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INTRODUCTION: Two main approaches (organ culture and hypothermia) for the preservation and storage of human donor corneas are globally adopted for corneal preservation before the transplant. Hypothermia is a hypothermic storage which slows down cellular metabolism while organ culture, a corneal culture performed at 28-37 °C, maintains an active corneal metabolism. Researchers, till now, have just studied the impact of organ culture on human cornea after manipulating and disrupting tissues. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current work was to optimize an analytical procedure which can be useful for discovering biomarkers capable of predicting tissue health status. For the first time, this research proposed a preliminary metabolomics study on medium for organ culture without manipulating and disrupting the valuable human tissues which could be still used for transplantation. METHODS: In particular, the present research proposed a method for investigating changes in the medium, over a storage period of 20 days, in presence and absence of a human donor cornea. An untargeted metabolomics approach using UHPLC-QTOF was developed to deeply investigate the differences on metabolites and metabolic pathways and the influence of the presence of the cornea inside the medium. RESULTS: Differences in the expression of some compounds emerged from this preliminary metabolomics approach, in particular in medium maintained for 10 and 20 days in presence but also in the absence of cornea. A total of 173 metabolites have been annotated and 36 pathways were enriched by pathway analysis. CONCLUSION: The results revealed a valuable untargeted metabolomics approach which can be applied in organ culture metabolomics.
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Hipotermia , Humanos , Preservación de Órganos/métodos , Metabolómica , Córnea , Técnicas de Cultivo de Órganos/métodosRESUMEN
Many Vicia species (Fabaceae) were proven to possess bioactive compounds with potential health beneficial properties. The present study was designed to determine the phenolic constituents, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of aerial parts and seed of V.â peregrina. Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared by maceration and aqueous extract by infusion. The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined using HPLC-MS/MS technology. The antioxidant activities were examined using various assays including free radical scavenging (ABTS and DPPH), reducing ability (CUPRAC and FRAP), metal chelation, and phosphomolybdenum. The enzyme inhibitory effects were investigated against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase and glucosidase. The highest total phenolics and flavonoids contents were recorded in the methanol extracts of the seed (45.42â mg GAE/g) and aerial parts (40.33â mg RE/g) respectively. The aerial parts were characterized by higher accumulation of chlorogenic acid (9893.86â µg g-1 ), isoquercitrin (9400.33â µg g-1 ), delphindin 3,5 diglucoside (9113.28â µg g-1 ), hyperoside (6337.09â µg g-1 ), rutin (3489.83â µg g-1 ) and kaempferol-3-glucoside (2872.84â µg g-1 ). Generally, the methanol and aqueous extracts of the two studied parts exerted the best antioxidant activity with highest anti-DPPH (61.99â mg TE/g), anti-ABTS (101.80â mg TE/g) and Cu++ (16169â mg TE/g) and Fe+++ (172,36â mg TE/g) reducing capacity were recorded from the seed methanol extract. Methanol extract of the seed showed the best anti-tyrosinase activity (75.86â mg KAE/g). These results indicated that V. peregrina is rich with bioactive phenolics suggesting their use in different health promoting applications.
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Antioxidantes , Vicia , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Metanol/química , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Turquía , Cromatografía Líquida con Espectrometría de Masas , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Fenoles/químicaRESUMEN
Six extracts (water, ethanol, ethanol-water, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane) of Astragalus caraganae were studied for their biological activities and bioactive contents. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), the ethanol-water extract yielded the highest total bioactive content (4242.90 µg g-1 ), followed by the ethanol and water extracts (3721.24 and 3661.37 µg g-1 , respectively), while the least total bioactive content was yielded by the hexane extract, followed by the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts (47.44, 274.68, and 688.89 µg g-1 , respectively). Rutin, p-coumaric, chlorogenic, isoquercitrin, and delphindin-3,5-diglucoside were among the major components. Unlike the dichloromethane extracts, all the other extracts showed radical scavenging ability in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay (8.73-52.11 mg Trolox equivalent [TE]/g), while all extracts displayed scavenging property in the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay (16.18-282.74 mg TE/g). The extracts showed antiacetylcholinesterase (1.27-2.73 mg galantamine equivalent [GALAE]/g), antibutyrylcholinesterase (0.20-5.57 mg GALAE/g) and antityrosinase (9.37-63.56 mg kojic acid equivalent [KAE]/g) effects. The molecular mechanism of the H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress pathway was aimed to be elucidated by applying ethanol, ethanol/water and water extracts at 200 µg/mL concentration to human dermal cells (HDFs). A. caraganae in HDF cells had neither a cytotoxic nor genotoxic effect but could have a cytostatic effect in increasing concentrations. The findings have allowed a better insight into the pharmacological potential of the plant, with respect to their chemical entities and bioactive contents, as well as extraction solvents and their polarity.
