZOE-50 and ZOE-70 trials. We present immunogenicity results from those trials. Methods: Participants (ZOE-50: ≥50; ZOE-70: ≥70 years of age) received 2 doses of HZ/su or placebo, 2 months apart. Serum anti-gE antibodies and CD4 T cells expressing ≥2 of 4 activation markers assessed (CD42+) after stimulation with gE-peptides were measured in subcohorts for humoral (n = 3293) and cell-mediated (n = 466) immunogenicity. Results: After vaccination, 97.8% of HZ/su and 2.0% of placebo recipients showed a humoral response. Geometric mean anti-gE antibody concentrations increased 39.1-fold and 8.3-fold over baseline in HZ/su recipients at 1 and 36 months post-dose 2, respectively. A gE-specific CD42+ T-cell response was shown in 93.3% of HZ/su and 0% of placebo recipients. Median CD42+ T-cell frequencies increased 24.6-fold (1 month) and 7.9-fold (36 months) over baseline in HZ/su recipients and remained ≥5.6-fold above baseline in all age groups at 36 months. The proportion of CD4 T cells expressing all 4 activation markers increased over time in all age groups. Conclusions: Most HZ/su recipients developed robust immune responses persisting for 3 years following vaccination. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01165177; NCT01165229.

Preservation of epithelial cell barrier function and muted inflammation in resistance to allergic rhinoconjunctivitis from house dust mite challenge.

BACKGROUND: An emerging paradigm holds that resistance to the development of allergic diseases, including allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, relates to an intact epithelial/epidermal barrier during early childhood. Conceivably, the immunologic and genomic footprint of this resistance is preserved in nonatopic, nonallergic adults and is unmasked during exposure to an aeroallergen. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to obtain direct support of the epithelial/epidermal barrier model for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. METHODS: Twenty-three adults allergic to house dust mites (HDMs) (M+) and 15 nonsensitive, nonallergic (M-) participants completed 3-hour exposures to aerosolized HDM (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) powder on 4 consecutive days in an allergen challenge chamber. We analyzed: (1) peripheral blood leukocyte levels and immune responses; and (2) RNA sequencing-derived expression profiles of nasal cells, before and after HDM exposure. RESULTS: On HDM challenge: (1) only M+ persons developed allergic rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms; and (2) peripheral blood leukocyte levels/responses and gene expression patterns in nasal cells were largely concordant between M+ and M- participants; gross differences in these parameters were not observed at baseline (pre-exposure). Two key differences were observed. First, peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation levels initially decreased in M- participants versus increased in M+ participants. Second, in M- compared with M+ participants, genes that promoted epidermal/epithelial barrier function (eg, filament-aggregating protein [filaggrin]) versus inflammation (eg, chemokines) and innate immunity (interferon) were upregulated versus muted, respectively. CONCLUSION: An imprint of resistance to HDM challenge in nonatopic, nonallergic adults was muted T-cell activation in the peripheral blood and inflammatory response in the nasal compartment, coupled with upregulation of genes that promote epidermal/epithelial cell barrier function.

Six-Month Safety Data of Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Zaire Ebola Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Vaccine in a Phase 3 Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Study in Healthy Adults.

Background: This study (NCT02503202) evaluated the safety of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-Zaire Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP). Methods: Overall, 1197 subjects were randomized 2:2:2:2:1; 1194 were vaccinated with 1 dose of 1 of 3 lots of rVSVΔG- ZEBOV-GP (2 × 107 plaque-forming units [pfu], n = 797; combined-lots group), a single high-dose lot of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP (1 × 108 pfu, n = 264; high-dose group), or placebo (n = 133). Daily temperatures and adverse events (AEs) were recorded days 1 to 42 postvaccination. Solicited AEs included injection-site AEs from days 1 to 5, and joint pain, joint swelling, vesicular lesions (blisters), and rashes from days 1 to 42. Serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded through 6 months postvaccination. Results: Fever (≥38.0°C) was observed in 20.2% of combined lots (3.2% with ≥39.0°C), 32.2% of high-dose (4.3% with ≥39.0°C), and 0.8% of placebo (0.8% with ≥39.0°C). Incidences of AEs of interest (days 1-42) were arthralgia (17.1% combined lots, 20.4% high-dose, 3.0% placebo), arthritis (5.1% combined lots, 4.2% high-dose, 0.0% placebo), and rash (3.8% combined lots, 3.8% high-dose, 1.5% placebo). Twenty-one SAEs and 2 deaths were reported, all assessed by investigators as unrelated to vaccine. Conclusions: rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP was generally well-tolerated, with increased rates of injection-site and systemic AEs compared to placebo, and no vaccine-related SAEs or deaths. These findings support the use of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine in persons at risk for Ebola virus disease. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT02503202.

Redness response phenotypes of allergic conjunctivitis in an allergen challenge chamber.

BACKGROUND: There are few direct data concerning symptom dynamics of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) in an allergen challenge chamber (ACC). OBJECTIVE: To determine the AC dynamics on subsequent exposures to ragweed pollen (RW) in individuals with allergic rhinitis in an ACC. To determine whether consecutive exposures in an ACC have any persistent detrimental ocular physical effects. METHODS: Participants underwent 3 exposures to RW in an ACC. Ocular symptoms of itching and tearing were self-assessed. Ocular redness and lid swelling were assessed by trained ophthalmic technicians. Complete ophthalmic examinations (COEs) were performed by an ophthalmologist. RESULTS: A total of 188 of 201 participants (93%) developed an ocular redness score of 2 or more in each eye in ACC exposure 1. Reproducibility of redness occurred in approximately 70% of individuals completing ACC exposures 1 through 3. There were no significant changes between baseline COE and end of study COE. Phenotypes were identified by redness responses during and after exposure. Baseline total ocular symptom scores, at 24 hours after a priming exposure, were identified as late-phase reactions rather than enhanced sensitivity. CONCLUSION: When assessed by trained professionals, AC was present with a very high frequency in selected individuals allergic to RW monitored in an ACC. Intrasubject reproducibility of redness was consistent across 3 ACC allergen exposures. Phenotypes were identified as early-phase responses, protracted early-phase responses, dual responses, and late-phase responses. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02079649.