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Currently, the number of patients with neurodegenerative pathologies is estimated at over one million, with consequences also on the economic level. Several factors contribute to their development, including overexpression of A2A adenosine receptors (A2AAR) in microglial cells and up-regulation and post-translational alterations of some casein kinases (CK), among them, CK-1δ. The aim of the work was to study the activity of A2AAR and CK1δ in neurodegeneration using in-house synthesized A2A/CK1δ dual anta-inhibitors and to evaluate their intestinal absorption. Experiments were performed on N13 microglial cells, which were treated with a proinflammatory CK cocktail to simulate an inflammatory state typical of neurodegenerative diseases. Results showed that the dual anta-inhibitors have the ability to counteract the inflammatory state, even if compound 2 is more active than compound 1. In addition, compound 2 displayed an important antioxidant effect similar to the reference compound ZM241385. Since many known kinase inhibitors are very often unable to cross lipid bilayer membranes, the ability of A2A/CK1δ double anta-inhibitors to cross the intestinal barrier was investigated by an everted gut sac assay. HPLC analysis revealed that both compounds are able to cross the intestinal barrier, making them promising candidates for oral therapy.
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Quinasa Idelta de la Caseína , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Humanos , Regulación hacia Arriba , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/metabolismo , Receptor de Adenosina A2A/metabolismoRESUMEN
As the safety and effectiveness of synthetic drugs remain in doubt, researchers are trying to develop natural medicines from medicinal plants. Herein, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts from the Heracleum humile plant were obtained by an ultrasonic-assisted extraction process and the aim was to evaluate some biological effects of the extracts due to the limited data on the pharmacological properties of Heracleum humile in the literature. Weak antibacterial activity was observed on tested bacterial species. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration values ranged from 250 to 500â µg/mL. In addition, cytotoxic activity was determined using the MTT test. The strongest findings were determined for ethyl acetate extract on the MDA-MB-231 cell lines at the 48th â hour (IC50 :97.94â µg/mL), followed by the MCF-7 cell lines at the 24th â hour (IC50 :103.9â µg/mL). All extracts of Heracleum humile contained mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids and their derivatives, i. e., well-known compounds that possess numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial etc. The study results could provide important information that Heracleum humile could be a potential candidate as a natural enzyme inhibitor. It can be concluded that these extracts could be useful in the elementary step of improving novel plant-derived multifunctional pharmaceuticals.
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Heracleum , Magnoliopsida , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
In this study, phytochemical and pharmacological screening of the aerial part and roots extracts from Doronicum orientale Hoffm. (Asteraceae) was carried out. Plant extracts were obtained using solvents of different polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water, water) for selection the most optimal solvent for the extraction of active compounds. For instance, the extracts yielded total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the range of 12.13-45.67â mg GAE/g and 0.75-12.44â mg QE/g, respectively, while the total antioxidant capacity of the extracts determined by the phosphomolybdenum assay ranged from 0.88-2.53â mmol TE/g. HPLC/MS/MS analysis revealed 5-caffeoylquinic acid (2.52-337.05â µg/g) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3.12-299.36â µg/g) to be the major components present in the investigated extracts. Antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging ability of the extracts ranged from 0.82-45.56â mg TE/g in DPPH assay and from 5.07-104.58â mg TE/g in ABTS assay. The tested extracts were found to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (aerial part: 0.50-2.33â mg GALAE/g; roots: 0.40-2.43â mg GALAE/g), while with the exception of the water extracts, the other extracts showed butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (aerial part: 2.46-5.02â mg GALAE/g; root: 2.93-4.17â mg GALAE/g). Overall, this study presented an interesting scope of this species in phytomedicine with preliminary data demonstrating some of the tested extracts to possess high bioactive contents, antioxidant potential and enzyme inhibitory activity. Thus, additional investigations are necessary to confirm their safety in herbal drug applications.
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Antioxidantes , Asteraceae , Acetilcolinesterasa , Antioxidantes/química , Butirilcolinesterasa , Etanol , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , AguaRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to quantify selected phenolic compounds, determine antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory effects of the aerial parts of Alkanna trichophylla Hub.-Mor. (A.â trichophylla) and Convolvulus galaticus Rost.ex Choisy (C.â galaticus) extracts prepared by homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC) and infusion techniques. This is the first time such study has been designed to validate the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of these plants. Multivariate analysis was conducted on collected data. Rutin and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the most significant compounds in A.â trichophylla and C.â galaticus, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity of A.â trichophylla was mostly exhibited by HAE/methanolic extracts as determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP (51.39, 112.70 and 145.73â mg TE/g, respectively) and phosphomolybdenum (2.05â mmol TE/g) assays. However, significant antioxidant activities varied within the extracts of C.â galaticus. HAE/methanolic extract of A.â trichophylla significantly depressed AChE (2.70â mg GALAE/g), BChE (5.53â mg GALAE/g) and tyrosinase (26.34â mg KAE/g) activities and that of C.â galaticus inhibited AChE (2.04â mg GALAE/g), tyrosinase (31.25â mg KAE/g) and α-amylase (0.53â mmol ACAE/g) activities significantly. We concluded that HAE was the most efficient extraction technique as high yield of compounds and promising bioactivities were recorded from extracts prepared. Multivariate analysis showed that types of solvents influenced recovery of compounds and biological activities. This research study can be used as one methodological starting point for further investigation on these plants as all results are clearly promising and open the door to further research challenges such as cytotoxicity evaluation, molecular docking analysis, and more screening of pharmacological actions.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Boraginaceae/química , Convolvulus/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales/química , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Agaricales/enzimología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Benzotiazoles/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inhibidores , Butirilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Picratos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimología , Ácidos Sulfónicos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Turquía , alfa-Amilasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Strawberry is the most consumed berry fruit worldwide due to its unique aroma and flavor. Drying fruits to produce a powder represents one of the possible conservation methods to extend their shelf-life. The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of freezing and different drying methods on the volatile profile of strawberry using the HS-SPME/GC-MS method, in addition to analysis of strawberry jam volatiles. A total of 165 compounds were identified, accounting for 85.03-96.88% of the total volatile compositions. Results and PCA showed that freezing and each drying process affected the volatile profile in a different way, and the most remarkable representative differential volatiles were ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, mesifurane, (E)-nerolidol, γ-decalactone, 1-hexanol, and acetoin. Shade air-dried, frozen, freeze-dried, and oven-dried 45 °C samples retained more of the fruity and sweet aromas of strawberry, representing more than 68% of the total aroma intensity according to the literature. In contrast, the microwave-drying method showed drastic loss of fruity esters. Strawberry jams demonstrated complete destruction of esters and alcohols in most jams, while terpenes were significantly increased. These findings help better understand the aroma of strawberry and provide a guide for the effects of drying, freezing, and jam processing.
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Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Fragaria/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Alcoholes/análisis , Desecación/métodos , Ésteres/análisis , Aromatizantes/análisis , Fragaria/metabolismo , Liofilización/métodos , Congelación , Frutas/química , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Odorantes/análisis , GustoRESUMEN
Espresso coffee (EC) is a common coffee preparation technique that nowadays is broadly widespread all over the globe. Its popularity is in part attributed to the intense aroma and pleasant flavor. Many researchers have studied and reviewed the aroma of the coffee, but there is a lack of specific review focused on EC aroma profile even if it is intensively investigated. Thus, the objective of the current review was to summarize the aroma profile of EC and how different preparation variables can affect EC flavor. Moreover, a collection of diverse analytical procedures for volatile analysis was also reported. The findings of this survey showed that the volatile fraction of EC is extremely complex, but just some compounds are responsible for the characteristic aroma of the coffee, such as some aldehyde, ketones, furanones, furans, sulfur compounds, pyrazines, etc. In addition, during preparation, some variables, e.g., temperature and pressure of water, granulometry of the coffee particle, and brew ratio, can also modify the aroma profile of this beverage, and therefore its quality. A better understanding of the aroma fraction of EC and how the preparation variables should be adjusted according to desired EC would assist coffee workers in obtaining a higher quality product.
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Café/química , Calor , Odorantes/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisisRESUMEN
Plasma activated water (PAW) has proven to be a promising alternative for the decontamination of rocket leaves. The impact of PAW on the volatile profile, phytosterols, and pigment content of rocket leaves was studied. Leaves were treated by PAW at different times (2, 5, 10, and 20 min). Compounds of the headspace were detected and quantified using GC-MS analysis. A total of 52 volatile organic compounds of different chemical classes were identified. Glucosinolate hydrolysis products are the major chemical class. PAW application induced some chemical modifications in the volatile compounds. Changes in the content of the major compounds varied with the increase or decrease in the treatment time. However, PAW-10 and -2 were grouped closely to the control. A significant decrease in the content of ß-sitosterol and campesterol was observed after PAW treatment, except for PAW-10, which showed a non-significant reduction in both compounds. A significant increase in ß carotene, luteolin, and chlorophyll b was observed after the shortest treatment time of PAW-2. A reduction in chlorophyll content was also observed, which is significant only at longer treatment, or PAW-20. Overall, PAW has proven to be a safe alternative for rocket decontamination.
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Brassicaceae/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Gases em Plasma/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
To define and control the parameters which impact headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), it is important to reach the highest level of reproducibility. The present study aims to assess, for the first time, the effect of fiber-sample distance during HS-SPME in pre-equilibrium conditions. Analyses were primarily performed on mixtures of standard volatiles compounds (alkanes, alcohols, organic acids) designed in our lab and then on various food matrices (wine, chicken, cheese, tea), repeating already published experiments. Extractions were performed varying fiber penetration depths (10-60 mm) at different times (10-60 min) and temperatures of extraction (30-80 °C). The study revealed that variation of the distance between the fiber and the sample into the vial clearly impacts the results obtained during HS-SPME when conditions are such that no equilibrium is reached in HS. For example, in wine analysis, the percentage of octanoic acid at 80 °C was higher at 40 mm (7.5 ± 0.2%) than that at 20 mm (4.4 ± 0.3%). Moreover, regardless of the extraction temperature, the lower the time of extraction, the stronger the dependence on the fiber-sample distance. Indeed, at 60 °C, the obtained response factors for octadecane at 20 and 40 mm of fiber penetration were 21.8 and 44.5, respectively, after 10 min of extraction, 54.1 and 71.0 after 30 min, and 79.4 and 82.4 after 60 min of extraction. The analyses have been here corroborated by a theoretical model based on the diffusion equation. Therefore, to improve the method robustness during HS-SPME studies, we suggest specifying the fiber penetration depth or the fiber-sample distance with the other parameters of extraction.
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Lignans are a class of polyphenols considered to be phytoestrogens because of their oestrogenic/antiestrogenic activities and their plant origin. Few works have reported on the content of lignans in ground coffee, and most of them analysed a small number of samples. Hence, our aim was to quantify the content of three lignans, secoisolariciresinol, lariciresinol and matairesinol, in ground coffee by using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of acidic hydrolysis, methanolic extractions, and enzymatic digestions as extraction methods indicated that enzymatic digestion with Taka-diastase 2% was the best. When this method was applied to 30 different ground coffees, we found that SECO was the highest concentration lignan (84.4-257.8 µg kg-1), followed by LARI (26.1-91.5 µg kg-1). Moreover, comparison of lignan extraction yield in espresso coffee and ground coffee showed that these molecules seem to be completely extracted during espresso coffee percolation, since the extraction yield average was 95.2%.
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Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Café/química , Lignanos/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , HidrólisisRESUMEN
Truffles are underground edible fungi that grow symbiotically with plant roots. They have been globally considered as one of the most expensive foods because of their rarity, unique aroma, and high nutritional value as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-mutagenic, antituberculoid immunomodulatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and aphrodisiac. The unique flavor and fragrance of truffles is one of the main reasons to get worldwide attraction as a food product. So, the aim of this review was to summarize the relevant literature with particular attention to the active aroma components as well as the various sample preparation and analytical techniques used to identify them. The major analytical methods used for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in truffles are gas chromatography (GC), proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and electronic nose sensing (EN). In addition, factors influencing truffle aroma are also highlighted. For this reason, this review can be considered a good reference for research concerning aroma profiles of different species of truffles to deepen the knowledge about a complex odor of various truffles.
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Ascomicetos/química , Odorantes/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Técnicas de Química Analítica , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/químicaRESUMEN
For the first time the volatile fraction of coffee silverskin has been studied focusing on odor-active compounds detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry/flame ionization detector (GC-O/FID) system. Two approaches, namely headspace (HS) analysis by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and odor-active compounds analysis by gas chromatography-olfactometry/flame ionization detector (GC-O/FID), have been employed to fully characterize the aroma profile of this by-product. This work also provided an entire characterization of the bioactive compounds present in coffee silverskin, including alkaloids, chlorogenic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and secoiridoids, by using different extraction procedures and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) system. Coffee silverskin was shown to be a good source of caffeine and chlorogenic acids but also of phenolic acids and flavonoids. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the coffee silverskin was established by GC-FID system. The results from this research could contribute to the development of innovative applications and reuses of coffee silverskin, an interesting resource with a high potential to be tapped by the food and nutraceutical sector, and possibly also in the cosmetics and perfumery.
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Café/química , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Odorantes/análisis , Polifenoles/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Olfatometría/métodos , Microextracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodosRESUMEN
This study quantified, for the first time, 2-isopropylmalic and 3-isopropylmalic acids, in green, roasted and espresso coffee by UHPLC-MS/MS. Moreover, it reports the influence of postharvest processing methods (natural, washed and honey) on their content. New extraction techniques were developed and validated from three coffee matrices (green, roasted and espresso). Honey coffee exhibited levels substantially higher of 2-isopropylmalic acid than those processed by natural and washed methods (p < 0.05). Specifically, 2-isopropylmalic acid levels in honey green, roasted and espresso coffee samples were 48.24 ± 7.31 ng/g, 168.8 ± 10.88 ng/g and 177.5 ± 9.49 ng/g, respectively. This research highlights the significant impact of processing methods on the chemical profile of coffee and introduces 2-isopropylmalic and 3-isopropylmalic acids as potential quality indicators. Moreover, it suggests that the fermentation stage during processing may play a crucial role in their formation, laying the foundation for optimizing coffee processing to enhance quality.
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Vitamin D, a fat-soluble steroid, has increasingly taken a central role due to its crucial role in human health. It is estimated that about 40% of worldwide population are vitamin D deficient. The fish industry produces significant quantities of waste daily, with consequent high environmental impact. The aim of this work is to place a first brick for the fish waste reuse as a source of vitamin D3 extracts to be used for nutraceutical purposes. For this purpose, an UV conversion method for transforming the 7-dehydrocholesterol, highly present in fish, in vitamin D3 has been optimized. The UV wavelength, exposure time, temperature, stirring, and UV intensity were optimized using a surface response design tool. The optimized treatment was applied to five fish species with different fat percentages and the results were very promising reaching vitamin D3 levels >10 times higher than the pre-treatment ones.
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Even if the acids composition and their role in coffee still need to be clarified, acidity is one of the main sought-after features in coffee and it is becoming one of the main quality markers. Hence, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the main parameters influencing coffee acidity with a focus on carboxylic acids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding filter coffee prepared from specialty and mainstream coffee, differently roasted and through eight diverse extraction methods. Coffee cup chemical composition in terms of organic and chlorogenic acids, caffein and physicochemical parameters were correlated with perceived sourness and mouthfeel to better understand the influence of extracted compounds on the final beverage acidity. Statistical tools revealed that a major impact of chlorogenic acids emerged in pH and titratable acidity, while the sensorial sourness appeared more correlated with organic acids concentration. Thus, these findings suggests that organic acids could be potential predictors of beverage perceived acidity.
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Coffea , Café , Gusto , Café/química , Humanos , Coffea/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Femenino , Masculino , Ácido Clorogénico/análisis , Ácido Clorogénico/química , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Ácidos Carboxílicos/análisis , Ácidos Carboxílicos/química , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Nowadays, it is important to monitor the freshness of meat during storage to protect consumers' health. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for odour and taste of food, and they give an indication about meat quality and freshness. This study had the aim to seek and select potential new markers of meat spoilage through a semi-quantitative analysis in five types of meat (beef, raw and baked ham, pork sausage and chicken) and then to develop a new quantitative analytical method to detect and quantify potential markers on five types of meat simultaneously. Firstly, a new headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method was developed to evaluate the volatile profile of five types of meat, preserved at 4 °C for 5 days. Among the 40 compounds identified, 15 were chosen and selected as potential shelf-life markers on the basis of their presence in most of meat samples or/and for their constant increasing/decreasing trend within the sample. Afterwards, a quantitative HS-SPME-GC-MS analytical method was developed to confirm which VOCs can be considered markers of shelf-life for these meat products, stored at 4 °C for 12 days. Some of the compounds analyzed attracted attention as they can be considered markers of shelf-life for at least 4 types of meat: 1-butanol, 3-methylbutanol, 1-hexanol, 2-nonanone, nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol and linalool. In conclusion, in this study a new quantitative HS-SPME-GC-MS analytical method to quantity 15 VOCs in five types of meat was developed and it was demonstrated that some of the compounds quantified can be considered markers of shelf-life for some of the meat products analyzed.
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Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Productos de la Carne , Microextracción en Fase Sólida , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Microextracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Productos de la Carne/análisis , Animales , Porcinos , Odorantes/análisis , Bovinos , Aldehídos/análisis , Pollos , Cetonas/análisis , Pentanoles/análisis , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/análisis , OctanolesRESUMEN
Obesity, a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, represents a socio-economic burden for healthcare systems. Consequently multiple studies aiming to facilitate early diagnostic and prevent complications have demonstrated the promising role of phenolic derivatives on diabetes management. In this frame, the present study aimed to establish for the first time the chemical ingredients and to appraise the antioxidant and the enzyme inhibitory properties of Glycyrrhiza foetida aerial parts and roots extracts using methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform solvents. The phytochemicals were analyzed via (HPLC-MS/MS). In addition, the extracts were tested for inhibitory activities against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase. The antioxidant capabilities were evaluated using various methods (phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and metal chelating assays). Notably, twenty-nine secondary metabolites, namely eleven phenolic acids, seventeen flavonoids and a non-phenolic acid have been identified. Delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, rutin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, catechin, phloridzin and hesperidin were the major compounds in the aerial parts extracts while trans-cinnamic acid was the dominant compound in roots. Among phenolic acids, vanillic acid was found to be the main constituent in all extracts. The tested extracts were found to yield TPC in amounts ranging from 34.08 to 49.36 mg GAE/g and TFC ranging from 7.01 to 45.74 mg RE/g. G. foetida extracts showed interesting in vitro antioxidant properties. Additionally, all extracts showed a significant anti-tyrosinase activity, with inhibition values ranging between 52.84 and 80.34 mg KAE/g. Thus, G. foetida remains an exceptional matrix for further investigations and application in cosmetics and food additives.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Fabaceae , Glycyrrhiza , Humanos , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Butirilcolinesterasa , Acetilcolinesterasa , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Estructura Molecular , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/químicaRESUMEN
The present study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic properties of different extracts from aerial parts of V. diversifolium (family Scrophulariaceae), a plant that is native to Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. Six extracts, namely, hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ethanol (EtOH), 70% EtOH, and water (aqueous) were prepared by maceration. The EtOH extract was predominated by the presence of rutin (4280.20 µg g-1) and p-coumaric acid (3044.01 µg g-1) while the highest accumulation of kaempferol-3-glucoside (1537.38 µg g-1), caffeic acid (130.13 µg g-1) and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (465.93 µg g-1) was recorded in the 70% EtOH, aqueous, and EtOAc extracts, respectively. The EtOH (46.86 mg TE/g) and 70% EtOH (46.33 mg TE/g) extracts displayed the highest DPPH radical scavenging result. Both these extracts, along with the aqueous one, exerted the highest ABTS radical scavenging result (73.03-73.56 mg TE/g). The EtOH and 70% EtOH extracts revealed the most potent anti-AChE (2.66 and 2.64 mg GALAE/g) and anti-glucosidase (1.07 and 1.09 mmol ACAE/g) activities. The aqueous extract was the most efficacious in inhibiting the proliferation of prostate cancer (DU-145) cells with an IC50 of 8.71 µg/mL and a Selectivity Index of 3.7. In conclusion, this study appraised the use of V. diversifolium aerial parts as a potential therapeutic source for future development of phytopharmaceuticals that target specific oxidative stress-linked diseases including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease among others.